International Journal of Cancer Therapy and Oncology
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A simple and effective approach for treatment of situs tumor and metastasis：to promote intratumor pus formation
No full textPurpose: The recent emergence of the tumor microenvironment as the critical determinant in cancer outcome opens a new routes to fight cancer, however, the clinical results of targeting microenvironment for treating human cancer have not met expectations. Our purpose is to investigate how to target microenvironment for treatment of situs tumor and metastasis.Methods : We suppose that tumor is a robber from times of anarchy and disorder and can be eradicated in flourishing age. We also suppose that carcinogenesis is largely attributed to physically weak that cann’t get rid of ulcer by pus formation. In vivo，the subcutaneous implant model and pulmonary metastasis model of lewis lung cancer were established. Tumor bearing mice were taken water decoction of Astragalus mongholicus(huangqi) and Spina Gleditsiae (zaojiaoci) by intragastric administration b.i.d for ten weeks， and the influences of Astragalus mongholicus and Spina Gleditsiae on tumor progression were evaluated by body temperature，blood oxygen saturation，red cell ATPase，blood rheology，intratumor hypoxia，capillary permeability， matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and intratumor pus formation. Results：We found that both of Astragalus mongholicus and Spina Gleditsiae could keep body temperature，blood oxygen saturation，red cell ATPase and blood rheology，and improve intratumor hypoxia，capillary permeability and MMPs in tumor bearing mice，which led to slower tumor growth and less metastasis. Astragalus mongholicus could remove body poison and stimulate immune responses, and Spina Gleditsiae could promote pus formation and proteolytic enzymes. The combination of Astragalus mongholicus and Spina Gleditsiae favored the restoration of tumor immune responses and proteolytic activity at the tumor site, which not only result to an increase in aseptic pus formation, but also to a decrease in necrotic tissue accumulation, and finally caused a complete intratumor pus formation and tumor-free survival in lewis lung cancer model.Conclusion: Although our success in cancer control is limited to body surface tumor, intratumor pus formation is a simple and effective approach for treatment of situs tumor and metastasis
Expression profile analysis of microRNAs in prostate cancer by next-generation sequencing
No full textPurpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of tumor mortality among males in western societies. In China, the diagnostic and fatality rate of PCa is increasing yearly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single stranded non-coding RNA molecules (~22 nucleotides) which impede protein production by directly interacting with 3’-untranslated regions of the target mRNAs. miRNAs are crucial regulators in malignant tumors. Recent profiling research suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in PCa, and these have been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, PCa stem cells, and androgen receptor pathway.Methods: To find miRNAs differentially expressed in PCa and their relation to prognostic factors and therapeutic potentials, we studied 24 surgical specimens from men who underwent radical prostatectomy, through high-throughput Illumina sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) methods. Moreover, a variety of biological information softwares and databases were applied to predict the target genes of miRNA, molecular functions, and signal pathways. We also discuss the functional significance of the differentially expressed miRNAs and the molecular pathways/targets regulated by these miRNAs.Results: Many miRNAs were differentially expressed (fold change 2, P<0.05) by sequencing. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in more clinical tissue samples. In the tumors, miRNAs (miR-125b-5p, miR-126-5p, miR-141, miR-151a-5p, miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p) were significantly upregulated with downregulation of miR-486-5p and miR-488. In addition, 13 novel miRNAs were identified from three prostate tissue libraries, with 12 of them assayed in 21 human normal tissues by qRT-PCR. Multiple databases indicated target genes for these differentially expressed miRNAs. Function annotation of target genes indicated that most of them tend to target genes involved in signal transduction and cell communication, especially cancer-related PI3K-Akt and p53 signaling pathway. Moreover, miR-141 and miR-488 post-transcriptionally regulated androgen receptor (AR) expression, and inhibited the growth and metastasis of prostate gland epithelial cells.Conclusion: The small RNA transcriptomes obtained in this study uncovers the differentially expressed miRNAs, and provides a better understanding of the expression and function of miRNAs in the development of PCa and reveals several miRNAs in PCa that may have biomarker and therapeutic potentials.-----------------------------------------Cite this article as: Song C, Chen H, Ru G, Ding Q, Yang W. Expression profile analysis of microRNAs in prostate cancer by next-generation sequencing. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2015; 3(4):3405.[This abstract was presented at the BIT’s 8th Annual World Cancer Congress, which was held from May 15-17, 2015 in Beijing, China.
Evaluation of collapsed cone convolution superposition (CCCS) algorithms in prowess treatment planning system for calculating symmetric and asymmetric field size
Get PDFPurpose: This work investigated the accuracy of prowess treatment planning system (TPS) in dose calculation in a homogenous phantom for symmetric and asymmetric field sizes using collapse cone convolution / superposition algorithm (CCCS). Methods: The measurements were carried out at source-to-surface distance (SSD) set to 100 cm for 6 and 10 MV photon beams. Data for a full set of measurements for symmetric fields and asymmetric fields, including inplane and crossplane profiles at various depths and percentage depth doses (PDDs) were obtained during measurements on the linear accelerator.Results: The results showed that the asymmetric collimation dose lead to significant errors (up to approximately 7%) in dose calculations if changes in primary beam intensity and beam quality. It is obvious that the most difference in the isodose curves was found in buildup and the penumbra regions. Conclusion: The results showed that the dose calculation using Prowess TPS based on CCCS algorithm is generally in excellent agreement with measurements
Study of inter-fraction movements of tongue during radiation therapy in cases of tongue malignancy using volumetric cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging
Get PDFPurpose: Tongue is a mobile organ in head and neck region predisposing it for geographic miss during the course of fractionated radiotherapy for tongue malignancy. This study analyses movement of tongue during the course of radiotherapy using volumetric KV-cone beam computed tomography (KV-CBCT) imaging for patients of tongue malignancy treated without using tongue bite. Methods: We analysed 100 KV-cone beam CTs performed on 10 patients with carcinoma of tongue undergoing fractionated radiotherapy. All the patients underwent thermoplastic mask immobilisation and CT simulation. During the course of radiotherapy, all patients underwent volumetric KV-CBCT imaging to assess the movements of tongue. Five arbitrary reference points were used to analyse the movements of tongue in 3-dimensions: 1) Point A: Tip of tongue; 2) Point B: Point over right lateral border, 4 cm posterior to the tip of tongue; 3) Point C: Point over left lateral border, 4 cm posterior to the tip of tongue; 4) Point D: Point over superior most part (dorsum) of tongue, 4 cm posterior to the tip of tongue; 5) Point E: Point over the surface of base of tongue at the level of tip of epiglottis. Results: Mean movements of point A: +0.21 cm (SD: 0.12) and -0.23 cm (SD: 0.14), point B: +0.14 cm (SD: 0.04) and -0.19 cm (SD: 0.1), point C: +0.12 cm (SD: 0.05) and -0.14 cm (SD: 0.06), point D: +0.15 cm (SD: 0.07) and -0.29 cm (SD: 0.22) and point E: +0.23 cm (SD: 0.15) and -0.23 cm (SD: 0.14). Conclusion: Organ movement is one of the great challenges encountered during radiotherapy. Tongue is one such organ in head and neck region. Concept of internal target volume (ITV) margin which takes into account the internal organ movements should be considered for tongue malignancies. ITV to PTV margin will depend on the setup accuracy, immobilization device and imaging modality utilised for setup verification. In an IGRT (Image Guided Radio Therapy) setup, a PTV margin of 0.3 to 0.5 cm from ITV would be safe
The role of robotic partial cystectomy in a patient with metastatic primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder
Get PDFTreatment of urachal adenocarcinoma (UA) of the urinary bladder has typically been with radical cystectomy (RC) but more conservative approaches are gaining popularity. Here we present the case of a female patient with metastatic primary bladder UA who was treated with robotic partial cystectomy (RPC) and adjuvant chemotherapy; she is alive with no evidence of disease recurrence or metastatic disease at 5 years. This case provides some of the longest follow-up after RPC to date thereby demonstrating that RPC is a safe and oncologically viable treatment for selected patients even several years after definitive treatment. Patients undergoing RPC benefit from the reduced morbidity associated with this less radical treatment whilst enjoying similarly successful oncological outcomes to RC.
Imatinib resistance mutation analysis: experience from a tertiary oncology center
Get PDFPurpose: BCR-ABL kinase domain (KD) mutations account for 50-90% of the imatinib resistance observed in patients of CML-chronic phase. In CML-CP patients receiving imatinib first-line, mutation analysis is recommended in case of failure or suboptimal response using European LeukemiaNet (ELN) criteria. The present study was carried out at a tertiary oncology centre in south India to assess which mutations accounted for resistance to imatinib among patients of chronic phase CML being treated with imatinib.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. We analyzed patients who were tested for imatinib resistance mutation in view of suboptimal responses while on imatinib or imatinib failure. Direct sequencing of the BCR-ABL transcript by the Sanger method was used for IRMA testing.Results: Out of 120 tested for IRMA, 36 (30%) had detectable mutations. We observed a higher frequency of mutations at amino acids T315, F359 and M351T.Conclusions: Among the patients who were tested for imatinib resistance mutation in view of suboptimal responses while on imatinib or imatinib failure, 30% had IRMA +ve mutations. The high incidence of imatinib resistance in present study may be attributed to the fact that our patients were given higher dose of imatinib (600 mg), if they failed to achieve CCyR at 12 months or CHR at 3 months as they could not afford second generation TKIs
Dosimetric effect of intra-fractional and inter-fractional target motion in lung cancer radiotherapy techniques
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of present study was to experimentally evaluate the dosimetric uncertainties in 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy (D-IMRT), step-shoot (SS-IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment delivery techniques due to intra- and inter-fractional target motion. Methods: A previously treated lung patient was selected for this study and was replanned for 60 Gy in 30 fractions using four techniques (3DCRT, D-IMRT, SS-IMRT, and VMAT). These plans were delivered in a clinical linear accelerator equipped with HexaPOD™ evo RT System. The target dose of static QUASAR phantom was calculated that served as reference dose to the target. The QUASAR respiratory body phantom along with patients breathing wave form and HexaPOD™ evo RT System was used to simulate the intra-fraction and inter-fraction motions. Dose measurements were done by applying the intra-fractional and inter-fractional motions in all the four treatment delivery techniques.Results: The maximum percentage deviation in a single field was -4.3%, 10.4%, and -12.2% for 3DCRT, D-IMRT and SS-IMRT deliveries, respectively. Similarly, the deviation for a single fraction was -1.51%, -1.88%, -2.22%, and -3.03% for 3DCRT, D-IMRT, SS-IMRT and VMAT deliveries, respectively. Conclusion: The impact of inter-fractional and intra-fractional uncertainties calculated as deviation between dynamic and static condition dose was large in some fractions, however average deviation calculated for thirty fractions was well within 0.5% in all the four techniques. Therefore, inter- and intra-fractional uncertainties could be concern in fewer fraction treatments such as stereotactic body radiation therapy, and should be used in conjunction with intra- and inter-fractional motion management techniques
Dosimetric analysis of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: A comparative study
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the dosimetric parameters of three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in selected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. Methods: Ten patients with inoperable NSCLC were selected for this study. The 3DCRT and IMRT plans were generated for all patients following Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) guidelines. Generated plans were then compared on the basis of planning target volume (PTV) coverage, dose delivered to organs at risk, homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI) for the prescribed dose (PD) of 50 Gy in 25 fractions.Results: The mean D95 and D99 (dose to the 95% and 99% volume) for the PTV were found better in the 3DCRT plans compared to the ones in the IMRT plans. On an average, the volume receiving 20 Gy (V20) of contralateral lung was 2.91% and 3.03% in the 3DCRT and IMRT plans, respectively. The Dmean of contralateral lung was 3.17 Gy (3DCRT) versus 4.2 Gy (IMRT), whereas the Dmean of ipsilateral lung was 12.69 Gy (3DCRT) and 13.82 Gy (IMRT). The V20 of ipsilateral lung was found to be slightly lower in the 3DCRT (25.67%) when compared to the IMRT (30.50%). The dose to the heart was comparable in the 3DCRT and IMRT plans (mean dose: 4.42 Gy versus 4.48 Gy; D33: 3.77 Gy versus and 4.02 Gy). For the spinal cord, the Dmax was found to be lower in the 3DCRT plans (18.40 Gy) when compared to the IMRT plans (25.49 Gy). The HI was 1.08 versus 1.41 in the 3DCRT and IMRT plans, respectively. The CI was identical (1.67) in both sets of plans.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the PTV coverage was found to be slightly better in the 3DCRT plans when compared to the one in the IMRT plans. On average, the dose to the organs at risk were found to be comparable
BIT’s 8th Annual World Cancer Congress in Beijing, China
No full textFollowing the great success of past seven years, BIT’s 8th Annual World Cancer Congress - 2015 will be held on 15-17, May, 2015 in Beijing, China.The congress consists of twelve cooperative, specialized programs tailored to highlight the latest and most exciting discoveries in every area of cancer research and it will provide a unique opportunity for researchers from all over the world to meet, network, and forge new scientific interactions. Given the major worldwide importance in cancer research, cancer therapies, and new drug trials, we should not only help ensure we’re apprised of current developments in the field but also reflect on new progress and look toward future challenges. World opinion leaders are coming together to bring their depth of knowledge and experience to the program: molecular oncology, tumor immunology, cancer metastases, epidemiology, prevention, safety control, early detection, screening, imaging, treatment and translational and clinical research, presented with the emphasis on interdisciplinary challenges and supported by clinical interpretations needed for application of recent studies.We have no doubt that networking with your colleagues, on an international scale, will result in a creative exchange of ideas and be personally rewarding. Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, municipality and national central city, located in the north part of China and founded 3,000 years ago, is a thriving multi-cultural city and a venue not to be missed. We hope that you enjoy the meeting enough to join us in 2015.CLICK HERE for more informatio
A survey of paediatric CT radiation doses in two selected hospitals in Kampala, Uganda: a radiation safety concern
Get PDFPurpose: We describe radiation doses imparted to paediatric patients during Computerised (CT) scan examinations by estimation Weighted CT dose index (CTDIw) and Dose Length Product (DLP) and compare these doses with the International dose reference values.Methods: Demographic data and acquisition parameters of 257paediatric CT scans done using Multi-Slice CT (MSCT) and Dual Slice CT (DSCT) were collected from request forms and CT scan consoles. The values of CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP were calculated using ImPACT (Imaging Performance and Assessment of Computed Tomography) dosimetry software for Philips MX-1800 scanner and GE Hispeed Dual scanner. Data was analysed using mean, range, 3rd quartile, as well as chi square.Results: The commonest indication was head injury with the majority patient aged 0-4 years and 10-14 years for MSCT and DSCT, respectively. There were significantly higher doses imparted by MSCT compared to DSCT on both the head CTDIw (mGy) (40 vs 22, p = 0.000), CTDIvol (mGy) (60 vs 7, p = 0.000), DLPmGy.cm (1022 vs 114, p = 0.000) and body CTDIw (mGy) (41 vs 18, p =0.000), CTDIvol (mGy) (27 vs 6 p-value=0.000) and DLP (782 vs 73 p-value=0.001) respectively. Paediatric 3rd quartile values for CTDIvol (mGy) (57.7 vs 31) 0-1 year, (74.5 vs 47) 4-7 years and DLP mGy.cm (1068 vs 333) 0-1 year and (1168 vs 374) 4-6 years respectively for MSCT were higher than the recommended international values. The calculated CTDIvol for the head were significantly higher than the values displayed on the console (p-value=0.000, 95%CI) for MSCT.Conclusion: The radiation dose values for CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP for MSCT were significantly higher than those for DSCT and other countries which raise a radiation safety concern. Studies to establish the factors responsible for these high doses are recommended