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    Analisis del comercio on-line de medicamentos falsificados

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    Technological changes, because of their disruptive and dynamic nature, have implied a social change in the way to acquire any consumer product. Medicines are not excluded from this tendency, and in recent years a significant increase has been recorded in their acquisition through unofficial channels such as the internet. These new forms of marketing are closely linked, however, to the counterfeiting of drugs. Counterfeit drugs are truly nasty products which can cause serious problems in those taking them. This fraudulent and legally largely unpunished business, however, generates a large in come for the counterfeit drugs networks. This is why this market is constantly increasing, as are the perfection and variety of the counterfeit drugs marketed. In the following article we shall make a descriptive analysis, both qualitative web- sites which characteristically deal in counterfeit medicines. We shall also analyse the legal and non-legal rules (both national and international), as also the strategic plans (both national and international), which have been established by medical authorities and individuals to oppose the use of spurious medication and to eradicate the spread of the distribution channels and, thereby, to safegnard the health of patients by preventing them from taking counterfeit medicines.Los cambios tecnológicos por su naturaleza disruptiva y dinámica han supuesto socialmente un cambio en el modo de adquirir cualquier bien de consumo. Los medicamentos, no están ajenos a esta tendencia y en los últimos años se ha registrado un aumento significativo de la adquisición de éstos a través de canales no oficiales, como internet. Sin embargo, estas nuevas formas de comercialización están íntimamente relacionadas con la falsificación de los medicamentos. Los medicamentos falsificados son realmente productos nocivos, que pueden ocasionar graves problemas de salud a sus consumidores. Sin embargo, esta comercialización fraudulenta y legalmente poco castigada, reporta un gran beneficio económico a las redes distribuidoras. Por ello, la incidencia de este mercado es cada vez mayor, así como la perfección y variedad de los medicamentos falsificados. En el siguiente artículo, realizaremos un análisis descriptivo cualitativo y cuantitativo  de un muestreo aleatorio de  páginas web, que por sus características comercializan con falsificaciones de medicamentos. Así mismo, analizaremos las normas jurídicas y no jurídicas de ámbito europeo y nacional y los planes estratégicos nacionales e internacionales que se han establecido para luchar contra el fraude de los medicamentos espurios utilizadas por autoridades y profesionales de la salud para intentar erradicar la proliferación estos canales de distribución y  proteger la salud de los pacientes impidiéndoles consumir medicamentos falsificados

    Clinical Pharmacy in the Genomic Era

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    Over a century ago Gregor Mendel investigated quantitatively how physical traits of plants were passed on from one generation to the next. Soon after, William Bateson and Archibald Garrod showed the relevance of Mendel’s findings to human disease. Pharmacists have throughout history marketed themselves as experts who could treat disease with specific medicines. Their claims were however poorly validated until Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the microbial aetiology of many diseases. Effective antimicrobial agents and immunotherapies soon became available for an expanding range of infections, and personalisation of treatment became possible through sensitivity testing. Later, a greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of non-microbial diseases led to the development of effective drugs, such as antihypertensives and anticoagulants. As a result, current pharmacopoeias bear no resemblance to their predecessors cluttered with predominantly useless drugs. With the unravelling of the double helical structure of DNA and greater understanding of its implications for health and disease, pharmacopoeias are being rewritten again. The new drugs enable an unprecedented level of individualisation of therapy. To optimise the promise of these drugs, input from a new generation of well-informed clinical pharmacists is needed. In this presentation, we identify some of these developments, and where input from pharmacists is most likely to be required. Will clinical pharmacists deliver

    Acción terapéutica de las aguas del Balneario de Villavieja de Nules (Castellón)

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    Refers to the therapeutic use of the waters of Villavieja Spa, highlighting the background of the waters of the “Fuente Calda”, known since ancient times and “Los Pozos” waters known since 1785. These waters were declared of public utility in 1873 and Spa activity was maintained without interruption until the Spanish civil war. Currently there is a single Spa, the Termas Galofre. These mineral‐medicinal waters, according to recent analysis, are hyperthermal, medium mineralization, sulphate, calcium and magnesium are the predominant ions, very hard and radioactive. This work specifies the routes of administration, techniques used and the effects arising from them, highlighting the Hydrocinesitherapy. The information, provided by the director of the Spa, concerning to the population attending the spa in the last four years, is analyzed and expressed in the form of graphs, the number, gender and age of users, diseases that present the patients and the techniques used.Se hace referencia a la utilización terapéutica de  las aguas del balneario de Villavieja, destacando  los antecedentes de las aguas de la Fuente Calda,  conocidas desde tiempos remotos y las aguas de  los  Pozos  conocidas  desde  1785.  Estas  aguas  fueron declaradas de Utilidad Pública en 1873 y  la  actividad  balnearia  se  mantuvo  interrumpidamente  hasta  la  Guerra  Civil  española.  En  la  actualidad  existe  un  solo  balneario,  el  de  Termas  Galofre.  Sus  aguas  mineromedicinales, según recientes análisis, son  hipertermales,  de  mineralización  media,  sulfatadas  cálcicas  magnésicas,  muy  duras  y  radiactivas.  En  este  trabajo  se  especifican  las  vías  de  administración,  técnicas  utilizadas  y  los  efectos  que  de  ellas  se  derivan,  destacando  la  balneocinesiterapia.  Se  analiza  la  información,  suministrada  por  la  dirección  del  balneario,  referente  a  la  población  asistente  al  mismo  en  los  últimos  cuatro  años,  y  se  expresa  en  forma  de  gráficos,  el  número,  género  y  edad  de  los  usuarios, patologías que presentan los pacientes  y técnicas utilizadas

    La proteína tuberina: diana terapéutica para activar autofagia y mitofagia evitando la progresión a la diabetes tipo 2

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    Cytoplasmic quality control is essential in maintaining cell viability, and particularly, β pancreatic cells, due to its huge protein synthesis capacity. In this context, it is important the activation of a physiological process called autophagy, in order to eliminate protein aggregates and damaged organelles, resulting in a reduction in the reticulum cell stress. The complex formed by hamartin and tuberin (TSC1-TSC2) has emerged as a central signal, energy status and nutrient-integrating node within the cell. This complex negatively regulates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and activates autophagy. In this proyect we aimed to further investigate new molecular mechanisms of TSC2 regulation, aswell as cytoplasmic quality control, autophagy and mitophagy ones. We propose that the TSC2 acetylation status, mediated by the deacetylation activity of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), modulates its stability and protein activity, affecting cell homeostasis.El control de calidad citoplasmático es esencial en el mantenimiento de la viabilidad celular, y particularmente, de las células β pancreáticas, debido a su gran capacidad de síntesis proteica. En este contexto, juega un papel esencial la activación de un proceso fisiológico denominado autofagia, conduciendo a la eliminación de agregados proteicos y/o orgánulos, induciendo la atenuación del estrés de retículo celular. El complejo formado por las proteínas hamartina y tuberina (TSC1-TSC2) ha emergido como un núcleo de integración de la señalización de factores de crecimiento y del estado energético celular. Este complejo funciona como un inhibidor de la actividad de la vía del complejo mecanicístico diana de la rapamicina (mTORC1) y un activador de la autofagia. En este proyecto queremos profundizar en el estudio de nuevos mecanismos moleculares  de regulación de TSC2, así como sobre dichos mecanismos de control de calidad citoplasmático, autofagia y mitofagia. Proponemos que el estado de acetilación en lisinas de TSC2, mediado por la actividad desacetilasa de la sirtuina1 (SIRT1), modula la estabilidad y actividad de la misma afectando a la homeostasis celular

    Vegetación del entorno del Balneario de Villavieja

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    The main natural vegetation units recognized within the geographic area of Villavieja spa (Castellón) are summarized. We focuse our study on the ‘Sierra de Espadán’ Natural Park, as protected area with an important ecological and naturalistic value within this territory. The edaphic, bioclimatic and biogeographic factors are the main drivers for the different plant communities development ‐both mature (with a forestal character) and seral stands‐ structured within the respective vegetation series we can delimite in this important and great protected area. The Villavieja spa is a magnificent door for the obliged visit to the ‘Sierra de Espadán’ Natural Park.Se  resume  el  conjunto  de  la  vegetación  natural  más  importante  reconocido  en  el  entorno  geográfico del Balneario de Villavieja, localizado  en  La  Vilavella  (Castellón,  Comunidad  Valenciana).  Destaca  en  el  entorno,  fuertemente  antropizado,  el  Parque  Natural  de  la  Sierra  de  Espadán,  como  lugar  emblemático  en  la  comarca  y  con  un  importante  valor  ecológico  y  naturalístico.  Los  factores  edáficos,  bioclimáticos  y  biogeográficos  son  los  principales  condicionantes  del  desarrollo  de  las  diferentes  comunidades  vegetales  (tanto  etapas  maduras,  de  carácter  forestal,  como  etapas  seriales)  estructuradas  en  las  respectivas  series  de  vegetación  que  pueden  ser  delimitadas  en  el  entorno  de  este  importante  y  singular  espacio  protegido.  El  Balneario  de  Villavieja  es  un  pórtico  excepcional  para  la  visita  obligada  al  entorno protegido de la Sierra de Espadán

    Solid lipid nanoparticles for gene therapy

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    Gene therapy is a rapidly advancing field with great potential for the treatment of genetic and acquired systemic diseases. This therapy requires the introduction of foreign genetic material in the target cells to modify a genetic sequence. Viral vectors are the most effective, but their application is limited by their immunogenicitiy, oncogenicity and the small size of the DNA they can transport. Non-viral vectors, however, are safer, lowered cost, and more reproducible and do not present DNA size limit. The main problem of non-viral systems is their low transfection efficiency, although it has improved during the last years. This review presents the contribution of our research group to the design and evaluation of SLNs based non-viral vectors for gene transfer. We report our studies about the relationship between formulation factors and cell the uptake and intracellular trafficking of the genetic material, very important for transfection. We have shown, for the first time, the ability to induce transgene protein expression of the SLNs after endovenous administration to mice. This revision also reports our work about the potential application of SLNs to the treatment of infectious and rare diseases, as the X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, a retinal disorder due to a deficiency in the protein retinoschisin, and characterized by poor eyesight and degeneration of the retina. The intraocular injection of SLNs bearing the gene that encodes retinoschisin to diseased mice led to the partial recovery of the retina. All together, our results show the potential of SLNs as a system for gene delivery

    Trichomonas vaginalis: la versatilidad de un parásito tenaz

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    Trichomonosis is one of the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection (S.T.I.) worldwide, with an estimated 276 million cases per year according to WHO overview. Little attention is paid to this disease, although more than 50% of S.T.I. curable are caused by this protozoon. Clinically, Trichomonas vaginalis infection can produce a wide range of pathological manifestations, from asymptomatic presentation to severe inflammatory and invasive lesions in the genitourinary tract of both men and women. The possible role displayed by T. vaginalis as a viral vector might also explain its role as a risk factor in the development of cervical and prostate neoplasia. In addition, trichomonosis is strongly associated with transmission and acquisition of other bacterial and viral pathogens like HIV. T. vaginalis is a very complex organism and has developed diverse mechanisms for the colonization of the genitourinary tract probably due to its extensive genome. This parasite must survive in a hostile environment exposed to continue fluctuations. Surprisingly, T. vaginalis possesses one of the largest and most repetitive genomes, with a core set of 60,000 protein-coding genes. According to all these features, T. vaginalis could be considered an excellent model of parasite to be studied in order to better understand the dynamics and immune evasion mechanisms of such versatile parasite.La tricomonosis urogenital humana, causada por el parásito Trichomonas vaginalis, es una de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (I.T.S.) de mayor prevalencia en el mundo, con un total de 276 millones de casos cada año, según la OMS.Algunos autores la han calificado como una enfermedad desatendida u olvidada ligada a la pobreza, a pesar de que más del 50% de las I.T.S. curables se deben a este agente etiológico. La tricomonosis cursa con un rango amplio de manifestaciones clínicas, que van desde casos asintomáticos hasta cuadros más graves e invasivos de los conductos genitourinarios. Se ha relacionado la infección con el riesgo de adquisición y transmisión del VIH y de lesiones preneoplásicas de cérvix y próstata. Este protozoo parásito presenta una gran variabilidad intraespecífica en su comportamiento patogénico, probablemente por el tamaño y complejidad de su genoma, con más de 60.000 genes codificantes. Es capaz de sobrevivir y colonizar un nicho complejo sometido a constantes fluctuaciones, el aparato genitourinario, pasando desapercibido en muchos casos. El tamaño y complejidad de su genoma convierten a T. vaginalis en un parásito de gran interés científico para el estudio de los mecanismos de patogenia y evasión de la respuesta inmune

    Reflexiones sobre el proceso científico

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    Although scientists are among the most trusted people, several analysts have launched different alarms abou the lack of reproducibility of scientific plublished research, specialy in thefield of lifesciences. This is a reflection about the key factors implied in this process, and on the relevance that big data and associated analysis have in health care.Aunque los científicos se encuentran entre las personas más fiables, varios analistas han puesto en marcha diversas alarmas sobre la falta de reproducibilidad de los resultados científicos que se publican, especialmente en el campo de las ciencias de la vida. Se reflexiona aquí sobre varios factores implicados en este proceso, y sobre la relevancia que adquiere en medicinael almacenamiento y análisis de datos masivos

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