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The Impact of Proximity on Resistance to Foreign Ventures: The Cases of India and Japan
Get PDFOver the years, a body of literature has developed that consistently shows how the liability of foreignness affects MNCs' performance. Institutional distance − regulatory, normative and cognitive − between the incomer and insiders has been identified as the likely source of the highest cost in doing business abroad. In this article, we draw on the existing literature but take the opposite perspective, looking instead at how various dimensions of proximity between local players increase MNC distance and foster local resistance. The study investigates two contexts and cases, India and Japan, at the time of foreign retailer entry and analyses the interplay between local proximity and local resistance. The analysis presents four dimensions of proximity, namely spatial proximity, relational proximity, identity proximity and inter-organizational proximity, which present the stiffest challenges to foreign retail ventures entering markets as newcomers
Mobilitetskapital – hverdagsmobilitet i lyset af urban segregering
Get PDFIndenfor sociologisk forskning i segregering og udsatte boligområder er der
almindeligvis ikke fokus på mobilitetsressourcers betydning for urban segregering.
Samtidig har store dele af den mobilitets- og trafikrelaterede forskning
ikke fokus på social ulighed og eksklusion. Dette studie sammentænker
teoretiske inspirationer fra hhv. den kritiske mobilitetsforskning og den ulighedsfokuserede
byforskning for at undersøge relationen mellem hverdagsmobilitet
og urban segregering. Empirisk kortlægger studiet mobilitetspraksis
blandt kvinder med migrationsbaggrund og udlægger, hvilke ressourcer
der udgør deres mobilitetskapital, samt hvordan normer og ressourcer knyttet
til hverdagsmobilitet bliver genstand for sociale distinktioner. Desuden
peger studiet på, hvordan mobilitetskapital bidrager til gruppens selvbillede
og oplevelse af segregering i forhold til den omkringliggende by og andre
befolkningsgrupper. Studiets empiri er genereret gennem et interdisciplinært
forskningsdesign med hovedvægt på kvalitative etnografiske feltmetoder.
Studiet bidrager således med et empirisk fundament for begrebet mobilitetskapital
og peger på, hvordan ændret mobilitetskapital i praksis kan bidrage
til at modvirke negative effekter af urban segregering.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT
Kristian Nagel Delica, Lise Rask og Naja Poulsen:
Mobility capital: everyday mobility in light of urban segregation
In sociological studies of urban segregation and deprived neighbourhoods,
the effects of mobility-related competences are largely absent. And too, most
mobility and traffic-related research does not focus on social inequality and
exclusion. This study combines theoretical approaches from critical mobility
research and from research on inequality and segregation in urban studies.
It maps the conditions for everyday mobility among a group of women with
immigrant background living in Copenhagen, Denmark, and highlights components
of their mobility capital. The study also examines how norms and
resources connected with everyday mobility become objects of social distinction.
It also points to ways in which mobility capital contributes both to the
self-perception of a group and to the overall experience of segregation in the
city. The data were collected through an interdisciplinary research design and
based primarily on qualitative field research methods. The study develops an
empirical foundation for the concept of »mobility capital« and shows how
mobility capital can be activated in order to oppose negative effects of urban
segregation.
Keywords: everyday mobility, segregation, inequality, mobility capital
