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Om positivisme og objektivisme i samfundsvidenskaberne
Get PDF”Positivisme” hører til de mest kontroversielle og mangetydige termer i moderne debatter om samfundsvidenskabelig metode. Bredt anvendte lærebøger er på én gang ofte uklare og voldsomt indbyrdes uenige angående positivismens metafysiske, erkendelsmæssige og ideologiske forpligtelser. Denne artikel leverer en receptionshistorisk behandling af positivismen fra dens dobbelte udspring i det 19. århundredes franske og tyske filosofi frem til i dag. Hermed kortlægges en række væsentlige historiske omforståelser og misforståelser som baggrund for nutidens begrebsforvirring. Det påvises efterfølgende, at forskellige positivistiske retningers forhold til videnskabelig objektivisme er en temmelig kompleks og varieret affære. Det er således ufrugtbart at behandle samfundsvidenskabelig positivisme og objektivisme under ét, sådan som det ofte gøres.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Nikolaj Nottelmann: On positivism and objectivism in thesocial sciences
“Positivism” ranks among the most controversial and polysemous terms in
modern social scientific methodological discourses. Widely used textbooks in
the social sciences are often unclear and mutually inconsistent in their mapping
of positivism’s metaphysical, epistemological, and ideological commitments.
This article offers a reception history, tracing positivism from its dual
roots in 19th century French and German philosophy of science to the present
day. The article points out several eventful historical reinterpretations and
misinterpretations responsible for the current conceptual confusion. Then
the article explains how various positivistic currents have very different and
complex relations to scientific objectivism. Thus, despite common practice,
it is unfruitful to treat social scientific positivism and objectivism under one
heading.
Keywords: Positivism; Objectivism; Phenomenalism; Logical Empiricism;
Critical Theor
Mediacamp - Bibliotek i en journalistisk kontekst
Get PDFSyddansk Universitetsbibliotek, Center for Journalistik SDU og en række regionale mediepartnere har gennem to år afholdt Mediacamp, hvor gymnasieelever dyster på journalistiske dyder i kampen om at producere bedste nyhed, analyse, leder og portræt til radio, tv og avis
A Relational Approach to an Analytics of Resistance: Towards a Humanity of Care for the Infirm Elderly – A Foucauldian Examination of Possibilities
Get PDFThis paper develops a Foucauldian analytics of resistance in relation to components of a system of governance – a governmentality. Techniques of resistance that can transform a governmentality towards the development of a new politics of truth require the design of techniques of resistance to counter directly oppressive techniques of biopower and disciplinary power, in turn to produce new regimes of practices or counter-conduct that can engender a new mentality and set of discourses to convey it. Strategies of resistance towards transformative change in the governance of a population as well as of the self therefore require development following, and in relation to, an analytics of governance. I thread these points through a particular case, the problem of care for the infirm elderly in the United States, focusing specifically on nursing homes by critically synthesizing issues from inter-disciplinary literatures and casting them in terms of governmentalities. I frame the problems of eldercare broadly in terms of interrelated neoliberal and (western) scientific mentalities and associated discourses, and then examine the associated techniques of biopower, disciplinary power, and regimes of practices to identify roots of problems, explain failures of policies, and crucially, to frame the design of techniques of resistance to produce new regimes of counter-conduct. I suggest avenues of resistance in relation to existing governmentalities on the terrain of inter-firm relations and everyday life in nursing-home care, all currently entangled with government policies, economies of documentation, and dehumanizing scientific practice
Plagiering i forskning. Videnskabsetiske og videnskabssociologiske aspekter
Get PDFPlagiering betragtes normalt som en af dødssynderne i den akademiske verden,
en form for videnskabelig uredelighed. For forskere kan plagiering have
meget alvorlige karrieremæssige konsekvenser, fx tilbagekaldelse af akademiske
grader og disciplinære sanktioner. I Tyskland har to ministre indenfor
de senere år måttet træde tilbage efter at være blevet grebet i plagiering. Plagiering
ser ud til at være et voksende problem og kontrollen er skærpet. Mange
universiteter, forlag og tidskrifter har indført rutinemæssig plagiatkontrol.
Efter en gennemgang af selve begrebet betydning og formelle regler i videnskabsetiske
kodekser præsenteres og diskuteres forskellige etiske begrundelser
for forbud mod plagiering. Tre positioner diskuteres. En naturretlig: åndelig
ejendomsret, retten til viden, man selv har frembragt følger af retten til
”frugten af eget arbejde” (Locke), eller en ret, som er forudsætning for personens
dannelse (Hegel). Den har svag støtte. En utilitaristisk – funktionalistisk
begrundelse (Mill/ Merton): at plagiat undergraver videnskabernes anerkendelsesregime,
der skal belønne efter præstation til gavn for vidensvækst. Den
har stærkere støtte, om end funktionalitet kan være vanskelig at opnå og påvise
i praksis. Dysfunktionalitet og perverse effekter, fx på grund af for stærkt
publiceringspres, kan forekomme. Afslutningsvis inddrages Axel Honneths
anerkendelsesteori op som et supplement og korrektiv til utilitarismen.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT
Heine Andersen: PLAGIARISM IN RESEARCH. Research ethical and sociological aspects
Plagiarism is usually regarded as one of the deadly sins in science, a form of
scientific misconduct. Plagiarism can have serious consequences for researcher
careers, such as revocation of academic degrees and disciplinary sanctions.
In recent years, two ministers in Germany had to resign after being
caught in plagiarism. Plagiarism seems to be a growing problem, and many
universities, publishers and scientific journals have introduced routine control
for it.
After a review of meaning and formal rules of ethical codes, this article discusses
three ethical traditions, representing different reasons for prohibiting
plagiarism. The first is natural law: a right to spiritual property, to knowledge
that you yourself have generated. This is a right to “the fruit of one’s own labor”
(John Locke), or that which is essential for the person’s self-realization
(Hegel). There appears to be weak support for this position. The second is
a utilitarian-functionalist reason (Mill/ Merton): plagiarism undermines the
recognition regime in modern science, the principle of reward according to
contribution to the growth of knowledge. This position has greater support,
but it is often difficult to validate in practice. The strong pressure on researchers
to publish may create dysfunctional and perverse effects. Finally, Axel
Honneth’s theory of recognition theory is presented as a supplement and corrective
to utilitarianism.
Keywords: Plagiarism, scientific misconduct, research ethics
De stedfastes revolution? - refleksioner over nogle aktuelle sociale og politiske tendenser, og relaterede problemer i sociologien
No full textChanges to the Regulatory Framework of the Chinese Rare Earth Industry after the Global Financial Crisis
Get PDFIn the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, the Chinese government radically adjusted the regulatory framework of the domestic Rare Earth Elements (REEs) sector. This article investigates the reasons for regulatory adjustments and the impact on China's market power. The analysis of long-term REEs price and production trends illustrates four reasons for regulatory adjustments: the China discount, the need for industrial upgrading, growing domestic REEs demand and severe environmental pollution. The analysis of the effects of regulations shows that the restrictive trade regime has increased China's market power and ability to affect prices, which led to a redistribution of global welfare in favour of China. However, this market power is only temporary due to foreign countermeasures such as WTO-based allegations
Hvordan går det så med implementeringen af RDA?
Get PDFDet er mest på de indre linjer, der er sket noget siden Biblioteksrådets 100 % anbefaling af overgang til RDA (Resource Description and Access) og Slots- og Kulturstyrelsens formelle beslutning i august 2016. Specifikation af en dansk anvendelse af nye katalogiseringsregler og den sideløbende/efterfølgende forberedelse af teknisk implementering er en ganske omfattende proces
