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Liturgy as Experience - the Psychology of Worship. A Theoretical and Empirical Lacuna
No full textThis article has three aims: 1) to plead for an approach to the study of the liturgy based on the psychology of religion, 2) to draw up a preliminary theoretical model for how the liturgy can be interpreted, and 3) to narrow down the field for further interdisciplinary development and empirical analysis. People undergo more or less strong experiences during and in conjunction with church services. Perhaps people are moved, experience holiness, reverence, fellowship or closeness to the risen Christ. The problem is what factors during the service strengthen such a religious experience. What is the role played by the music, symbols, the place or building where the service is held, the number of participants and the liturgical event
Cognitive aspects of religious ontologies: how brain processes constrain religious concepts
No full textA cognitive study of religion shares some of its concerns with traditional approaches in cultural anthropology or the history of religion: It aims to explain why and how humans in most cultural groups develop religious ideas and practices, and why these have recurrentand enduring features. By contrast with other approaches, however, a cognitive approach centres on one particular set of factors that influence the emergence and development of religion. The human mind is a complex set of functional capacities that were shaped by natural selection and evolved, not necessarily to build a coherent or true picture of the world and certainly not to answer metaphysical questions, but to solve a series of specific problems to do with survival and reproduction. A crucial aspect of this natural mental make-up is that humans, more than any other species, can acquire vast amounts of information through communication with other members of the species. A cognitive study takes religion as a set of cultural representations, which are acquired by individual minds, stored and communicated to others. In this paper the author presents some general features of the cognitive study of religious concepts, and then presents in detail a framework that emphasizes the role of universal cognitive constraints on the acquisition and representation of religious ontologies, and presents anthropological and cognitive data that supports the model
Moisture Adsorption and Desorption Properties of Colloidal Silicon Dioxide and Its Impact on Layer Adhesion of a Bilayer Tablet Formulation
Get PDFA bilayer tablet formulation approach was used to develop a fixed dose combination tablet formulation of drugs Y & Z. The weight of Layer-I containing Drug Y and the weight of Layer -II A or II B containing Drug Z were 250 mg and 1280 mg, respectively. While layer-I was manufactured using the dry granulation method, Layer -II A and II B were manufactured using the moisture activated dry granulation (MADG) process. Layer II A and Layer II B contained 3% w/w colloidal silicon dioxide with the surface area of 300 m2/g (Aeroperl® -300) and 200 m2/g (Aerosil® -200), respectively, as moisture scavenger , and the rest of the common excipients. Both grades of silicon dioxide were amorphous. The change in grade of silicon dioxide did not alter the compaction behavior of the tablet formulation. When exposed to open 40°C/75%RH for 72 hours, the bilayer tablet consisting of Layers I/Layer II A (containing Aeroperl-300) showed a clear layer separation while tablet consisting of Layers I/Layer II B (containing Aerosil-200) did not. When the individual layer was exposed to similar condition, the water absorption for Layer I, Layer II A, and Layer II B, was 345% w/w, 107% w/w, and 184% w/w, respectively. Thus, the difference in water absorption was higher between Layer I/ Layer II A (containing Aeroperl-300) than Layer I/Layer II B (containing Aerosil-200) leading to more significant shear stress at the layer interface. The moisture adsorption-desorption isotherms, pore size distributions, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both grades of silicon dioxide suggested that Aeroperl 300 containing small pores (Layer II A) did not retain water while Aerosil 200 (Layer II B) containing large pores did. It is hypothesized that in spite of its lower surface area, the retained water of Aerosil 200 provided better binding and cohesion to layers, thus minimizing the layer separation
Byzantinsk klædte ærkeengle i danske fresker. Kombinationen af ærkeengle med Majestas Domini i 1. halvdel af 1100-tallet
Get PDFArchangels in combination with Christ in Majesty (Majestas Domini) are found in the apses of about a dozen churches in Mediaeval Denmark. The motif is known from the first half of the 12th century in the workshops of Fjenneslev/Finja, Kirke Hyllinge, Vä, and Jørlunde. The archangels appear beside Christ and the Virgin Mary, and also flanking the Deesis. When both archangels and John the Baptist appear with Christ in Majesty the motif tends to merge into a representation of the Deesis. The archangels’ special garments – with patterned and decorated silk fabrics, jewels, pearls, and red shoes – and their staffs and globes all display a dependence on Byzantine models. The author demonstrates this with a number of Byzantine parallels to the Danish examples. How the influences may have reached Denmark is explained by the historically known connections through crusades, pilgrimages, royal contacts and trade routes via the Baltic to Ruthenia (Rus) and Constantinople. As far as church murals are concerned, perhaps, the iconographical impact of the Schism between the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople of 1054 was slow to reach 12th century Denmark
Bysantinisk prægede krucifikser i højmiddelalderens Danmark – hvordan, hvornår, hvorfor
Get PDFThe royal crucifixes so characteristic of the 12th century only gradually gave way to the Gothic suffering-Christs (Christus Patiens) in Scandinavia. In Denmark we find instances of an earlier, transitional type with a Byzantinizing, right-curving Christ in book illuminations, metalwork, stone and polychrome wooden sculptures. This paper concentrates on the Byzantine-influenced crucifixes that have served in church liturgy. – Although the body of Christ is depicted as dead or dying, these crucifixes present Him with a royal crown and wide open eyes as in the contemporary royal crucifixes. He would thus be presented as both the eternally ruling King of Heaven and the suffering Son of Man. This is of course in full agreement with the teaching that Christ is both totally God and totally human. But such odd combinations, dating mostly from c. 1175–1225, are certainly rare among contemporary European crucifixes. They offer an exceptional insight into the local conditions for the introduction of new theological doctrine in ordinary parish churches. One main reason for the obvious conservatism would have been a (lay and clerical) concern for the dignity of Christ
