International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory (IJCST - York University)
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The Life Course Perspective Through the Lens of Race
Full text linkLife course theorists argue that key transitions such as marriage and employment heavily influence criminal desistance in adulthood among those who committed delinquent acts during their adolescence. Although much research supports this notion, race has generally been left out of the discourse. Very few researchers have examined whether and how race plays a role within life course theory. This is surprising insofar as race is an important correlate of crime, marriage, employment, and other life course transitions that are associated with criminal desistance. Data from Waves 1, 2 and 4 of Add Health are used to examine differences in the effect of marriage and employment on desistance among 3,479 Black, Hispanic, and White men. Results show mixed support for the life course perspective in that classic life theory applies to Whites, but less so to Blacks and Hispanics
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SPREAD OF CRIME ACTIVITIES IN AKURE, NIGERIA USING GIS TECHNIQUES
Full text linkThis research attempts to bridge the gap between the old and modern fashion of keeping and storing criminal data by investigating the level and spatial analysis of crime occurrence in Akure, Nigeria with a view to promoting security in the city. The responses obtained from the administered copies of the questionnaire were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel 2013 for generating spatial database and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for statistical analysis. The crime data were analyzed using spatial analysis technique in ArcGIS 10, Global Mapper 13 and CrimeStat III. Overlays operations were carried out to evolve crime maps. GPS Garmin 76 was employed to obtain co-ordinates of major landmarks in the area, which comprise police stations, banks, markets, liquor stores, and places of worship among others. These were subsequently registered on the base map. The information extracted from the analyzed responses from the questionnaire and crime data were geocoded to the administered points using ArcGIS 10 for better and advanced spatial analysis, and also for hotspot and black spot analysis using Geostatistical Analyst. The study found that the main road network that traverses Akure Metropolis, provides easy access and exit to criminals, and constitutes a dominant axis of crime events as facilities located along the road usually experience armed robbery attack or burglary. Again, crime hotspots are more prevalent in the city core. In view of the efficacy of GIS technique as a tool for detecting crime pattern, occurrence and prediction, the study advocates the development of all inclusive crime database system and training of security agents in the use of information technology to improve intelligence gathering capabilities in a bid to combat crimes in Akure metropolis in particular and Nigeria in general
IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: A STUDY OF MUZAFFARBAD JAIL
Full text linkJuvenile delinquency is not a new phenomenon but urban growth has made it worst by changing the structure of the society. The present study was designed to study the impact of urbanization on juvenile delinquency. This study aimed to find out the causes associated with urbanization that lead towards juvenile delinquency. Qualitative research design was used to study the impact of urbanization on juvenile delinquency. Case study method was employed to study the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency. Researcher used a purposive sampling technique and selected four young offenders from District Jail Muzaffarabad for data collection. Social learning theory supposes that adolescents develop the attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquents through their sustained contact with other lawbreakers. Juvenile’s exposure to delinquent attitudes and skills increases their tendency to also imitate such behaviours. Present study explored various causes of juvenile delinquency related with urbanization which are; deviant peer association, urban poverty and relative deprivation, lack of self-control and parental supervision and easy access to illegal means
A Human Rights-Based Approach to Immigrant Workers: The Policy on Removing the Canadian Experience Barrier
Full text linkThe Ontario Human Rights Commission’s (OHRC) Policy on removing the ‘Canadian experience’ barrier (CEB)is focused on the strict usage of ‘Canadian experience’ (CE) as an employment or accreditation requirement that raises human rights concerns, and prevents our multicultural society from using the full range of immigrant talents and competencies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the OHRC policy initiative as a strategic link between the goals of a skilled labour force and a bias-free workplace, both of which are required to effectively compete in the global economy. This paper argues that making the policy case for the human rights dimensions of social exclusion in hiring is an innovative way to advance creative organizational change that effectively responds to the marginalization and racialization of newcomer populations, by dismantling the chronic rationalization of a harmful workplace practice
Surveying the Battlefield: Reflections on the Reproductive Dynamics of Racism
Full text linkThe sociology of racism is marked by a wealth of studies devoted to explicating the consequences of racism for individuals, organizations, institutions, and even the fundamental processes by which societies come to be constituted. Some of this work has informed concrete efforts to improve the life chances of subordinate racialized groups. In contrast, however, less research has examined, specifically and systematically, the ideational and material conditions that facilitate the reproduction of racism. Given this analytical deficit, the aim of this article is to illustrate—theoretically, conceptually and empirically—how racism is reproduced by dominant systems of belief; capitalist structural arrangements that foster scarcities while fettering redistributive measures; and key decisions and non-decisions of power elites. Scholars of racism, many of whom are concerned with the practical implications of their work, can enhance their contributions to progressive praxis by granting greater attention to questions regarding the reproducibility of racism—how it keeps going along—in addition to longstanding foci on racism’s effects and cognate areas of inquiry
Theories of Female Criminality: A criminological analysis
Full text linkFemale criminality is one of the important phenomena in popular media and also in academic discourse of contemporary scholastic arena like sociology, criminology, psychology and anthropology. The changing nature of female’s roles in capitalist system instigate female more to involve in violent and property crimes. The main intent of the study is to review the major theories of female criminality such as masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry. The authors also tried to shed light on the acceptability and validity of female criminality theories on female criminal activities. This study mainly relies on secondary sources. Data have been collected from journal articles, books, research reports, government documents and so on. Among the theories of masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry; marginalization theory is the most relevant and significant for analyzing causes of female criminality in contemporary third world societies. On the other hand, masculinities and opportunities theories are sometimes partially applicable to predict criminality of women in first world countries
Everything you say ... And do not say ...: Essay on the History of Psychology of Testimony on Brazilian Criminology
Full text linkThis article presents some reflections on the theoretical corpus of the psychology of testimony, from an historical point of view, trying to discuss its production / reverberation in Brazil and relationship with crime investigative procedures conducted in the country. It takes as point of analysis the year 1950, as the material Chapters 8, 9 and 10 of the Handbook of Forensic Psychology by Emílio Mira y Lopez and reverberations on the media at the time about the investigation of a murder case conducted by the 25th Police District in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in same year. The paper discusses the centripetal method of interrogation and the psychoanalytic means of proof Rosanoff Abraham-Jung, analyzing how such dispositive integrated theoretical and practical debate about the criminal investigation of the murder case and inserted in the debate the psychological knowledge as the one able to reveal the truth of the testimony. Argues, finally, the presence of the psychological knowledge in the construction of a discourse of truth of the testimony in the history of the Brazilian criminal justice system
Femicide Penal Response in the Americas: Indicators and the Misuses of Crime Statistics, evidence from Peru
Full text linkDuring the last decade, several countries in Latin America have enacted femicide as a gender-specific criminal figure. Legal modifications throughout the region were a corollary of political debates, broad perceptions and sensibilities regarding , and the systematic appearance of media stories and official reports warning of an exponential growth. This article focuses upon the problem of femicide, both as a social phenomenon and a juridical figure, through a comparative socio-legal approach that takes Peru’s penal reform as a case study. The aim is to account for the incidence of femicide in demographic terms and demonstrate that this is not a phenomenon of exponential growth, contrary to media stories and punitive discursive practices regarding the need of a penal reform in the country. This is achieved by recognizing an issue of increasing importance: the challenge of building gender-based indicators to measure and prosecute femicide into the criminal justice
SERIAL KILLER: ELDERLY VICTIMS OF SERIAL KILLERS
Full text linkThe phenomenon of serial killing although a rare farm of homicide, has attracted on increased degree interest in the last decades. Elderly are also victims of serial killers. Although persons aged 60 and older generally experience the lowest rate of killing of any age group. The aim of this study is to illustrate the little known but noteworthy cases concerning the serial killings of elderly that occurred across the world. The Internet (e-media) was the main source of the data and the content has been analyzed. Forty cases of serial killers of elderly were found in INTERNET up to the year 2012. The study shows that nearly half (40%) of the serial killings were occurred in United States of America, only 2.5% elderly victims of serial killings were found in India. Study has shown that female serial killers use less violent methods to kill their victims and the preferred methods are poisoning Serial killings was largely based on psychological gratification. The hedonistic serial killers seek pleasure and benefits from killing and derives satisfaction from the killing events. The main motives identified in killings were revenge, profit, terror
The Impact of Bond Measures of Self-Control on Deviance Among Korean Juveniles: Testing Hirschi’s Redefinition of Self-Control
Full text linkThe purpose of the research was to develop and test a new measure of self-control based on the reconceptualization of self-control. A self-report instrument containing a broad bond-based self-control was developed and administered to a representative sample of youthful students and inmates in South Korea. Multiple ordinary least Squares (OLS) regression and path analysis were used to examine the influence of bond-based self-control on deviance. The findings generally indicate that the revised self-control measures, which included bond-based self-control measure were reliable and unidimensional. Importantly, the results showed that the new measures of self-control influences a decision to offend or not among Korean juveniles, which supports the revised concept of self-control theory