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The Legal protection of Foxes in France and England and Wales
No full textThe fox (vulpes vulpes) is a one wild mammal species which has historically been persecuted by humans throughout western Europe. The fox remains subject to such persecution even today due to a mixture of supposedly “cultural” traditions and its designation as an undesirable pest. Using the wildlife legal regimes in England and France as a lens, this article analyses how these two different national legal frameworks either restrict or permit acts of cruelty towards the fox.
Beginning with the French legal regime, this article discusses how the different parts of the French legal codes permit the fox to be killed for different reasons before analysing whether such grounds are underpinned by proper justifications and if associated conditions are properly checked and enforced.
The article then evaluates how well in reality the different wildlife welfare laws in the England protect the fox from the persecution permitted by the French legal regime. Such evaluation concludes by criticising the enforcement problems created by the patchwork nature of the English regime and the exceptions to welfare protections before suggesting reforms required to close such issues exposing the fox to unjustified exploitation
Maneesha Deckha, Animals as Legal Beings: Contesting Anthropocentric Legal Orders (2021, University of Toronto Press)
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The Theological and Ethical Grounds against Keeping Elephants Captive
Full text linkAs set forth below, animal theology experts Dr. Andrew Linzey and Dr. Clair Linzey of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics believe that Petitioner Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc. (“NhRP”) has made a prima facie case that the elephants confined at Fresno Chaffee Zoo in Fresno, CA—Nolwazi, Amahle, and Mabu—are entitled to habeas corpus relief. Accordingly, we respectfully urge the Supreme Court of California to issue an order to show cause in this matter
The Double-Edged Sword: International Law and Its Effects on EU Farm Animal Welfare Legislation
Full text linkThe Illegal Parrot Pet Trade in Mexico
No full textThe illegal traffic of wildlife is one of the major enemies of biodiversity. Unfortunately, Mexico is an important part of the wildlife trafficking network, with the illicit market for the sale of wild animals being one of the most severe problems that face the country's wild animal species. This article explains the complexity of the illegal parrot pet trade in Mexico, where wildlife trade goes beyond buyers and sellers, it involves a whole network of people making illegal transactions that occur under the radar of law enforncement, making it as difficult to eradicate as other forms of organized crime.  
Animal Constitutionalism: Paving the Way for Animal Inclusion in the Belgian Constitution
Full text linkAn increasing number of countries decide to include animals in their Constitution. This animal constitutionalism movement is not unimportant since the Constitution is the pinnacle of the law, as a result of which the mere inclusion of a particular value in the Constitution indicates that society attaches considerable importance to this value. Belgian legislators have also considered the inclusion of animals in the Constitution for quite some time, and bills were introduced in the previous (2014-2019) and in the current (2019-2024) parliamentary term. This contribution will examine whether and how the inclusion of a provision on animal welfare in the Constitution would actually improve the position of animal welfare in Belgium. To this end, research was conducted into the animal welfare provision in the German Constitution (Article 20a) on the one hand and into the current legal framework governing animal welfare in Belgium on the other hand, with a particular emphasis on the case law from the Belgian Constitutional Court regarding animal welfare. Not only are the existing proposals (i.e. a Belgian animal welfare state objective and a socio-economic animal welfare right) to revise the Belgian Constitution examined, but two new avenues (i.e. a classic animal welfare right and fundamental animal rights) are also explored. All these results will be taken into account to make concrete recommendations for Belgian legislators
Bicorporates on Coins. Reflections on their Occurrence and Use
Full text linkThis paper focuses on coins with bicorporates – composite animals with one head and two bodies – a fascinating but rather neglected category of numismatic objects. The first known bicorporates appeared on Mesopotamian cylinder seals around the third millennium BC. They subsequently appeared in Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman art as well as that of pre-Islamic Syria and Iran. In medieval Europe, they flourished in Romanesque churches in Southern Europe and Scandinavia, in particular Denmark. Furthermore, they also emerged in India, China and Southeast Asia. Bicorporates exist across a remarkably wide geographical and chronological range. However, art historians and archaeologists alike mostly disregard them. Only a few scholars have carried out serious research into bicorporates and then focussed almost exclusively on their presence in Romanesque sculpture. Nevertheless, they are almost ubiquitous in Eurasian visual culture. Bicorporates are also found on coins, even though these are extremely rare. This paper will explore how, when and where bicorporates emerged on coins, and – since this question is raised whenever bicorporates are the issue – discuss whether bicorporates really depict two bodies or one. Finally, the meaning and significance of bicorporates will be discussed in the context of different scholarly interpretations
