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Defective topological spaces: A novel framework for topological spaces with incomplete information
Full text linkRecent years have seen a surge of interest in representing and reasoning about uncertain information through extended versions of classical mathematical techniques. In this paper, we introduce the concept of defective topological spaces, which is a novel theory motivated by the problem of approaching a topological space with incomplete knowledge of its open sets. In order to address this problem, we define the concepts of exactly and possibly open sets. Furthermore, we investigate the categorical structure of defective topological spaces, and extend several concepts from classical topological spaces, including continuity, convergence, and separation axioms to defective topological spaces
Analysis of the phenomenon of inequality in the imagination of primary and secondary school students through pictures
Full text linkBu araştırma, ilkokul ve ortaokul öğrencilerinin toplumsal eşitsizlikleri nasıl algıladıklarını ve bu algılarını resimleri aracılığıyla nasıl ifade ettiklerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada nitel metodoloji içinde yer alan fenomenoloji modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri Düzce'de 2024-2025 eğitim öğretim yılında toplam 431 ilkokul ve 790 ortaokul öğrencisinden toplanmıştır ve tematik analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında, öğrencilerden toplumsal eşitsizlik deneyimlerini yansıtan resimler çizmeleri istenmiş ve bu resimler içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgularda çocukların toplumsal sınıf farklılıklarını, eğitimde fırsat eşitsizliğini, sosyal dışlanmayı ve etnik köken gibi faktörlere dayalı ayrımcılığı güçlü metaforlar ve semboller aracılığıyla temsil ettikleri görülmüştür. Bulgular, çocukların ekonomik eşitsizlikleri genellikle evler, giyim tarzları ve teknolojik imkânlar gibi somut nesneler üzerinden ifade ettiklerini göstermektedir. Engellilik ve dış görünüş temelli ayrımcılıklar, toplumsal normların bireyler üzerindeki etkisini yansıtırken, cinsiyetler arası eşitsizlik çocukların resimlerinde belirgin bir şekilde gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, sosyal dışlanma ve etnik temelli ayrımcılığın çocukların sosyal ilişkileri üzerindeki etkileri çizimlere yansımıştır. Eğitimde fırsat eşitsizliği de çocukların algılarında önemli bir yer tutmuş ve bazı çocuklar akademik ve mesleki fırsatlara erişimde yaşanan eşitsizlikleri ele almıştır. Araştırma, çocukların eşitsizlik algılarının erken yaşlardan itibaren şekillendiğini ve bu algıların görsel sembollerle ifade edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.This study aims to understand how primary and secondary school students perceive social inequalities and how they express these perceptions through their drawings. The study employs the phenomenological model, a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected from a total of 431 primary and 790 secondary school students in Düzce during the 2024-2025 academic year and analyzed using thematic analysis. As part of the study, students were asked to create drawings reflecting their experiences of social inequalities, which were subsequently examined through content analysis. The findings reveal that children represent social class differences, educational inequalities, social exclusion, and ethnic discrimination through strong metaphors and symbols. The results indicate that economic disparities are frequently depicted through tangible objects such as houses, clothing styles, and access to technological resources. Discrimination based on disability and physical appearance reflects the influence of societal norms on individuals, while gender-based inequalities are prominently observed in children's drawings. Additionally, social exclusion and ethnic discrimination were found to impact children's social relationships, as illustrated in their drawings. Educational inequality also emerged as a significant theme in children's perceptions, with some students highlighting disparities in access to academic and professional opportunities. Overall, the study demonstrates that children's perceptions of inequality begin to form at an early age and that they express these perceptions through visual symbols
Place, Loneliness, and Existence: The Phenomenology of Space in About Dry Grasses from the Perspectives of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty
Full text linkStudies on the representation of space in cinema have gained conceptual depth particularly since the 2000s, influenced by thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Henri Lefebvre. This study examines how the Anatolian steppe is represented as a phenomenological ground in Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s film About Dry Grasses (2023). In the film, space is not merely a physical backdrop for the narrative but functions as a lived domain that shapes the characters’ existential orientation, temporal perception, and ethical positioning. Drawing on Edmund Husserl’s concepts of the “lived body” (Leib) and the “lifeworld” (Lebenswelt), as well as Maurice Merleau Ponty’s notions of “chiasm” (intertwining) and “embodiment,” the study analyzes the tactile, visual, and temporal relationship between character and space. The research is conducted using a qualitative methodology. Six visual frames selected from the film are analyzed through the lens of phenomenological film analysis. Each scene is examined in terms of framing, color, tactility, intentionality, and ethical-political dimensions, and these analyses are contextualized within the film’s broader narrative structure. The findings indicate that in About Dry Grasses, the steppe is not simply a spatial setting, but an active component that shapes the characters’ psychic and bodily existence. The film renders space as a perceptible, resistant, and directive ground, transforming the viewer from a passive observer into an embodied perceiver. In this respect, the study opens a phenomenological discussion of spatial perception in Turkish cinema and offers an original contribution to the notion of “sensory thinking” in film analysis
Gestational Hydronephrosis: A Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Outcomes of Ureteral Stent Placement Versus Conservative Treatment
Full text linkBackground and Objectives: Gestational hydronephrosis (GH) is a physiological condition commonly observed during pregnancy, resulting from hormonal effects and mechanical compression of the ureters by the enlarging uterus. Although often asymptomatic, GH can cause urinary stasis, recurrent infections, and renal function impairment in symptomatic cases. The optimal management of such cases remains controversial, especially regarding the role of ureteral stent placement. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes-including renal function, inflammatory markers, and obstetric parameters-in pregnant women with symptomatic GH who underwent ureteral stent placement versus those managed conservatively. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at D & uuml;zce University Hospital between 2020 and 2024, including 40 pregnant women diagnosed with symptomatic GH. The patients were divided into the following two groups: those who received a ureteral stent (n = 20) and those who were managed with conservative treatment (n = 20). Conservative management included hydration therapy, acetaminophen-based analgesia, and close clinical monitoring. The parameters assessed included serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count), urinary findings, obstetric outcomes, and postpartum complications. Statistical significance was set at p 0.05). Interestingly, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was more prevalent in the non-stent group (20% vs. 5%; p = 0.042), although no significant differences were found in fasting glucose levels. Conclusions: Ureteral stent placement in symptomatic GH does not appear to significantly improve renal function or obstetric outcomes. However, it may provide symptom relief in select patients with persistent or severe discomfort. Given the limitations of retrospective data and a small sample size, further prospective studies with larger cohorts and quality-of-life assessments are warranted to optimize management strategies and enhance patient-centered care
Bulanık Tabanlı SWARA ve MAIRCA Yöntemlerini Kullanarak İlaç Endüstrisinde Sürdürülebilir 3PL Hizmet Sağlayıcı Seçimi
Full text linkThis study aims to develop a framework for the selection of sustainable third-party logistics service providers (3PLSPs) for the pharmaceutical industry by developing an integrated decision-making framework based on fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy MAIRCA methods. To achieve this goal, 21 selection criteria were determined within the scope of economic, infrastructure, environmental, and social basic dimensions through literature review and expert opinions. Then, the weights of these criteria were calculated using the fuzzy SWARA method. Finally, alternative sustainable 3PLSPs were ranked using the fuzzy MAIRCA method. The findings indicate that the most crucial criteria for selecting sustainable 3PLSPs are financial stability, industry-specific knowledge and experience, environmental protection, and worker health and safety, corresponding to economic, infrastructure, environmental, and social dimensions, respectively.Bu çalışmanın amacı, bulanık SWARA ve bulanık MAIRCA yöntemlerine dayalı bütünleşik bir karar alma çerçevesi geliştirerek ilaç endüstrisi için sürdürülebilir üçüncü taraf lojistik hizmet sağlayıcılarının seçimi için bir çerçeve oluşturmaktır. Bu hedefe ulaşmak için literatür taraması ve uzman görüşleri yoluyla ekonomik, altyapı, çevresel ve sosyal temel boyutlar kapsamında 21 seçim kriteri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra bulanık SWARA yöntemi kullanılarak bu kriterlerin ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak bulanık MAIRCA yöntemi kullanılarak alternatif sürdürülebilir üçüncü taraf lojistik hizmet sağlayıcıları sıralanmıştır. Bulgular, sürdürülebilir üçüncü taraf lojistik hizmet sağlayıcılarının seçilmesi için en önemli kriterlerin sırasıyla ekonomik, altyapı, çevresel ve sosyal boyutlara karşılık gelen finansal istikrar, sektöre özgü bilgi ve deneyim, çevre koruma ve işçi sağlığı ve güvenliği olduğunu göstermektedir
A New extension of Hermite Hadamard inequalities associating ψ-Hilfer fractional integral
Full text linkFractional inequalities have been an essential topic in mathematics and have found applications in various domains. In this article, we established some new bounds (below and above) for mid-point type inequality and trapezoidal-type inequality for ψ-Hilfer- fractional integral by utilizing functions whose second derivatives are bounded. We also investigate some new generalization and extension of Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for ψ-Hilfer fractional integrals for the functions having the condition: (Formula presented). © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
From capture to culture: the asymmetric impact of education on Türkiye's fisheries sector
Full text linkThe aim of this study is to analyze the causal effect of the net schooling rate, as a proxy for human capital, on saltwater fisheries and aquaculture in five coastal regions of T & uuml;rkiye (Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean, Western Black Sea, and Eastern Black Sea). In the empirical analysis, we use the panel data for the period 2009-2022 and employ the dependent variables that are the amount of fish production obtained through fishing in Model 1 and the amount of fish produced through aquaculture in Model 2. The study applies the panel bootstrap Granger causality method, considering both structural heterogeneities and cross-sectional dependencies. The results show that the effect of educational attainment on fish production activities varies both by type of production and by regional conditions. In the Mediterranean and Aegean regions, educational attainment has strong effects on both fishing and aquaculture, while in some regions, it has a negative effect on production. The study contributes to the literature by presenting the effects of education, a socio-economic variable, at the sectoral level in detail; it also provides an empirical basis for the development of region-specific sustainability policies
Statistical Analysis of Soil Parameters Affecting the Bearing Capacity and Settlement Behaviour of Gravel Soils
Full text linkUnderstanding the geotechnical behavior of soils is fundamental for the safe design and performance of engineering structures. This study investigates the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of gravel soils using extensive field and laboratory data collected from 27 boreholes in D & uuml;zce, northwest T & uuml;rkiye. Key soil parameters, including excavation depth, groundwater levels, unit weight, water content, particle size distribution, internal friction angles, and cohesion coefficients, were analyzed. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between bearing capacity and the No. 200 sieve value, while relationships with other parameters were less pronounced. Predictive models for bearing capacity and settlement were developed using multiple linear regression, quadratic, and cubic models. The cubic model demonstrated the highest accuracy, predicting bearing capacity with an R2 of 0.79 and settlement with an R2 of 0.904. These results underscore the potential of advanced statistical models to reliably estimate geotechnical properties based on measurable soil parameters. The findings emphasize the importance of combining field and laboratory analyses with robust statistical approaches to accurately predict soil behavior. This methodology provides a foundation for improving geotechnical design practices and may be extended to other soil types and regions, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of soil parameter estimation for engineering applications
The Tripartite Constructive Language in Ian Kiaer's Art Practice
Full text linkContemporary art presents an interdisciplinary structure that incorporates diverse perspectives and techniques. In this context, the article aims to examine productions that are connected to the space through objects incorporated into the artwork, without severing their connection with the wall surface, thereby coexisting with the space. The scope of the research is limited to prominent works from the Endnote: Tooth project by British artist Ian Kiaer, produced between 2005 and the present, which focus on the tripartite construct of surface, object, and space. In Kiaer's works, which begin on the wall surface and extend into the space through various found objects, it is observed that fragile and delicate materials, such as inflatable balloons, are used. These multi-part installations open up an alternative space between painting and sculpture as they extend from the wall into the environment, allowing the space to be actively integrated into the work and transforming the space itself into the painting. Additionally, Kiaer frequently references Frederick Kiesler's concept of the Endless House in his practice. In the research, a literature review and interpretive methods of qualitative research were employed, drawing on sources from the websites ofgalleries representing Kiaer, interviews with the artist, and writings from international biennials and exhibitions
Weighted-based optimized cluster head selection and hybrid adaptive clustering approach in mobile ad-hoc networks
Full text linkMobil ad-hoc ağlar (MANET), düğümlerin merkezi bir yönlendirme altyapısı olmaksızın rastgele hareket ettiği, dinamik ve kendini yöneten kablosuz ağlardır. Bu yapının en önemli sorunlarından biri, düğümlerin enerji tüketiminin artmasıyla ağ ömrünün kısalması ve veri iletiminde güvenilirliğin azalmasıdır. Bu nedenle MANET ortamlarında etkili bir kümeleme stratejisi, ağ performansının sürdürülebilirliği açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu tez çalışmasında, MANET ortamlarında ağ performansını artırmak amacıyla Dinamik MANET'ler için Hibrit Adaptif Kümeleme Algoritması (DMHAKA) önerilmiştir. İki aşamalı yapıda tasarlanan algoritmanın ilk aşamasında, Küme Başı (KB) seçiminde düğüm derecesi, komşuluk mesafesi, kalan enerji ve hareketlilik gibi kriterler Ağırlıklı Kümeleme Algoritması (Weighted Clustering Algorithm -WCA) temel alınarak belirlenmiş ve Yerçekimi Arama Algoritması (Gravitational Search Algorithm -GSA) ile optimize edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise seçilen KB'ler etrafında düğüm rollerinin belirlenmesinde, parametre bağımlılığını azaltan ve daha dengeli kümeler oluşturan Geliştirilmiş Yoğunluk Tabanlı Kümeleme Algoritması (Geliştirilmiş-DBSCAN) kullanılmıştır. Simülasyon sonuçlarında DMHAKA'nın ağ ömrünü uzattığı ve paket teslim oranını artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. WCA ile yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizlerde, DMHAKA'da KB değişim oranı %40 daha düşük, ortalama KB ömrü ise yaklaşık %60 daha uzun hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, ortalama küme ömrü değerleri DMHAKA'nın daha uzun süre stabil kümeler oluşturduğunu ve bu yapının enerji tasarrufu ile ağ ömrüne katkı sağladığını göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, DMHAKA'nın daha az yeniden yapılandırma gerektiren, kararlı bir küme yapısı sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, EE-WCA, E-MAVMMF, TSDR ve MORS-ASO algoritmalarıyla yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizlerde; ortalama kalan enerji, uçtan uca gecikme, paket teslim oranı ve veri aktarım kapasitesi gibi temel metriklerde DMHAKA'nın üstün performans sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, DMHAKA'nın çeşitli kümeleme algoritmalarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, ölçeklenebilir, kararlı ve enerji farkındalığı yüksek bir kümeleme yaklaşımı sunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yönüyle DMHAKA, dinamik MANET koşullarında etkin veri iletimi sağlamak ve ağ performansını uzun vadede sürdürülebilir kılmak açısından güçlü bir alternatif olarak değerlendirilebilir.Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are dynamic and self-organizing wireless networks in which nodes move randomly without relying on centralized routing infrastructure. One of the major challenges in such networks is the increased energy consumption of participating nodes, which shortens the overall network lifetime and leads to instability in packet delivery. Therefore, an effective clustering strategy in MANETs is critically important for sustaining network performance. In this thesis, a Hybrid Adaptive Clustering Algorithm for Dynamic MANETs (DMHAKA) is proposed to enhance performance in dynamic MANET environments. The algorithm is designed in two stages. In the first stage, cluster head (CH) selection is performed based on criteria such as node degree, neighborhood distance, remaining energy, and mobility, using the Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA) as a basis. These criteria are then optimized using the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). In the second stage, node roles around the selected CHs are determined using the Enhanced Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (Enhanced-DBSCAN) algorithm. This approach reduces parameter dependency and allows the formation of more flexible and balanced clusters. Simulation results show that DMHAKA significantly extends network lifetime and improves the packet delivery ratio. In comparative analyses with the WCA algorithm, the CH change rate in DMHAKA was found to be 40% lower, and the average CH lifetime was approximately 60% longer. Moreover, the average cluster lifetime results indicate that DMHAKA forms more stable clusters, directly contributing to energy savings and longer network life. These results reveal that DMHAKA provides a stable clustering structure that requires fewer reconfigurations. In addition, comparative analyses with the EE-WCA, E-MAVMMF, TSDR, and MORS-ASO algorithms demonstrated that DMHAKA exhibits superior performance in key metrics such as average remaining energy, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and throughput. The findings indicate that DMHAKA offers a scalable, stable, and energy-aware clustering approach when compared with various clustering algorithms. In this regard, DMHAKA can be considered a strong alternative for enabling efficient data transmission and achieving long-term sustainable network performance under dynamic MANET conditions