INNOVATIONS in pharmacy (Iip - E-Journal)
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Pharmacist Contributions
Get PDFFaculty Discussant: Andrea Kjos, PharmD, PhD Article 1: The Evolution of the Field Of Social and Administrative Pharmacy: Past, Present, and Future: A Network Perspective Daniel Ricci, PharmD, MS; Betty Chewning, PhD Article 2: The Developing Role of Community Pharmacists in Facilitating Care Transitions Kooyman Chase; Matthew J. Witry, PharmD, PhD Article 3: Exploring the Utilization of Community Pharmacists to Facilitate Linkage and Retention in Care of People Living with HIV Adati Tarfa, PharmD, RPh; Olayinka Shiyanbola, PhD, BPharm Article 4: The Roles of Clinical Pharmacists in Diabetes Management: What Do Minority Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Have to Say? Nadia A. Nabulsi, MPH; Connie H. Yan, PharmD; Ben S. Gerber, MD, MPH; Lisa K. Sharp, PhD Article 5: An Ethical Case Study of PBM Practices’ Impact on Providers Jacob J. Drettwan, Graduate Student; Andrea L. Kjos, PhD, PharmD Article 6: Operationalizing Occupational Fatigue in Wisconsin Pharmacists Taylor Watterson, PharmD; Kevin Look, PharmD, PhD; Michelle Chui, PharmD, Ph
Relationship between Health Information Sharing Behavior Using Social Media and Breast Cancer Screening
Get PDFBackground: Despite established screening guidelines, breast cancer screening rates are below targeted goals. Pharmacists and other health care providers can promote breast cancer screening using tools such as social media. However, little is known about the use of social media among the breast cancer screening eligible population.
Objective: To describe the health information sharing behavior using social media of the breast cancer screening eligible population, and to identify if sharing health information on social media was associated with breast cancer screening.
Methods and materials: Data from the 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic regression to evaluate the association between sharing health information on social media and receipt of a mammogram.
Results: Women sharing health information via social media were significantly younger than those who did not. A significantly higher percentage of Hispanics (17.8%) and other races (27.0%) chose to share health information on social media compared to African Americans (8.6%) and Whites (12.9%). Mammogram rates did not differ based on social media health information sharing habits.
Conclusion: Race and age differences were noted in health information sharing behavior. No association was found between health information sharing behavior and breast cancer screening.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties
Type: Original Researc
Third-Year Pharmacy Students’ Work Experiences and Attitudes
Get PDFObjectives. To describe pharmacy students’ work experience for pay; examine student attitudes towards work; examine student perceptions of how pharmacist preceptors feel about their jobs; and determine how pharmacy student work environment influences career aspirations and whether or not gender or academic pathway have any influences.
Methods. An electronic survey was administered to third-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students at a Midwestern school of pharmacy over five consecutive years.
Results. Four hundred eighty nine students (response rate = 61.0%) completed the electronic survey instrument. Over 90% reported working in a pharmacy by the time their advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) began. Of these respondents, 67.4% reported working in a community pharmacy while 23.0% reported working in hospital inpatient pharmacy. Students working for independent pharmacies were most likely to feel that this type of practice site would offer an optimal work schedule and work environment for their career.
Conclusions. Most students are working in community pharmacy practice. Having a fulfilling career and a desirable work schedule was the variable most strongly associated with optimal career choice.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Original Researc
Use of an Innovative Interprofessional Mini-Series Movie to Train Preceptors
Get PDFObjectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the innovative “Preceptor Mini-Series: Adventures in Interprofessional Precepting” movie program in training pharmacy preceptors on interprofessional competencies and to determine pharmacy preceptors’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the Mini-Series format.
Methods: Chronicled by two preceptor experts, the Mini-Series movie follows the challenges of pharmacy, nursing, and medicine students and their preceptor during six-week experiential rotations. Pharmacy preceptors were invited to events held at movie theatres or local classrooms in three different cities. Participants were asked to provide basic demographic information and answer four “pre-program” and “post-program” survey questions focused on working in an interprofessional environment on a 5 point scale, 1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree. The post-program survey also included six additional questions to assess participant’s attitudes toward the effectiveness of this medium.
Results: Fifty-eight (58) individuals attended the movie events. The majority had more than ten years of preceptor experience (n = 21, 36.2%), were female preceptors (n = 40, 69.0%), and practiced in an interprofessional environment (n = 48, 82.8%). The participants’ scores on all four interprofessional confidence level questions were significantly increased after viewing the Mini-Series movie and the overall mean increased from 4.47 (pre-confidence level) to 4.79 (post-confidence level, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences of confidence levels based on gender, location, or number of students a preceptor took on rotation each year. However, participants with fewer years of preceptor experience (0-10 years) had a significantly higher perceived learning score than those with more preceptor experience (>10 years) (4.89 vs. 4.63, p = 0.020). The mean for satisfaction (4.9, 3 questions) was slightly higher than the means for perceived learning (4.8, 1 question), and instructional approach (4.87, 3 questions).
Implications: After program completion, pharmacy preceptors indicated an increase in confidence level for precepting in an interprofessional environment. The Mini-Series movie program also yielded positive feedback on its delivery format and suggests the medium may be effective to use for similar future training initiatives.
Conflict of Interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest or financial incentives to disclose related to this project. Dr. Craig D. Cox conceptualized, developed, and directed the Mini-Seriesprogram described in the manuscript. All funding for and all income generated by the program studied is the property of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy.
Type: Original Researc
Online Tools to Improve Faculty Collaboration and Time Efficiency Inside and Outside the Classroom
Get PDFThe optimization of time is a valuable commodity to achieve scholarly and teaching goals. Embracing technology and the use of online tools can assist with focused communication and project collaboration with both students and faculty. An innovative approach to connecting virtually is more relevant today, as a majority of current pharmacy students are millennial-learners who are technologically proficient and more likely to adopt online tools. The aim of this commentary is to highlight the advantages of using such tools, while also stressing the considerations one should have when navigating the best fit to a faculty member’s needs.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Commentar
Using Debates to Mimic Clinical Discussion in Experiential Education
Get PDFCritical thinking and application of knowledge to an ambiguous patient care scenario are often difficult skills to cultivate in learners. Use of traditional teaching techniques (e.g. topic discussions and journal clubs) helps to develop these competencies within learners. However, alternative teaching strategies may help develop critical thinking and direct application. Debates have been used in healthcare education for decades with positive results. This paper provides supporting evidence for use of debates in pharmacy education and is designed to serve as a general guide for preceptors interested in implementing debates into the experiential setting. Specifically, the objectives are to: 1) highlight the pedagogical outcomes as reported in the literature, 2) offer practical considerations to implement debates as a teaching tool in experiential education, and 3) encourage future research and scholarship in this area.
Type: Idea Pape
A Standardized Narrative Profile Approach to Self-Reflection and Assessment of Cross-Cultural Communication
Get PDFObjectives: 1) to explore clinical assessor’s values regarding behaviours related to cultural aspects of care, 2) to generate standardized narrative profiles regarding cultural behavioural outcomes within clinical teaching settings, and 3) to rank order standardized narrative profiles according to performance expectations.
Methods: Ten interviews were completed with clinicians to determine values and performance expectations for culturally competent behaviours. Transcripts were produced and coded. Six narrative profiles were developed based on data obtained. Twenty clinicians categorized profiles according to performance expectations and rank ordered. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) determined inter-rater reliability. Clinicians rated usability of profiles in clinical training settings.
Results: Eighteen categories were coded with communication, awareness and ability most frequently reported with each ranging from 9.6-11.5% of the utterances. Consensus for categorization of all profiles was achieved at a level of 70% (ICC = 0.837, 95% CI 0.654-0.969). High inter-rater reliability was achieved for rank ordering (ICC = 0.815, 95% CI 0.561 to 0.984). Seventeen (85%) clinicians agreed that the profiles would be usable in clinical training settings.
Conclusions: Standardized narrative profiles may aid assessment and self-reflection for student performance within culturally diverse interactions.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Original Researc
Dreamtime: Version 5.0 of the Australian Guidelines for Preparing Submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC)
Get PDFIn September 2016 the Australian Department of Health published Version 5.0 of the Guidelines for Preparing Submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). These guidelines, which were first published for comment in 1990, set out how to prepare a submission to list a new medicine or medicinal product on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule (PBS). The guidelines give instructions on the information required by the PBAC and the Economic Sub-Committee (ESC), the most appropriate form for presenting clinical evidence and the standards for an economic evaluation. The purpose of this commentary is to consider whether or not the evidence standards proposed and the consequent modeled claims for economic effectiveness meet the standards of normal science: are the claims presented to support PBS listing credible, evaluable and replicable. The review concludes that the PBAC guidelines do not meet the standards expected in normal science. The absence of empirically evaluable claims means there is no way of judging whether they are right or even if they are wrong. If the Guidelines were never intended to support experimentation and systematic observation to generate feedback to health system decision makers, then this should be made clear by the PBAC. If not, then consideration should be given to redrafting the guidelines to ensure they conform to these standards. Hopefully, future versions of the guidelines will address this issue and focus on a rigorous research program of claims assessment and feedback.
Type: Commentar
Applying Personality Type Theory to Develop Individualized Wellness Plans for Reducing Chronic Diseases
Get PDFObjective: The objective of this study was to explore if characteristics of personality type (using the Preferred Communication Style Questionnaire) are associated with activities people prefer for getting adequate exercise, losing weight, managing stress, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed.
Methods: The data source for this study was the 2016 National Consumer Survey of the Medication Experience and Pharmacists’ Roles. Data were collected via an on-line, self-administered survey conducted from March 14-30, 2016. Data were obtained from 10,500 adults residing in the United States. Chi-square analysis was used for making comparisons between categories of personality types and how respondents believed they could best reach their personal goals. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Practical significance was set at five or more percentage points above or below the overall mean.
Results: Findings showed that (1) there are key differences between individuals that impact their behavior and (2) these differences can be easily and accurately identified using the Preferred Communication Style Questionnaire. The findings supported the notion that individuals are more likely to experience success in changing health-risk behaviors if they engage in activities that are consistent with (i) how they are energized, (ii) the kind of information they naturally notice, (iii) how they prefer to make decisions, and (iv) their preferences to live in a more structured way or in a more spontaneous way.
Conclusions: Personality type characteristics can be used to develop and implement successful change strategies and intervention tools, such as individualized wellness plans (IWPTM) that help promote intention stability, create implementation intention, resist situational pressure, reduce the impact of past habits on future performances, and improve change maintenance.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Original Researc
Integration of Ambulatory Clinical Pharmacy Services in a Gastroenterology Clinic for Management of Hepatitis C Infection: A Pilot Study
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this study is to describe implementation of comprehensive medication management (CMM) services in a gastroenterology (GI) clinic for HCV patients on direct acting antivirals (DAAs), and to evaluate services in terms of identification of medication related problems (MRPs), patient satisfaction, and provider satisfaction.
Methods: Six months of visit data was retrospectively collected to determine demographic data and to analyze pharmacist’s identification of MRPs. Patient satisfaction surveys were collected using a thirteen question validated pharmacist-satisfaction survey. After pilot completion, a twelve-question survey was sent to all GI clinic staff members to evaluate overall staff satisfaction with services.
Results: Ninety-four CMM visits were completed. A total of 246 MRPs were identified with an average of 2.6 MRPs per visit. Seventy-eight MRPs were related to appropriate indication, 27 to efficacy, 30 to safety, and 109 to adherence. Forty MRPs were related to drug-drug interactions. Patient satisfaction surveys revealed that 86% of respondents rated the quality of care and services from the clinical pharmacist as "Excellent". Patients better understood and felt confident with therapy. All staff satisfaction survey respondents strongly agreed or agreed that the pharmacist made valuable contributions to the clinic and patient care. All also strongly agreed that pharmacy’s CMM services were an essential component to the management of HCV.
Conclusion: Data supports continued involvement of clinical pharmacists within the clinic to promote safety and efficacy of DAAs. Patient and staff satisfaction survey results further illustrate the importance and value that CMM provided by clinical pharmacists can provide.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Original Researc