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Maximization of the In Vitro transcorneal release and the In Vivo IOP-lowering effects of Latanoprost Ophthalmic gel formulations using Azone as a penetration enhancer and Carbopol-974 as a mucoadhesive
Get PDFThe objectives of this study were to maximize; a) the in vitro transcorneal release, b) the IOP-lowering effect and, c) the duration of action, of Latanoprost acid (LAT) ophthalmic gels. Method. The in vitro transcorneal release of LAT from a 1st set of gel formulations that containing different concentrations of Azone™ (as enhancer) with fixed concentration of C-974® (as mucoadhesive) were studied. Then, formulation that showed greatest permeability parameters at lowest Azone™ concentration was selected for preparation of a 2nd set of ocular gels containing various C-974® concentrations. Similarly, their in vitro permeabilities were evaluated, and the best C-974® concentration required for preparation of formulation(s) that can be conceded as ideal ophthalmic LAT gel(s) was pinpointed. Thereafter, the in vivo IOP-lowering efficacy study for the scaled-up formulations from both sets of the test formulations was conducted using TONO-PEN™ AVIA tonometer in rabbits for 4-consecutive days. Finally, how long such IOP-lowering effect does persist? To answer this question, the most effective formulations were used for a single-dose study, and the IOP was assessed at predetermined time interval till re-establishing the IOP base-line. Results. Majority of tested formulations have showed significant but varied augmentations in both, in vitro and in vivo results. Formulations (GAZ-4) & GC-4 have shown the highest therapeutic IOP lowering effects; i.e., (7.8±1.8), (6.5±2.1), respectively. Particularly noteworthy with both formulations the IOP base-line didn’t re-established after 24 hours, and their durations of action in the single-dose study were 47±2.25, and 48±1.5, respectively. Conclusion. The in vitro release, onset, magnitude & duration of action of action of LAT gels have been enhanced and extended for up to 2-day with two gel formulations. Nonetheless, the success in developing a novel ophthalmic formulation depended for great extent upon the crucial net outcomes of a very sensitive interplay/balance between the drug and additives
Ekonomi och identitet: de svenska judarnas ekonomiska verksamheter och självbild från 1800-talets andra hälft till 1930
No full textThe overall aim is to study first, how a very small ethnic group has coped socio-economically within the Swedish society during a period of rapid economic change and modernisation (the main period of industrialisation) and second, how this has affected Jewish self-identity and the degree of assimilation. On one hand the Jewish minority in Sweden was bound to its history and traditions, but on the other hand every generation has made its own decisions, which have led partly to a redefinition of the self. The purpose is to show that economic experiences determine modern Jewish identity just as much as religious and cultural factors. Since the end of the 18th century Jews have been permitted to settle down in Sweden. The arguments to allow this have mainly been economic: Swedes wanted Jewish know-how, capital and access to their financial networks
Book reviews
No full text"Om vi teg, skulle stenarna ropa": Sverige och judeproblemet 1933–1945 (Steven Koblik, 1987) is reviewed by Tommie Sjöberg.Judendom och kristendom under de första århundradena. Nordiskt patristiker 1982–1985. Vol 2. (eds. Sten Hidal, Karl-Johan Illman, Tryggve Kronholm, Mogens Müller och Oskar Skarsaune, 1986) is reviewed by Roger Syrén.Das Bild des Juden in der deutschen Literatur im Wandel der Zeitgeschichte (Margit Frank, 1987) is reviewed by Hilde Rohlén-Wohlgemuth.Der var engang... amol iz geven.... Jødisk kultur og historie i det gamle Østeuropa (eds. Helen Krag, Margit Warburg, 1986) is reviewed by Nils Martola.Tikva-hopp (Karmela Belinki, 1987) is reviewed by Margit Frank.Elie Wiesel og ansiktet i vinduet (Anton Blom, 1987) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman
Dansen i hassidismen
No full textDancing, here defined as “rhythmical movement of any part or all parts of the body in accordance with some scheme of individual or concerted action”, is an universal human activity. The focus of this article is religious dance of ceremonial character in the context of Hasidism. Hasidism is an outgoing movement bearing strong characteristics of Jewish mysticism, kabbalah. Hasidism made ideas traditionally emphasized within kabbalah more known and practiced in more mainstream strands of Judaism. The core of the religious experience, according to Hasidic thought, is union with God
Var finner vi hopp?
No full textWhere is hope to be found? Elie Wiesel tries to find traces of hope by exploring Jewish tradition, biblical examples and the nature of God. Wiesel finds that thankfulness is intrinsically connected to hope
Editor's Foreword
No full textThe fourth issue of Global Journal of Animal Law (GJAL) received three articles for reviewing. Unfortunately, none of them passed the review for publishing. However, this issue will share information about current Animal Law projects; The Nonhuman Rights Project: Coming to a Country Near You and The Global Animal Law Project GAL.The Nonhuman Rights Project's main goal is to achieve legal personhood for at least some animal species, and to move beyond animal protection and welfare laws in terms of attaining certain fundamental legal rights for animals. The project is also co-operating with professionals and advocates in the legal and legislative world in six countries around the world. In the beginning of December 2014 the intermediate appellate court in New York ruled that a chimpanzee (Tommy's case) is not a "legal person" who is eligible for a writ of habeas corpus. This outcome was expected and Steven M. Wise and his team are already pursuing an appeal to the New York's highest court, the Court of Appeals.The Global Animal Law Project GAL is by Sabine Brels and Antoine F. Goetschel formed online platform for the development of Animal Law in terms of legislation, enforcement, legal system and education. In making proposals to the Steering Committee everybody can contribute to "create a friendlier world for humans and animals alike". GAL is a new framework for the global discussion on animals in law. Furthermore, the platform includes a database with animal welfare legislation at National, European, International and Universal level. GAL is endorsed amongst others by Marc Bekoff and Peter Singer.GJAL is still seeking its position amongst scientific journals. Therefore, to hasten this process, we appeal to professionals in the field to submit their writings to the journal and to encourage scholars to do so as well.For now the Editor Board is wishing you a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!Anna Birgitta WahlbergEditor-In-Chie
Legal Aspects of the Prohibition on Chick Shredding in the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia
Get PDFThis comment considers legal aspects of the Internal Directive of the Ministry of Climate Protection, Environment, Agriculture, Nature and Consumer Protection of 26 September 2013 of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia, which banned the practice of male chick shredding and other methods of killing.2 In the light of European and German legislation this could either be viewed as progress in animal welfare law and hereby serve as a model for other regions, or constitute an unlawful act beyond the leeway of implementation exceeding the Ministry’s competence
Animals as Objects of Ritual Slaughter: Polish Law after the Battle over Exceptionless Mandatory Stunning
Get PDFThe safeguarding of animal welfare includes the reduction of pain inflicted on farm animals when slaughtered. According to the Polish Animal Protection Act of 1997, the killing of animals may be carried out only by means of humanitarian methods which decrease pain to the lowest possible level, including mandatory stunning of animals before their slaughter. This article examines the events that took place after the Polish Parliament abolished in 2002 an exception to this stunning requirement which had been reserved for killing animals according to religious rites (used by small Jewish and Muslim communities to obtain kosher and halal meat)