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    Lo esencial es invisible a los ojos: una contribución crítica a la prueba del daño moral desde el estudio de la tristeza

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    El presente trabajo aborda el problema de la prueba del dan o moral desde un enfoque interdisciplinario entre el derecho, la filosofí a y la psicologí a. Parte de constatar que las inferencias comu nmente utilizadas para determinar la existencia el sufrimiento emocional carecen de solidez episte mica debido a una comprensio n limitada de las emociones. Como respuesta, se analiza la tristeza como una emocio n paradigma tica en este tipo de casos, entendie ndola como un proceso complejo con elementos fenomenolo gicos, cognitivos y conductuales. Este ana lisis permite identificar algunos rasgos potencialmente acreditables de las emociones en los juicios, así como los lí mites inevitables en su prueba. La propuesta conceptual asumida busca mejorar la calidad de las inferencias probatorias sobre el dolor emocional, fortaleciendo el tra nsito inferencial desde los hechos base hacia la conclusio n de sufrimiento, dotando de contenido real y precisio n conceptual a las emociones, que en las inferencias son asignadas como conclusio n probatoria. Con ello, adicionalmente, se puede contribuir a una determinacio n ma s razonable y proporcionada del monto resarcible en casos de dan o moralThis thesis addresses the problem of proving moral damages from an interdisciplinary perspective involving law, philosophy, and psychology. It begins by noting that the inferences commonly used to determine the existence of emotional suffering lack epistemic robustness due to a limited understanding of emotions. In response, sadness is analyzed as a paradigmatic emotion in such cases, understood as a complex process with phenomenological, cognitive, and behavioral elements. This analysis makes it possible to identify certain traits of emotions that may be provable in court, as well as the inevitable limits of their demonstration. The adopted conceptual approach aims to improve the quality of evidential inferences about emotional suffering by strengthening the inferential transition from base facts to the conclusion of suffering, providing real content and conceptual clarity to the emotions assigned as the inferential conclusion. This, in turn, contributes to a more reasonable and proportionate determination of compensatory amounts in cases of moral damage1

    Energies renovables, implicacions ambientals

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    Canvi climàtic i Protecció de la Biodiversitat, dues cares de la mateixa moneda i el futur de l'eòlica marina flotant a Europa, a la Mediterrània i a la costa catalana1

    Prova Pericial e Vieses Cognitivos: o problema dos quesitos e dos quesitos complementares no processo penal brasileiro

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    The article deals with the problem of cognitive biases in the production of expert evidence, focusing on the Brazilian criminal procedure. Based on a descriptive analysis of empirical studies already published, it seeks to conceptualize what those biases are, confirmation bias and contextual bias consist of, how they can affect the production of this evidence and what could be done to limit them, analyzing if the adversarial principle can serve this purpose. Based on this, the aim is to examine whether these biases can affect the phase of formulating questions - initial or complementary - to expert witness in Brazilian criminal proceedings, an initial stage in the formation of expert evidence, but that can compromise all of its results. In the end, based on the theme of those questions, the article aims to demonstrate the risk of treating expert evidence through procedural rules that do not pay attention to the problem of cognitive bias, which can mean that institutes developed in theory to give more quality to expert evidence increase the chances of these biases occurringEl artículo aborda el problema de los sesgos cognitivos en la producción de la prueba pericial, centrándose en el proceso penal brasileño. A partir de un análisis descriptivo de estudios empíricos ya realizados, busca conceptualizar cuáles son esos sesgos, en qué consisten el sesgo de confirmación y el sesgo contextual, cómo pueden afectar a la producción de esa prueba y qué se podría hacer para limitarlos, analizando si el principio del contradictorio puede servir para eso. A partir de ahí, se pretende examinar si estos sesgos pueden afectar a la fase de formulación de cuestiones -iniciales o complementarias- a los peritos en el proceso penal brasileño, una etapa inicial en la formación de la prueba pericial, pero que puede poner en peligro todos sus resultados. Al final, a partir del tema de estas cuestiones, el artículo pretende demostrar el riesgo de tratar la prueba pericial a través de reglas procesales que no prestan atención al problema de los sesgos cognitivos, lo que puede significar que institutos teóricamente desarrollados para mejorar la calidad de la prueba pericial sólo aumenten las posibilidades de que estos sesgos ocurran1

    Lagunas probatorias en el proceso penal: ¿condenamos o absolvemos?

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    El presente trabajo aborda una las causas más recurrentes, aunque frecuentemente inadvertida, de los errores en el sistema de justicia: las lagunas probatorias. El análisis de su impacto en el proceso penal respondió a una cuestión estratégica orientada a demostrar que su presencia puede inclinar la balanza hacia la condena de un inocente o la absolución de un culpable. Las lagunas probatorias - concebidas como la ausencia de prueba relevante, disponible y necesaria que debió ser aportada y valorada en el proceso para verificar o refutar una predicción derivada de alguna de las hipótesis en conflicto – son evaluadas al momento de la decisión sobre los hechos. Su relación directa e inversa con el peso probatorio permitió estudiarlas a la luz de los estándares de prueba, en tanto comprometen la suficiencia probatoria y activan la aplicación de la carga de la prueba y la presunción de inocencia en contextos de incertidumbre. Frente a ello, se construyó una propuesta metodológica para su abordaje, exigiendo su identificación y valoración en el razonamiento judicial a fin de garantizar que las decisiones sobre los hechos descansen sobre acervos probatorios completos que impidan que la causa de la insuficiencia probatoria sea, precisamente, una laguna probatoriaThis paper addresses one of the most recurrent, but often unnoticed, causes of errors in the justice system: evidentiary gaps. The analysis of their impact on the criminal process responded to a strategic question aimed at demonstrating that their presence can tip the balance towards the conviction of an innocent person or the acquittal of a guilty one. Evidentiary gaps - conceived as the absence of relevant, available and necessary evidence that should have been provided and assessed in the process to verify or refute a prediction derived from one of the conflicting hypotheses - are evaluated at the time of the decision on the facts. Their direct and inverse relationship with the weight of evidence made it possible to study them in the light of the standards of proof, as they compromise evidenciary sufficiency and trigger the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence in contexts of uncertainty. In view of this, a methodological proposal was constructed to address them, requiring their identification and assessment in judicial reasoning in order to guarantee that decisions on the facts are based on a complete body of evidence that prevents the cause of insufficient evidence from being, precisely, an evidentiary gap1

    Understanding variation of antimicrobial resistance genes in two agricultural catchments in Scotland

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    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat as it reduces the effectiveness of drug treatments and therefore our ability to combat infections. For the first time, this study used high temporal resolution data of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) in two livestock-dominated agricultural study catchments in south-west Scotland to understand 'background' ARG loadings in the absence of pollution point-sources such as sewage treatment works and health care facilities. Daily composite samples were collected twice a week over a 2-year period 2017-2019, resulting in 124 samples in Cessnock (22 km2) and 93 in the Mein (12 km2) catchment. We found a seasonal pattern in ARG relative abundance, with highest abundance in winter inversely related to the highest bacterial abundance in summer. This could reflect seasonal input from faecal pollution during winter high flows, indicated by a relationship between E. coli and terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources. However, faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) ranked as less important predictors, so the seasonal pattern could be caused by microbial stress during cold periods and/or competition with susceptible bacteria during the warm periods. These natural fluctuations need to be considered when inferring potential drivers of AMR prevalence in surface waters. Therefore, in future monitoring, we recommend higher temporal resolution and longer-term monitoring (at least one year) to improve our understanding of natural seasonal variation in ARG abundance and evaluate effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., waste management

    ¿Qué es la igualdad para el derecho civil? (Un apunte para la enseñanza del derecho civil en el siglo XXI)

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    This paper explores the principles of an egalitarian civil law sensitive to human interdependence and democratic pluralism, which can contribute to a teaching capable of developing the critical thinking of future graduates. Equality in civil law is presented, highligh-ting its formal and substantive dimensions. Formal equality guarantees equal treatment before the law, while substantive equality seeks real conditions for self-determination and personal autonomy. It also analyses how civil law, historically considered neutral, is permeated by cons-titutional values that affect private relations. Finally, it reflects on the limits of private autonomy in contexts of inequality and the need for regulation to avoid unfair practicesEste trabajo explora los principios de un Derecho civil igualitario, sensible a la interdependencia humana y al pluralismo democrático, como elemento clave para contribuir a una docencia que aspire a desarrollar el pensamiento crítico de los futuros graduados. Se presenta la igualdad en el Derecho civil, destacando su doble dimensión: formal y sustantiva. La igualdad formal garantiza un trato igual ante la ley, mientras que la sustantiva busca condiciones reales para la autodeterminación y la autonomía personal. Asimismo, se analiza cómo el Derecho civil, históricamente considerado neutral, está permeado por valores constitucionales que afectan a las relaciones jurídicas privadas. Finalmente, reflexiona sobre los límites de la autonomía privada en contextos de desigualdad y la necesidad de regulación para evitar prácticas injusta

    Including reflections in real-time voxel-based global illumination

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    Despite advances in rendering techniques, achieving high-quality real-time global illumination remains a significant challenge in Computer Graphics. While offline methods produce photorealistic lighting effects by accurately simulating light transport, real-time approaches struggle with the computational complexity of global illumination, particularly when handling dynamic scenes and moving light sources. Existing solutions often rely on precomputed data structures or approximate techniques, which either lack flexibility or introduce artifacts that degrade visual fidelity. In this work, we build upon previous research on a voxel-based real-time global illumination method to efficiently incorporate reflections and interreflections for both static and dynamic objects. Our approach leverages a voxelized scene representation, combined with a strategy for ray tracing camera-visible reflections, to ensure accurate materials while maintaining high performance. Key contributions include: [R3.1] (i) a high-quality material system capable of diffuse, glossy, and specular interreflections for both static and dynamic scene objects (ii) a highly-performant screen-space material model with a low memory consumption; and (iii) an open-source full implementation for further research and development. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art academic and industrial techniques, achieving higher quality and better temporal stability without requiring excessive computational resources. By enabling real-time global illumination with reflections, our work lays the foundation for more advanced rendering systems, ultimately moving closer to the visual fidelity of offline rendering while maintaining interactivityThis project was partially funded by grant PID2021-122136OB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevie

    Cas d'ús per a una intervenció amb robot social

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    El cas d'ús aquí exposat té com a objectiu prevenir diferents formes de violència escolar, entre persones de 10 a 12 anys, a partir de promoure la identificació d'emocions pròpies i el foment d'emocions morals i els comportaments pro socials, mitjançant el disseny d'un protocol per a la interacció amb un robot social o diàleg guionitzat (IRS). El cas d'ús es visualitza en la interacció entre un robot i una persona, basat en l'ús d'IA, fàcil d'usar i socialment compromès, i té com a població-objectiu la comunitat educativa, tant a en l'àmbit de professionals com d'estudiantat. La IRS és un diàleg guionitzat que explora i ofereix respostes psicoeducatives davant diferents formes de violència, per mitjà del reconeixement de les pròpies emocions, l'empatia o els comportaments prosocials, per mitjà de la interacció amb un robot social. Aquest cas d'ús té com a objectiu prevenir la violència escolar, davant la seva persistència sota noves formes digitals i contextuals que exigeixen estratègies preventives actualitzades (HBSC: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children promoguda per la OMS)

    La cisterna pública a la civitas romana: una aproximació a les noves interpretacions

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    El present treball suposa un estat de la qüestió entorn de la investigació i interpretació arqueològiques que s’han fet fins a dia d’avui sobre les cisternes a les civitates romanes. Aquestes infraestructures, presents i molt comunes als centres urbans del món romà, tenien una relació evident amb el subministrament d’aigua a les poblacions. No obstant això, la seva funcionalitat i naturalesa ha tingut múltiples interpretacions en funció de la seva localització geogràfica, cronologia, i també segons quins han estat els investigadors que han indagat en aquesta qüestió. Aquesta varietat d’estudis i els seus resultats han estat la principal motivació per la qual s’ha desenvolupat aquest treball. Fetes les anteriors consideracions, cal apuntar que en la multiplicitat de treballs, estudis i obres diverses que s’han realitzat, com ara l’obra d’Alfred Trevor Hodge (2002), des de fa dècades pel que fa a aquestes abundants, però alhora complexes, obres hidràuliques, s’han tingut en compte una àmplia gamma de factors de diversa naturalesa per tal d’efectuar-ne un estudi exhaustiu. Per aquesta raó, l’objectiu d’aquest estudi no només és presentar diverses obres bibliogràfiques que tracten o esmenten la cisterna com a equipament hidràulic de la civitas romana, sinó també detectar i exposar quines són les explicacions i conclusions que n’extreuen del seu estudi, tot posant èmfasi en les fonts i dades que fan servir per a les respectives argumentacions. Finalment, tenint en compte l’anàlisi feta al llarg del treball, es fa una aproximació de les possibles investigacions futures en aquesta matèria, tot exposant la rellevància que tindran aquestes recerques pel que fa al paradigma, no només de les cisternes, sinó de l’abastament d’aigua a les ciutats romanes. Així, doncs, ja hi ha prou recerca i investigació precedent per tal que en els propers anys es facin estudis arqueològics que canviïn substancialment tot el que se sabia i coneixia de l’enginyeria hídrica romana. Això no obstant, també es matisa que encara hi ha molt de recorregut quant a la investigació, atès que encara s’ha d’indagar molt més per tal de tenir un coneixement relativament més aproximat al veritable funcionament de les cisternes presents a bona part dels centres urbans del món romà.This paper presents a state-of-the-art review concerning the archaeological research and interpretations of cisterns in Roman civitates to date. These infrastructures, widely present and common in urban centers of the Roman world, had an evident relationship with the water supply to populations. However, their functionality and characteristics have been subject to multiple interpretations depending on their geographical location, chronology, and the researchers who have investigated this issue. This variety of studies and their results has been the primary motivation for developing this paper. Considering the above, it should be noted that a wide range of diverse factors have been taken into account for exhaustive study within the multiplicity of works, studies, and various publications, such as Alfred Trevor Hodge’s book (2002), over decades concerning these abundant yet complex hydraulic structures. For this reason, the objective of this study is not only to present various bibliographical works that address or mention the cistern as a hydraulic amenity of the Roman civitas, but also to identify and explain the explanations and conclusions drawn from their study, emphasizing the sources and data used for their respective arguments. Finally, taking into account the analysis carried out throughout the paper, an approximation of possible future research in this area is made, exposing the relevance these investigations will have for the paradigm, not only of cisterns but also of water supply in Roman cities. Thus, there is already sufficient preceding research and investigation for archaeological studies in the coming years to substantially change everything that was known and understood about Roman hydraulic engineering. Nevertheless, it is also nuanced that there is still much progress to be made in research, as much more investigation is needed to gain a relatively more accurate understanding of the true functioning of cisterns present in a large part of the urban centres of the Roman world.

    Entre flames i pastures: la ramaderia com a barrera natural als incendis al Cap de Creus

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    Aquest treball analitza el paper de la ramaderia extensiva com a eina de prevenció d’incendis al Parc Natural del Cap de Creus. A partir de pràctiques al parc, entrevistes amb ramaders i tècnics, i anàlisi cartogràfica, es constata que el pasturatge contribueix a reduir la vegetació inflamable i manté un paisatge en mosaic. Tot i el seu valor preventiu, el sector pateix dificultats greus: manca de relleu generacional, escassetat d’aigua, abandonament rural i poca coordinació institucional. De manera que, el treball reclama més reconeixement institucional i suport per garantir la continuïtat d’aquesta activitat tradicional com a eina de gestió del territori en un context de canvi climàtic11131

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