Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken (ZfWT) / Journal of World of Turks
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Corruption of the Ottoman Inheritance System and Reform Studies Carried Out in the 17th Century
No full textThe Turkish nation is one of the nations who have founded many States in the history and ever continued its names. Today 45 countries have been founded in the lands under the sovereignty of the Ottoman State, 31 countries under its authority and influence. The Ottoman State, being parallel to its continuously growing and following active policies in the world politics, continuously renovated itself. Contemporary and modern historians starts the stagnation of the Otoman State from late 16th century. Long lasting wars brought the corruption of economy along and the regression became inevitable when also added incompetence of the Statesmen. The most important factor in the stagnation of the Ottoman State became the change in the inheritance procedure. The corruption in the inheritance system became effective in the corruption of the army and navy. That there were great problems in Timarli Sipahis, taxes increased more and villagers fell into the hands of usurers churned agricultural system deeply and the people escaped leaving their villages. As a result, the State started the struggle to make reforms as of 17th century to eliminate emerging disorders. 17th century reforms made based on the power and violence couldn’t find much development opportunity. The most characteristic speciality of this term reforms is that they were made depending on persons. There wasn’t the effect of Europe in renovations made and studies to bring the Ottoman State back to its previous powerful terms were made
Sürgün Edebiyatı
No full textSürgün kelimesi ilk çağlardan itibaren kullanılmaktadır. Sürgün olmak için mutlaka, doğduğu ülkenin dışında yaşamak mecburiyetinde kalmak gerekir. Sürgündeki insanın en önemli sorunu dil olgusudur. Bazı sürgünler, sürgündeyken ana dillerinde eserler kaleme almışlardır. Sürgün sadece Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti sınırları içinde gerçekleşmemiştir. Almanya, Macaristan, İspanya, Arap Yarımadası gibi ülkelere de sürgünler olmuştur. Sürgün olayının anlatıldığı bu çalışmada, mecburi sürgünler ile birlikte gönüllü sürgünler de işlenmiştir. Sürgün olayını yaşayıp tekrar kendi ülkesine dönenler olduğu gibi, dönmeden sürgün olarak vefat edenler de olmuştur. Bu konuda Gürsel Aytaç, Oya Baydar, Mehmet Doğan, Nedim Gürsel gibi kişilerin de bu konu hakkındaki görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. Sürgün sadece bir coğrafyada değil, birden fazla coğrafyada ele alınmıştır. The words of exile are used from the first ages. To be exiled must necessarily arise in the need to stay to live outside of the country. The people in exile, the most important problem is the language. Some exiles write up work in the main language. Exile have become only within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. In some countries such as Germany, Hungary, Spain, The Arabian Peninsula, have been exiled. In this study of the events described in exiled, there were obligatory exile and also voluntary exile. Some people return to their country from exile. Unfortunately some people died in exile. About this issue, Gürsel Aytaç, Oya Baydar, Mehmet Doğan, Nedim Gürsel's opinions have been given. Exile has been examined in different geography