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A study on the current state of technologies underlying detection and recognition in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
No full textQuesto studio analizza l’evoluzione e lo stato attuale delle tecnologie alla base dei droni, o
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Dopo un’introduzione ai concetti fondamentali della
computer vision, lo studio esamina i principali approcci di rilevamento degli oggetti, tra cui i
modelli di algoritmo two-stage come Faster R-CNN e quelli one-stage come SSD (Single-Shot
Detector) e YOLO (You Only Look Once). Quest’ultimo emerge come la soluzione più
efficiente per l’impiego sui droni grazie alla sua rapidità e leggerezza computazionale,
essenziale per operazioni in tempo reale.
Successivamente, viene esplorata l’applicazione di questi algoritmi per l’identificazione di
oggetti e animali tramite UAVs. Viene evidenziata la capacità di questi sistemi di supportare
operazioni di monitoraggio ambientale, sorveglianza e ricerca scientifica, con particolare
attenzione all’integrazione di sensori avanzati, come termocamere e strumenti di
telerilevamento Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), per migliorare la rilevazione in contesti
naturali. Il lavoro approfondisce inoltre l’uso degli UAVs nello studio etologico, proponendo
una metodologia innovativa che includa gli UAVs con tecniche come EthoFlow ed EthoLoop,
consentendo di analizzare il comportamento animale in modo non invasivo e con un alto grado
di precisione.
Inoltre, ci soffermeremo sul riconoscimento degli esseri umani, analizzando tecniche avanzate
come il Facial Recognition, utilizzato in sicurezza, sorveglianza e missioni di ricerca e soccorso.
Si affrontano le complessità del Facial Emotion Recognition (FER), evidenziando le sfide nella
classificazione delle espressioni umane. Infine, lo studio si concentra sull’Human Action
Recognition (HAR) per interpretare le azioni umane attraverso l’analisi della postura e del
movimento. Questa tecnologia trova applicazione in contesti come videosorveglianza,
interazione uomo-macchina e analisi del comportamento in tempo reale.This study analyzes the evolution and current state of the technologies underlying Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). After an introduction to the fundamental concepts of computer vision,
the research examines the main object detection approaches, including two-stage models such
as Faster R-CNN and one-stage models like SSD (Single-Shot Detector) and YOLO (You Only
Look Once). The latter emerges as the most efficient solution for drone deployment due to its
speed and computational efficiency, which are essential for real-time operations.
Next, the study explores the application of these algorithms for the identification of objects and
animals using UAVs. It highlights the ability of these systems to support environmental
monitoring, surveillance, and scientific research, with a particular focus on integrating
advanced sensors, such as thermal cameras and Light Detection and Ranging system (LiDAR),
to enhance detection in natural environments. The study also delves into the use of UAVs in
ethological research, proposing an innovative methodology that integrates drones with
techniques like EthoFlow and EthoLoop, allowing for non-invasive and highly precise analysis
of animal behavior.
Furthermore, we will focus on human recognition, analyzing advanced techniques such as
Facial Recognition, which is used in security, surveillance, and search-and-rescue missions.
The study then addresses the challenges of Facial Emotion Recognition (FER), highlighting the
complexities of classifying human expressions. Finally, it examines Human Action Recognition
(HAR) to interpret human actions through posture and movement analysis. This technology
finds applications in areas such as video surveillance, human-computer interaction, and realtime behavior analysis
Forensic investigation of causes of death in dogs found dead in urban areas: application of the ICD-11 classification system
No full textThe necropsy examination in veterinary medicine has the aim of ascertaining the causes of death,
providing diagnostic, epidemiological and forensic elements, establishing control, surveillance,
therapy and prophylaxis strategies relating to pathologies that commonly affect and lead to death
in domestic animals. In human medicine, causes of death are standardized by ICD-11 codes which
allow uniformity of classificaon on a global scale. In veterinary medicine however, there is
currently no univocal standard for determining and classifying causes of death. In light of these
considerations, the aim of this study was to propose an ICD in veterinary medicine (Vet-ICD) based
on modifications of the ICD-11 currently validated and applied in human medicine, adapting them
to the needs of veterinary medicine.
Necropsies performed on 617 specimens of Canis lupus familiaris included in this study allowed
the identification of the cause of death in 578 out of 617 cases (93.7%), resulting in the attribution
of a total of 40 specific ICD codes (Table 1). In 39 cases (6.3%), it was not possible to determine a
specific cause of death due to advanced cadaveric decomposition and autolysis. The main causes
of death identified were trauma-related events in 264 out of 617 cases (42.7%), gastrointestinal
disorders in 140 cases (22.7%), neoplastic conditions in 52 cases (8.43%), cardiovascular diseases
in 50 cases (8.1%), and chronic-degenerave or deficiency-related conditions in 25 cases (4.1%).
The most frequently assigned ICD-11 codes were: A08-01-01, intestinal viral infections and other
specified intestinal infections, in 76 cases (12.3%); T07-19-11, unspecified multiple injuries, in 74
cases (11.99%); S06-19-01, intracranial injuries, in 41 cases (6.64%); I50-09-06, complications of
cardiomyopathies and ill-defined heart diseases, in 39 cases (6.32%); J18-10-02, pneumonia
caused by unspecified microorganisms, in 36 cases (5.83%); A09-01-01, diarrhea and
gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin, in 35 cases (5.67%); S09-19-01, other and
unspecified head injuries, in 26 cases (4.21%); S36-19-04, injuries of intra-abdominal organs, in
26 cases (4.21%); and C26-1, hemangiosarcoma, in 12 cases (1.94%).L'esame necroscopico in medicina veterinaria ha lo scopo di accertare le cause di morte, fornire
elemenƟ diagnosƟci, epidemiologici e forensi, stabilire strategie di controllo, sorveglianza, terapia
e profilassi relaƟve alle patologie che comunemente colpiscono e portano alla morte negli animali
domesƟci. In medicina umana, le cause di morte sono standardizzate dai codici ICD-11 che
consentono l'uniformità di classificazione su scala globale. In medicina veterinaria, tuƩavia, non
esiste aƩualmente uno standard univoco per la determinazione e la classificazione delle cause di
morte. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, l'obieƫvo di questo studio è stato quello di proporre
un ICD in medicina veterinaria (Vet-ICD) basato su modifiche dell'ICD-11 aƩualmente validato e
applicato in medicina umana, adaƩandole alle esigenze della medicina veterinaria.
Gli esami autopƟci eseguiƟ sui 617 esemplari di Canis lupus familiaris oggeƩo di questo studio,
hanno consenƟto di idenƟficare la causa di morte in 578 casi dei 617 (93,7%), in cui è stato
possibile determinare e aƩribuire un totale di 40 codici ICD specifici per la causa della morte
individuata (tabella 1), mentre in 39 casi dei 617 (6,3%) non si è resa possibile l’individuazione di
una specifica causa di morte a causa dell’avanzato stato di putrefazione e autolisi dei cadaveri. Le
principali cause di morte individuate in 264 casi su 617 (42,7%) sono ascrivibili a fenomeni
correlaƟ ad evenƟ di natura traumaƟca con diversa localizzazione e paƩern di lesioni, in 140 casi
su 617 (22,7%) la causa di morte è stata idenƟficata in condizioni patologiche del distreƩo gastrointesƟnale, in 52 casi su 617 (8,43%) la causa di morte è stata correlata a condizioni
neoplasƟche, in 50 casi su 627 (8,1%) la causa di morte è stata individuata in patologie
dell’apparato cardiovascolare, mentre in 25 casi su 617 (4,1%) la causa di morte è stata ricondoƩa
a condizioni degeneraƟve-cronico-carenziali. I codici ICD-11 aƩribuiƟ e rilevaƟ con maggior
frequenza sono risultaƟ essere in 76 casi su 617 (12,3%) il codice ICD-11 A08-01-01 che idenƟfica
come causa di morte le infezioni virali intesƟnali e altre infezioni intesƟnali specificate; in 74 casi
su 617 (11,99%) il codice T07-19-11 che idenƟfica traumaƟsmi mulƟpli non specificaƟ; in 41 casi
su 617 (6,64%) il codice ICD-11 assegnato è stato S06-19-01 che idenƟfica i traumi intracranici; in
39 casi su 617 (6,32%) si è scelto di assegnare il codice ICD-11 I50-09-06 che idenƟfica
complicanze di cardiomiopaƟe e malaƫe cardiache mal definite, in 36 casi su 617(5,83%) il codice
ICD-11 assegnato è stato J18-10-02 che idenƟfica come causa di morte polmoniƟ sostenute da
microorganismi non specificaƟ; in 35 casi su 617 (5,67%) il codice ICD-11 aƩribuito è stato A09-
01-01 che idenƟfica diarrea e gastroenteriƟ di presunta origine infeƫva; in 26 casi su 617 (4,21%)
il codice ICD-11 assegnato è stato S09-19-01 che idenƟfica altri e non specificaƟ traumi della testa; in 26 casi su 617 (4,21%) il codice S36-19-04, che idenƟfica la causa di morte in traumi degli organi
intraddominali; in 12 casi su 617 (1,94%) è stato assegnato il codice ICD-11 C26-1 che idenƟfica
come enƟtà patologica neoplasƟca più frequente l’emangiosarcoma
Gli Estensi tornano a casa. Rassegna stampa del rientro da Dresda delle opere estensi per la mostra del 1986
No full textA distanza di quasi 40 anni, la rassegna stampa della mostra “L’arte degli Estensi” del 1986 ricostruisce il substrato civico e politico derivato dall’eccezionale rientro a Modena di 12 delle 100 opere vendute da Francesco III nel 1745 e conservate alla Gemäldegalerie di Dresda. Una lettura del legame di Modena col proprio patrimonio culturale a distanza da un celebre caso di vendita e spoliazione.
Beyond Juice Heating: A Comparative Study of Thermal and Non-Thermal Processing Impact on Safety, Quality and Nutrition Parameters in Fruit Juices and Nectars
No full textThis study examines the effectiveness of Thermal treatment (TT), High-
Pressure Processing (HPP), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), and Ohmic
heating (OH) treatments on the microbial stability and physicochemical
properties of strawberry and sour cherry nectars and juices and raspberry
juice. Given the significance of juice matrix factors such as pH and sugar,
this research highlights how these matrix elements impact processing
outcomes, particularly with thermal methods. The findings indicate that
each technology affects juice quality in distinct ways, with the impact
varying based on the juice matrix. The effectiveness of each technology is
thus both technology- and matrix-dependent. While thermal treatments
ensure microbial safety, they can reduce anthocyanin content, affecting
color and antioxidant properties. Conversely, thermal methods are
advantageous for achieving textural consistency and enzymatic stability,
particularly when combined with optimization of pH and sugar levels to
minimize nutrient loss. In contrast, HPP preserves quality parameters in
the juices while also assuring microbial inactivation, but increases viscosity
due to pressure-induced changes, whereas PEF can achieve effective
microbial reduction with minimal color and nutrient loss, though it
demands precise parameter optimization. OH, while effective in reducing
microbial content, the process also causes heat damage to the nutrients in
the juices. Conclusions demonstrate the potential for optimization of the
processes based on each matrix’s unique attributes. This research is
important for the juice industry, as the study supports a shift towards non-
thermal alternatives, promoting both safety and high-quality juices and
nectars, to meet consumer demands for nutritious and minimally
processed products
The somatotopy of perisylvian opercular regions : an anatomic-functional study
No full textIl sistema somatosensoriale può essere considerato un’interfaccia cruciale in grado di connettere l’organismo non solo con l’ambiente esterno ma anche con il proprio stato interno. All’interno di esso, i territori opercolari sono coinvolti in svariati processi di integrazione multisensoriale. Le principali regioni opercolari in cui avvengono questi processi di integrazione sono il complesso della corteccia somatica secondaria (SII), localizzato prevalentemente nell’opercolo parietale e, anteriormente ad esso, l’area PR dell’opercolo frontale. L’organizzazione funzionale di queste aree non è ancora completamente chiara, tuttavia, diversi studi hanno dimostrato il loro coinvolgimento non solo nell’integrazione multisensoriale (Hihara et al., 2015; Keysers et al., 2004) ma anche in processi di natura sensorimotoria (Taoka et al. 2013; Huttunen et al., 1996; Inoue et al., 2022), anche in virtù delle loro connessioni con le aree del “Grasping Network” (Gerbella et al. 2017; Borra et al. 2017), ovvero un circuito che si occupa del controllo della prensione. Riassumendo, risulta evidente che SII e le regioni adiacenti dell’opercolo frontale non siano solo una stazione di elaborazione tattile, ma aree in grado di integrare informazioni sensoriali, di natura propriocettiva, visiva e anche gustativa, con input di carattere motorio.
Nonostante ciò, ad oggi, le proprietà funzionali e la connettività anatomica delle regioni del complesso di SII e degli adiacenti territori opercolari sono state finora studiate separatamente. Per superare questo limite, nella presente tesi è stato adottato un approccio multimodale in cui i dati di connettività strutturale provenienti da iniezioni di traccianti neuronali sono stati integrati con risultati provenienti da esperimenti di stimolazione elettrica e registrazione elettrofisiologica. In particolare, si è analizzata sia la connettività di regioni opercolari definite funzionalmente sia di regioni corticali e di settori del midollo spinale note per essere connesse con le regioni perisilviane e per avere una definita organizzazione somatotopica.
Il principale risultato dello studio è la dimostrazione della presenza di una specifica organizzazione somatotopica dei territori perisilviani che costituiscono il nucleo di diversi circuiti organizzati lungo l'asse rostro-caudale ed in senso cranio-sacrale,; circuiti in cui vengono differenzialmente combinate le informazioni tattili, propriocettive, visive e vestibolari, che producono la consapevolezza corporea nell’ambiente, con copie efferenti di natura motoria degli stessi effettori coinvolti nel processo percettivo, in modo tale che le rappresentazioni sensorimotorie che si creano in queste regioni a sua volta permettano la genesi della consapevolezza di essere autori delle proprie azioni, ovvero contribuiscano alla formazione del cosiddetto “sense of agency”.The somatosensory system is a crucial interface that connects the body not only with the external environment but also with its internal state. Within this system, the parietal operculum includes several areas involved in sensory processing. Among the perisylvian regions located in the dorsal bank of the lateral sulcus, one of particular interest is the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII). Its anatomical organization has been widely debated. However, most studies agree that it consists of two functionally distinct areas: the ventral parietal area PV and a more caudal region S2, which together form the SII complex. Additionally, another opercular region involved in these processes, located rostral to PV, is the parietal area PR.
The functional role of these areas is not yet fully understood. However, studies suggest that they are involved in multisensory (Hihara et al., 2015; Keysers et al., 2004) and sensorimotor integration (Taoka et al., 2013; Huttunen et al., 1996; Inoue et al., 2022). They also play a role in the “Grasping Network,” as shown by their strong connections with the ventral premotor cortex (Gerbella et al., 2011) and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) (Borra et al., 2008), which are key regions in grasp control. This suggests that SII and nearby areas are not just involved in processing touch but also in integrating sensory, visual, and motor information.
In this thesis, previous studies on the functional properties and connectivity of the SII complex and adjacent opercular regions were reviewed. These areas have often been studied separately, making it difficult to fully understand their role. To address this, a multimodal approach was used, combining structural connectivity data from neuronal tracer injections with results from electrical stimulation and electrophysiological recordings. The study analyzed the connections between functionally defined opercular regions, cortical areas, and spinal cord sectors known to interact with perisylvian regions.
The main result of the study is the presence of a specific somatotopic organization of the perisylvian territories that constitute the nucleus of different circuits organized along the rostro-caudal axis and in a cranio-sacral direction; circuits in which tactile, proprioceptive, visual and vestibular information are differentially combined, for producing bodily awareness in the environment, with efferent copies of a motor nature of the same effectors involved in the perceptive process, in such a way that the sensorimotor representations that are created in these regions in turn allow the awareness of being the authors of one's own actions, or in other words contribute to the formation of the so- called "sense of agency"
Biocompatibility of Kapton.In vitro evaluation on equine chondrocyte model
No full textPolyimides have been known since the 1960s, but only recently has their potential use in the biomedical field begun to be evaluated. Few studies have investigated the biocompatibility of Kapton®, one of the first polyimides to be synthesized. Given its stability and resistance characteristics, Kapton® could be used as a biomaterial in the manufacture of implantable medical devices. The aim of the study was to assess the biocompatibility of the material by determining its interaction with equine chondrocytes. Cells isolated from the articular cartilage (metacarpophalangeal joint) of slaughtered equids were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, either in contact with Kapton® or in control wells (plastic). Cell viability, proliferation, oxidative stress, and gene expression were assessed at defined time points (0h, 24h, 4 and 7 days) using MTT, scratch assay, ROS/NO detection, and real-time qPCR (Col1, Col2, ACAN, SOX9, SOX6, RUNX2, IL6, TGFβ). Results obtained showed that the cells did not exhibit signs of cytotoxicity, suggesting that no toxic components were released from the material. The chondrocytes also actively proliferated, forming a confluent monolayer; the smooth surface of Kapton® did not hinder cell adhesion or migration. No significant increase in ROS or NO levels was observed compared to the control, so it can be stated that there was no induction of oxidative stress and that the values detected are those physiologically present in the cells. Moderate levels of ROS and NO are in fact present in chondrocytes, where they perform regulatory functions in cell proliferation. Cells growing on Kapton maintained the expression of genes characteristic of differentiated chondrocytes: Col2, ACAN (main components of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage) and SOX9 and SOX6 (transcription factors active in chondrogenesis). On the contrary, Col1, normally not present in differentiated chondrocytes, did not increase compared to the control. RUNX2 (a dedifferentiation marker), on the other hand, increased slightly in both cultures and could indicate the onset of a dedifferentiation process. Inflammatory markers were also evaluated: in particular, IL6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that performs catabolic activity in chondrocytes, did not increase significantly and remain at expression levels like the control. The expression of TGFβ, which has anti-inflammatory and anabolic activity, was increased in both cultures. The results obtained from this study led to the conclusion that Kapton® can be considered biocompatible in vitro: no cell damage was detected, and growth and adhesion were effectively supported by biomaterial. Furthermore, the chondrocytes did not undergo any changes in gene expression that would indicate dedifferentiation during the incubation period. However, regarding the loss of differentiation, the study was limited to the evaluation of gene expression without verifying that this was translated into a change in protein synthesis. Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out that with longer incubation times, situations of cell distress that did not emerge during the study period could have been detected. The main critical issues relating to the use of Kapton® in the biomedical field remain the need for further studies to confirm the absence of toxic effects, even in the long term. Furthermore, it is not a biodegradable material, which is a limitation in the use of temporary implants that would in fact need to be removed with a second surgical procedure
Modular and sustainable design in exhibition stands. New stand proposal for the European Union Agency for Railways at InnoTrans 2026
No full textGli stand fieristici rappresentano un elemento chiave degli eventi espositivi, offrendo alle aziende l’opportunità di comunicare efficacemente con il proprio pubblico. Tuttavia, il sistema fieristico tradizionale presenta criticità legate alla sostenibilità ambientale, dovute all’elevato consumo di risorse, alla produzione di rifiuti e alla scarsa attenzione al riutilizzo dei materiali. Questo studio analizza l’insostenibilità degli stand fieristici temporanei, con particolare riferimento al caso dell’European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) in occasione della fiera InnoTrans 2026.
Attraverso un’analisi storica del settore fieristico, lo studio evidenzia le problematiche ambientali del modello attuale e le opportunità offerte dai materiali sostenibili, con un focus sul cartone X-Board. L’indagine si è avvalsa di interviste a dipendenti ERA e dell’analisi delle edizioni precedenti della fiera, individuando criticità legate a visibilità, gestione degli spazi, progettazione acustica e flessibilità degli ambienti. L’approccio metodologico ha incluso la creazione di "Personas" per comprendere le esigenze dei visitatori e l’uso di strumenti di analisi testuale come la “Word Cloud”.
Il risultato della ricerca è una proposta progettuale basata su un sistema modulare, realizzato con materiali riciclati e riciclabili, che facilita montaggio, smontaggio e riutilizzo. Il progetto non solo riduce l’impatto ambientale, ma migliora la funzionalità dello stand in termini di comunicazione e logistica. Pur presentando limiti dovuti alla scarsità di dati sui visitatori, il lavoro offre un modello replicabile per il settore fieristico, contribuendo agli obiettivi di sostenibilità e all’adozione di soluzioni più responsabili.Trade show booths are a key element of exhibition events, providing companies with the opportunity to communicate effectively with their audience. However, the traditional trade fair system faces significant challenges related to environmental sustainability due to high resource consumption, waste generation, and a lack of focus on material reuse. This study analyzes the unsustainability of temporary trade show booths, with particular reference to the case of the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) at the InnoTrans 2026 exhibition.
Through a historical analysis of the trade fair sector, the study highlights the environmental issues of the current model and the opportunities offered by sustainable materials, with a specific focus on X-Board cardboard. The research included interviews with ERA employees and an analysis of previous editions of the exhibition, identifying key challenges related to visibility, space management, acoustic design, and flexibility of the exhibition areas. The methodological approach also involved the creation of "Personas" to understand visitor needs and the use of text analysis tools such as "Word Cloud."
The research outcome is a design proposal based on a modular system made from recycled and recyclable materials, facilitating assembly, disassembly, and reuse. The project not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances booth functionality in terms of communication and logistics. Despite limitations due to the lack of visitor data, the study offers a replicable model for the trade fair industry, contributing to sustainability goals and the adoption of more responsible solutions
Lector in fabula. Strategie dialogiche tra autore e lettore nei Promessi Sposi di Manzoni
No full textLa tesi si propone di analizzare le principali strategie dialogiche tra autore e lettore nei Promessi Sposi di Alessandro Manzoni. L’attenzione riposta dall’Autore nei confronti del lettore di riferimento, infatti, seppur manifesta in ogni suo scritto e per questo a più riprese rilevata e commentata dalla critica, conosce nel romanzo un’evoluzione particolare, poiché si lega intimamente alle problematiche di gestazione di un’opera nuova e lungamente rielaborata, intervenendo sulla sua architettura complessiva. Dopo aver ripercorso brevemente i nodi fondamentali della poetica manzoniana del lettore e aver chiarito alcuni punti sostanziali relativi alla struttura del romanzo, propedeutici al corretto inquadramento del lavoro, la ricerca si concentra sul testo, aprendosi a due sezioni distinte e tuttavia strettamente connesse fra loro. Nella prima, vengono analizzati i principali espedienti di cui l’autore fa uso per sollecitare in absentia l’interazione del proprio interlocutore; nella seconda, invece, alcuni di quelli adottati per guidarlo nella corretta interpretazione dei contenuti
Advanced chemometrics to predict cheese-making traits from milk infrared spectra
No full textPredicting cheese-making traits from milk spectra represents a significant opportunity for improving the efficiency of the dairy industry. This thesis explores advanced chemometric approaches to predict cheese yield (%CY) and nutrient recovery (%REC) traits using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of milk samples. Through three interconnected studies, we investigated various aspects of this prediction challenge: i) developing a novel Targeted Interval Partial Least Squares (iPLS) approach using spectra from individual milk samples from Brown Swiss cow; ii) using Bayesian models on spectra from bulk milk samples from Grana Padano PDO production and iii) examining the impact of the production system within the Parmigiano Reggiano PDO consortia on the prediction accuracy of cheese-making efficiency. Our findings demonstrated that the use of milk spectra, combined with appropriate chemometric techniques, can effectively be used to predict cheese-making traits. Overall, these findings showed that the selection of spectral regions associated with the most important components of milk enormously improve the accuracy of prediction, suggesting the potential for developing specialized instruments with custom calibrations suitable also for online prediction. Also, valuable insights have been provided regards to the implementation of spectral prediction methods in industrial cheese-making processes, offering a pathway to improve production efficiency through rapid, non-destructive measurements, as well as the possibility to understand the impact of different factors related to the individual animal, environment, and cheese-making procedures directly on the predictability of the cheese-making traits
Therapeutic treatments in canine pyoderma
No full textCanine pyoderma is a common bacterial skin infection that could become serious if not
treated quickly. The condition usually responds to antibiotics, but increasing
antimicrobial resistance, especially from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, is making
treatment harder. Inappropriate or overuse of antibiotics has contributed to resistant
strains, raising the risk of chronic or recurring cases. Because of this, alternative therapies
like antiseptics, phage therapy and immunomodulators are gaining interest. Effective
management today requires accurate diagnosis, checking for underlying causes such as
allergies or hormonal problems, and responsible antibiotic use. Understanding the disease
thoroughly is essential for selecting the best treatment and reducing resistance