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Editor\u27s Introduction
Get PDFI would first like to express how pleased I am to be the editor of this tenth volume of the Fairmount Folio. After examining several other issues of this journal I have been made aware of how much effort and time has gone into its making. The care taken by previous editors has set an excellent example for me to follow. I am proud to carry on the tradition.Second, I would like to thank the editorial board, consisting of Dr. Robert Owens, Dr. George Dehner, and Katherine Paige. The time taken out of busy schedules to read submissions and select the papers that went into this volume is very much appreciated.I would also be amiss ifl did not thank Dr. Owens and Dr. Dehner, as well as Dr. Ariel Loftus, for meeting with the authors of the selections and offering suggestions for revisions. Again, I know how busy you all are. I\u27m sure the authors appreciate your help as much as I do.Next, my thanks to everyone who submitted papers for this edition of the Fairmount Folio. Something that may not be generally known is that papers that are printed in the Folio often go through an editing process. Since the time between the selection and printing processes is limited, papers that are chosen should require minimal editing and should not detract from a student\u27s schoolwork. Some of the papers submitted were interesting but simply required more editing than time allowed for. With this in mind, I hope that students will be encouraged to continue to submit to the Folio.Last, but certainly not least, many thanks to Dr. Helen Hundley for overseeing yet another edition of the Folio. Countless hours of hard work go into these papers, and the Folio provides a great opportunity for students to be able to appreciate the fruits of their labor. Dr. Hundley\u27s efforts continue to make this possible every year. Her dedication and enthusiasm for this project has been very encouraging.On behalf of everyone who contributed to the making of this edition of the Folio, I hope you enjoy it.Sara DeCaroApril 8, 200
The Influence of Paul\u27s View of Women on the Acts of Paul and Thecla
Get PDFThis paper examines the influence of Paul\u27s letters on the Acts of Paul and Thecla, especially in terms of the portrayal of women.1 Paul\u27s views concerning women\u27s status in relation to their male counterparts, including his restrictions against women teaching and preaching in the early church, strongly influenced later Christian apocryphal works, such as the late second century apocryphal text known as the Acts of Paul and Thecla.2 This text focuses on Thecla\u27s insistence on remaining celibate and her desire to be baptized by Paul. This paper will analyze specific passages in Paul\u27s letters that may have influenced this apocryphal story. The paper concludes by tracing the rise of the cult of St. Thecla that flourished during the early part of the Middle Ages, subsequently encouraging many virgin women to become martyrs
Film Review: Portraits of Professional Caregivers
Get PDFThe documentary film Portraits of Professional Caregivers is comprised of many meaningful narratives of child welfare workers, firefighters, law enforcement officers, social workers, psychologists, hospice staff, nurses, and doctors. Their stories reveal how helping professionals, while assisting clients or patients, may witness traumatic events, or be exposed to aversive details of a traumatic event, and as a result, they may be profoundly affected. Empathy is a characteristic that allows a caregiver to be attuned to their clients and their situations, and this compassion and understanding may increase a professional\u27s risk of developing secondary traumatic stress, burnout, or compassion fatigue. In addition to the documentary\u27s heartfelt narratives, new and inspiring ideas about self-care, coping, safety plans, and supportive organizational structures are outlined that are designed to promote and sustain the health andwell-being of caregivers
Penn\u27s Sylvania: "A Holy Experiment"
Get PDFIn 1681, King Charles II of England granted land in the New World to William Penn. The colony which Penn established, Pennsylvania, was a unique social experiment in religious liberty that lasted for seventy-five years. In order to understand Penn\u27s experiment, and its impact, it is necessary to look at two factors. The first is Penn\u27s convincement to Quakerism, in the face of societal and parental opposition.1 The second is the unique friendship he enjoyed with the Stuart monarchs--his radical religious views notwithstanding. Penn\u27s ideologies shaped the character of the colony which later became the center pf the fledgling government of the United States of America. Penn\u27s "holy experiment", as he called it, became the proving ground for religious tolerance and individual liberty
A New Hope: The Idea of a Strategic Defense
Get PDFSince August 1953, when the Soviet Union detonated its own "Super Bomb" (multimegaton thermonuclear device), the best national defense against nuclear attack was to have so many nuclear weapons that no enemy would dare risk a retaliatory strike. This idea soon became policy. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) was the heart of all policies of Deterrence; and (at least initially)1 all the players in the Cold War seemed to agree with Robert Oppenheimer that starting World War III would soon lead to a world where the only way super powers could resolve their conflicts would be "with sticks and stones."2 By 1983, the possibility of a sudden - no, instantaneous - nuclear holocaust had become the whole planet\u27s worst nightmare. President Reagan stumbled onto a way to give humanity an alternative
Historiographical Approaches to the French Revolution
Get PDFBeginning in 1789, the French Revolution can be seen as a series of revolts against the oppressive social and political conditions in France. Within a span of less than ten years, France had radically transformed itself. The French king was beheaded by the masses, while the monarchy was replaced by a republic; wars were declared between France and many of the other countries in Europe; and reforms were initiated which were to transform the lives of many. Because of its importance in modern history, historians have grappled with many different aspects of the Revolution, ranging from its causes, its influence, and how its overall significance is to be measured. While most historians do not deny the significance of the French Revolution, the adoption of different historiographical perspectives has had a major impact on how they understand it
Deception and Decisions: The Central Intelligence Agency, Two Presidents, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion
Get PDFIn 1959, Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba after overthrowing dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro and his revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, were viewed with suspicion by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his administration, and by the end of the year, Castro\u27s regime presented a grave problem to the outgoing president due to the far left-leaning politics of the group. The fear of Communism spreading throughout the Western Hemisphere in the relatively early stages of the Cold War was prevalent in American politics throughout the 1950s, and preventing such a fear from becoming a reality was a top priority. The possibility of a communist government only ninety miles away from the United States mainland did not sit well with Eisenhower or any other top national security official. The officials were well aware of the ramifications of Cuba becoming a strategic puppet for the Soviet Union, and they were willing to entertain any ideas to neutralize Castro and his regime. One such concept included President Dwight David Eisenhower authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency to plot the overthrow of the Cuban government. However, throughout the planning stage of the mission, the misinformation provided by the CIA to Presidents Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy, as well as Kennedy\u27s own poor decisions in the weeks leading up to the invasion, ultimately doomed its chances for success
Editor\u27s Note
Get PDFWhen I first embarked upon this editing odyssey in September of 2005, I came across the words of Oscar Wilde: "Any fool can make history, but it takes a genius to write it." Now that my voyage has landed, I can attest to the validity of this "Wilde" belief. It was during this latest printing that The Fairmount Folio received more submissions for publication than in any previous year in its existence. I believe this surge in papers is, in part, due to the growing interest Wichita State University students have for the realm of history. Where else can a chemistry student sift through the treasures of King Tut\u27 s tomb after deciphering the chemical formula for table salt? And in what other scholarly field can men and women respectably keep their mentors alive, such as Pope John Paul II or Martin Luther King Jr., while simultaneously enabling throngs of fresh, young minds to absorb their social impact and perhaps inspire them to better this world? Simply put, history is the story of our past and the material with which we mold our future, and I am honored to be a part of this eighth volume of the historical journal known as The Fairmount Folio.In this edition, we have an exceptional range of analytical documents examined: from the educational systems of ancient Greece, to the transplantation of white colonists into Indian societies, to students\u27 political protests in the contemporary world-surely there is a text written that stirs your curiosity.As for the process of compiling, choosing, and editing these papers, I must bestow a humbled thank you to Dr. Helen Hundley for her unremitting patience with my relative inexperience as an editor and her vast knowledge of not only history, but of this process as a whole. Her exceptional talent for coordinating the production of the Folio and the meetings of those involved was instrumental in the success of the journal. Her explanation of the process were very appreciated, welcomed, and calming during those hectic days at Wichita State where midterms unfortunately seem to coincide with publishing deadlines.A second thank you must be sent to those on the Folio\u27s editorial board-Or. George Dehner, Dr. Robert Owens, Angela Gumm and, of course, Dr. Helen Hundley. To be honest, I was ecstatic over the care and attention to minute detail each member spent on all eligible papers given the fact that there were so many submissions, no paper clip, rubber band, or extra-extralarge yellow envelope could house a member\u27s copies to be reviewed.In addition, I express gratitude towards Wichita State\u27s Department of History and their College of Liberal Arts and Sciences for tirelessly supporting this journal and funding its publication.Finally, I must give recognition to Chuck Crandall and Troy Lister from ADR Publishing for his expertise in printing scholarly material and, more importantly, conveying that knowledge to this year\u27s editor of the Folio. In short: God Bless e-mail. Now please enjoy the treasures we have acquired on our nine-month journey through history...Athena StephanopoulosMay 200
Judicial Philosophy and the Warren Court
Get PDF"There may be narrower scope for operation of the presumption of constitutionality when legislation appears on its face to be within a specific prohibition of the Constitution, such as those of the first ten amendments, which are deemed equally specific when held to be embraced within the Fourteenth.\u27\u271 The previous quote, perhaps the most famous footnote in legal history, marked the beginning of the long overdue incorporation of the Bill of Rights to the states via the Due Process Clause of the Constitution.2 Chief Justice Harlan Stone\u27s majority opinion in U.S. v. Carolene Products (1938) produced the opinion with the above footnote attached to it. "Footnote Four" is extremely important to understanding the judicial philosophy of the Warren Court
Politics and Religion in the Twentieth Century: Bob Jones University, the IRS, and the First Amendment
Get PDFThe First Amendment of the United States Constitution states in part "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." In an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists of Connecticut, Thomas Jefferson reiterated the intention of the First Amendment\u27s Establishment and Free-Exercise clauses that the religious freedoms sought in the American experience required "a high wall of separation between church and state."2 Only by extricating religion from government, and government from religion, could American citizens truly enjoy both their faith and democracy. Not until the twentieth century, though, were the Establishment and Free-Exercise clauses seriously tested. Religion, the Supreme Court, and American politics collided in the second half of the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1940\u27s, the Court began to address previously unquestioned traditions of prayer in the public schools and modern concerns regarding religious faiths and the workplace. The real challenge for the Court, though, resulted from the confrontation of religious liberties and civil rights, specifically those granted to redress long standing racial prejudices in American history. It was this juxtaposition that had the most serious ramifications for modern politics and debates regarding Constitutional religious rights.