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Effects of Pubertal Stress on Later Pup-Directed Behavior in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Adult Female Mice
No full textBeginning in adolescence and throughout adulthood, women are at an increased risk for anxiety and mood disorders compared to men. Several risk factors for these disorders have been identified, but it is not clear how they interact. One such factor is pregnancy. The normative changes to the brain and behavior that occur during and after pregnancy are associated with an increased risk for anxiety and mood disorders. Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has also been associated with an increased risk of mood disorders, and compared to men, women appear to be particularly vulnerable to the lasting effects of stress that occurs during puberty. There is evidence that these factors interact and increase vulnerability to anxiety or mood disorders, but this relationship is not well understood. Previously, we found that adult female mice that had undergone chronic variable stress (CVS) in adolescence showed a blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute stress in late pregnancy. In postpartum humans, this same blunted maternal stress response has been correlated with an increased incidence of depressive symptoms. However, the consequences of this HPA blunting on behavior are not well understood. Of particular interest are maternal behaviors, such as pup retrieval in mice, which emerge during pregnancy due to vast changes in hormones and neural circuitry. The current study aims to examine the effects of CVS during adolescence on pup retrieval behaviors in pregnant and not-pregnant adult female mice. We hypothesized that exposure to chronic stress during puberty would disrupt the formation of maternal behavior in adult mice. Here, we found that pubertal stress disrupted the HPA axis response of CVS mice to behavioral testing. In addition, pubertal stress led to changes in behavior on a pup retrieval task
Positioning the Online Learner: How the Use of Technology Matters
No full textWhile technology is a normal part of life both for personal and professional uses, this study focuses on how the use of technology positions the online learner. Understanding how technology tools position the learner can help instructors of online courses make meaningful and intentional instructional decisions for the technology tools they utilize. The research on the impact of technology tools in the field of education is limited. The main objective of this qualitative case study was to explore the use of technology tools in an online course to determine how those tools position the learner.
Data were collected from course artifacts, in-depth instructor and student surveys, and a follow-up interview with the instructor. The data collected were from one online graduate-level course and were analyzed using two technology frameworks: Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy (Churches, 2008) and the PICRAT Matrix (Kimmons, 2016).
The analysis revealed that students were positioned in the role of passive learner more often than as an active learner; both are needed for learning to occur. Students utilized tools to consume the content more than to create their own content. Students engaged in the lower-order cognitive skills more than higher-order thinking skills while using the technology tools in the course. The findings suggest that instructors should make meaningful and intentional uses of the technology by evaluating the tools being used with a technology integration framework. The use of integration frameworks helps ensure that students are positioned in both passive and active learning roles, providing them with opportunities to engage meaningfully in both
Rifles and Riflemen: Material Culture, Violence, and Early American Identity, 1720 -- 1820
No full textThe rifle was one of many material objects which colonists of British North America brought with them from Europe. Starting in the early eighteenth century, German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania began to manufacture rifles from locally made and imported parts. These rifles became associated with other material objects – namely a system of dress, which included wearing a whitetail deer’s tail in the hat, the hunting shirt, and forms of Native American dress – which became emblematic of some British colonists who used rifles in hunting and war. Rifles became militarily important in the Seven Years’ War, where Native American warriors, French soldiers, and British regulars, provincials, and militia all used them. They were most significant for the British, who deployed them on the New York, Pennsylvania, and Southern frontiers. After the Seven Years’ War, colonists from the Appalachian frontier, which stretched from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas, participated in the colonial economy by hunting deer, as well as other large mammals, for their skins. They also used rifles to continue the conflict with Native Americans, and as both an instrument and symbol of resistance to British authority. When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, some colonial leaders tried to make riflemen a symbol of their movement, but riflemen’s poor performance in the opening months of the war halted these efforts. Once riflemen had time to train and get used to life in the army, they served effectively as part of combined arms formations throughout the Revolutionary War. Revolutionary American leaders did view riflemen as specialists in war against Native Americans, where they were willing to use violence to make western lands open for future settlement by white colonists. After the American War for Independence, riflemen continued to wear their distinct dress, and surveyors and explorers who made US westward expansion possible used rifles in order to feed themselves on their expeditions. Riflemen retained a military role as well, serving in the Northwest War (1785 – 1795) against the Miami-Shawnee Confederacy, and in the War of 1812. After this latter conflict, white male citizens of the United States embraced riflemen as a symbol of their country and its military abilities. The history of rifles and riflemen show how material culture shaped both conflict in early America, and the identity of the men who founded a new republic in the late eighteenth centur
A Paleobiological and Paleoecological Analysis of Mississippian Trilobites with Segmentation Abnormalities
No full textTrilobites are a well-preserved group of arthropods, with a fossil record extending from the Cambrian to the end of the Permian. Abnormalities, such as injuries or teratological defects, have been observed and described in multiple individuals, although investigating how these abnormalities occur in populations has been largely overlooked.
One possible cause of abnormalities in marine arthropods is heavy metal pollution. Such metals can leave individuals more susceptible to teratological deformities and injuries, interfering with the molting and healing process. Here, methods for analyzing elemental composition and preservation of the trilobite cuticle were refined, finding that 30 μm thin sections are ideal for observing original and diagenetic structures in trilobite cuticles, and that μ-XRF has the ability to detect more trace elements deeper within the fossils when compared to FESEM-EDS. These updated methods were applied to see if heavy metal pollution led to the increased proportion of abnormal proetid trilobites from the Mississippian strata of Appalachia. Fossils from a road cut on Route 460, just outside Glen Lyn, Virginia were well preserved enough to derive meaningful elemental data from them, as there were no signs of recrystallization in petrographic thin section or SEM images. These fossils did not contain signs of heavy metal accumulation when analyzed with a μ-XRF, indicating that the abnormalities could have been a result of biotic causes, such as a genetic bottleneck that occurred as a result of the Kellwasser and Hangenberg events
Mad Panic Coaster -- likely puzzle spin or unlicensed; unclear info
No full texthttps://researchrepository.wvu.edu/fixation-db-video-games/4224/thumbnail.jp
Accelerating biosimilar market access: the case for allowing earlier standing
Get PDFBiosimilars, which are affordable alternatives to biologic medicines, face delays in market entry due to the current patent litigation framework under the Biologic Price Competition and Innovation Act. Currently, biosimilar manufacturers can only initiate patent litigation to attempt to clear weak and invalid patents after submitting their Biologic License Application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which happens after completing extensive, and costly clinical trials. By contrast, generic drug manufacturers can start litigation earlier due to shorter development times and less stringent clinical requirements, allowing them to launch immediately after the primary patent expires. We propose allowing biosimilars to begin patent litigation at the start of phase 3 clinical trials, the final stage of biosimilar development, where the product and manufacturing process and product profile are largely finalized. This change would enable biosimilar firms to resolve patent issues well before the brand biologic\u27s primary patent expiration date, potentially reducing market entry delays by about 1.8 years. This article examines the issues surrounding initiation of biosimilar litigation and suggests litigation reforms to expedite biosimilar market availability
Theorizing the Point-of-Order Interpretive Canons
Get PDFIn Law Within Congress, Jonathan Gould suggested that rulings of the House or Senate chair under the advice of their respective parliamentarians might inform statutory interpretation. This Article fleshes out the theoretical foundations of that approach. While such approach is much narrower than the broad reliance on Congress’s rules by other theorists of the “process-based” school, it also comes with strong theoretical justifications and advantages that set it apart. Part I illustrates the broad appeal of “process-based” theories by showing that even textualists have strong theoretical reasons to endorse them. Part II then surveys the theoretical advantages specific to the point-of-order interpretive canons compared to broader approaches in the “process-based” school, such as notice to lawmakers and avoidance of the “rule-flouting” problem. Part III illustrates three basic point-of-order canons, as well as the various theoretical imports of chair rulings and appeals. Part IV explores how the point-of-order interpretive canons might be applied in practice using the Supreme Court case Bankamerica Corp. v. United States, a hypothetical analysis of Special Counsel Jack Smith’s funding, and some miscellaneous examples drawn from congressional records
Environmental Geography and Law: Toward a Synthesis
No full textThis Article introduces the new interdisciplinary field of Environmental Geography and Law, which has deep roots in ecology, social science, and law. Environmental and natural resources laws are situated in specific times and places where the climate, ecosystems, history and political economy influence both the land and the law. These places drive and constrain the way law develops. In turn, the law shapes places, from the dispossession and forced migration of indigenous groups, to land development via railroad land grants, to patterns of resource extraction and infrastructure development. Past efforts to integrate law and geography have focused more on critical theory approaches and less on interactions between the human and physical environment, but Environmental Geography and Law takes a more grounded and prescriptive approach. Through three case studies on climate migration, energy grid transformation, and water equity and environmental issues in California\u27s Central Valley, we demonstrate the promise of the field to interdisciplinary scholarship and teaching. These three case studies share a mindfulness of vulnerability, fairness, and distribution of resources, and together illustrate that coordinated attention to environment, place, and law exposes old problems in a different light, illuminating potential new solutions
The Economics of Crime and Reform: Essays on Alcohol Taxation, Cannabis Legalization, and Felon Enfranchisement.
Get PDFThis dissertation comprises three independent yet thematically connected essays that explore the effects of public policy on crime and municipal finance. The first chapter examines the relationship between alcohol taxation and crime, assessing how changes in excise tax policies influence criminal activity. The second chapter investigates the fiscal implications of felon enfranchisement, analyzing how the restoration of voting rights to individuals with felony convictions affects municipal public finance. The third chapter evaluates the impact of cannabis legalization on crime, focusing on whether and how legalization alters crime patterns. Each chapter is structured as a stand-alone research paper. A general introduction and conclusion situate these studies within the broader literature on the economics of crime, drug policy, and democratic governance