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A Comparative Study of Amino Acid Encoding Methods for Predicting Drug-Target Interactions in COVID-19 Disease
No full textIdentifying drug-target interactions plays an important role in discovering drugs. Identifying, finding, and preparing drug molecule targets is the key for modern drug discovery. However, potential drug-target interactions are usually determined experimental approaches (in vivo and in vitro). Experimental approaches are expensive, require a lot of manpower, and the data are complex, making it difficult to use these methods effectively. For these reasons, the importance of simulation-based methods (in-silico) has increased and computational methods have started to be used more actively. In addition, more computational methods need to be developed to validate the interactions between drugs and their targets. In order to predict and validate the interactions between drugs and their targets by computational methods, both drugs and targets need to be mapped and to be classified with artificial intelligence techniques. As it is known, targets consist of proteins and protein sequences consist of letters. Furthermore, drug compounds are expressed in molecular codes. It is not possible to determine the interactions between drugs and their targets by computational methods without any pre-processing (mapping). The performance of the DTI (Drug-Target Interaction) prediction process varies according to the protein mapping and artificial intelligence approaches selected thus, it is important to choose the right methods in such applications. There are a number of protein mapping techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms in the literature. In this study, prediction of drug-target interactions carried out for COVID-19 disease by using certain protein mapping techniques and a deep learning. The proposed method consists of 5 stages. In the first stage, drug-target interactions were obtained from the DrugBank database. In the second stage, mapping of drug compounds and target proteins was made. While PubChem fingerprinting method was used for the mapping of drug compounds, target proteins were mapped with 6 different methods; Meiler parameters, Atchley factors, PAM250, BLOSUM62, Miyazawa energies and Micheletti potentials. In the third stage, the mapped drug compounds and the mapped target proteins were combined and a one-dimensional feature space was obtained. In the fourth stage, the one-dimensional feature that was generated before was classified with the LSTM (Long-Short Term Memory) deep learning model and the prediction was performed. In the last stage, the performance of the protein mapping methods was determined and compared with accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) evaluation matrices. When the application results were examined, it was seen that all protein mapping techniques performed above 85%. The best accuracy and ROC scores were obtained from Atchley factors and Meiler parameters. With Atchley factors, an average of 92% accuracy and 98% ROC were obtained. With the Meiler parameters, the ROC value did not change, but the accuracy value was measured as 91%. Afterwards, it was observed that Micheletti potentials and Miyazawa energies showed the second best performance. On average, 90 and 91% accuracy values were obtained, respectively. ROC values were calculated to be close to each other and 98% ROC value was obtained for Micheletti potentials, while this ratio decreased to 96% with Miyazawa energies. BLOSUM62 and PAM250 protein mapping methods were more ineffective than other methods. While BLOSM62 showed an average accuracy of 87%, PAM250 predicted drug-target interactions an average of 91% accuracy. While the ROC value of the BLOSUM62 method was 89%, this rate increased in PAM250 and a ROC value of 92% was obtained. Contributions obtained by the end of the study can be expressed as follows; with this study for the first time, drug-target interactions of COVID-19 were predicted by protein mapping techniques. In addition, the most effective protein mapping method among protein mapping techniques was determined. It was demonstrated that the selected protein mapping techniques are important in determining drug-target interactions. Additionally, it has been observed that computational-based methods can be at least as effective as experimental approaches. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Effect of temperature on wear behavior of multilayered thin cr-coated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer: An experimental and prediction study
No full textThe wear behavior of thin chromium-coated and uncoated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) samples were investigated by using a pin-on-disk test apparatus with a heat chamber for different temperatures of 30°C, 50°C, 70°C, 90°C, and 110°C. The wear tracks were characterized with a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and widefield confocal microscope. The tests showed that the wear of thin chromium-coated ABS samples exhibited better results under high temperature in comparison with uncoated samples. Then, the experimental data are used to create Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs (NARX) and transfer function prediction models for wear experiments. It is observed that the NARX model matches quite well with the experimental data. Copyright © 2021 by ASTM International.The author acknowledges PGS Plastics Wood Metal Coating Industry and Trade Ltd. Co. for the support
Picture Fuzzy Edas Method for Team Leader Selection in International Audit Firm
No full textInternational Conference on Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, INFUS 2021 -- 24 August 2021 through 26 August 2021 -- 264409Today, many companies are turning to teamwork rather than individual efforts. It seems to be much more effective, creating a common synergy by working in a team after an appropriate job sharing. The efficiency of team work properly depends on what the team leader guides in this regard. For this reason, the selection of a team leader is also extremely important for effective and efficient teamwork. The team leader selection can be called as a MCDM problem because it depends on numerous selection criteria. In this research, a decision support model is provided in order to help an independent firm, specializing in audit services selecting the most appropriate candidate. In the model proposed, considering the fuzziness of the evaluation processus Picture Fuzzy Edas method is applied. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Renewable energy sources as a solution for energy security risk: Empirical evidence from OECD countries
No full textThis study analyzes the impact of renewable energy on energy security risk for 23 OECD countries over the 1985-2016 period using second generation panel data techniques. To our knowledge, this study is the first to empirically analyze the impact of renewable energy sources on energy security risk for OECD countries. According to the findings obtained from the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimates for OECD countries, we have concluded that wind, hydroelectric, and total renewable energy reduce energy security risk, whereas biomass and solar sources do not have a significant effect on energy security. According to the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, we found unidirectional causality running from biomass and hydroelectricity to energy security risk and bidirectional causality between industrial production, total energy, economic integration, urbanization, and wind and energy security risk. The study also made country-specific estimates which show significant differences in terms of the direction of the relationship, significance, and coefficient size by country. The findings demonstrate that wind, hydroelectricity, and total renewable energy reduce energy security risk for OECD countries. However, these positive effects are not valid for all OECD countries. According to these results, OECD countries should implement policies aiming to reduce their energy security risk specific to countries' unique characteristics. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Use of Image Analysis for Non-Destructive Testing of Thermoformed Food Packages
No full textThe aim of this study is to determine the thickness distribution of a food package using a non-destructive method. Initially, thickness measurements were carried out using an experimental procedure for thermoformed samples that were used for food packaging. Additionally, in this study, image analysis was used for the first time to determine the thickness distribution of the thermoformed products non-destructively. Image analysis software was employed for the estimation of thickness distribution. Measured thickness results were compared to those estimated using image analysis. Based on the results of the current study, image analysis may be an alternative method for non-destructive testing of thermoformed food packages even in a mass production line. Image analysis can be used to determine not only thickness distribution but also the weakest regions in a food package. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston, Germany
Prognostic implications of hypochloremia in heart failure patients with a reduced glomerular filtration rate
No full text[Abstract Not Available
A novel approach to Chromium rejection from sewage wastewater by pervaporation
No full textPervaporation is an effective method, especially in the separation of azeotropic mixtures or in the recovery of some components from the mixtures. Although various methods have been used for the treatment of chromium-containing wastewater that has become a matter of concern for the health of aquatic ecosystems, the pervaporation has never been used before in the literature. In this study, Cr/water (Cr (III), Cr (VI)) mixtures were separated by a pervaporation using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium Y (NaY) zeolite membranes. Study results indicated that increasing the zeolite percentage, the membrane thickness, the amount of Cr in the feed solution and, the pH all increased rejection and decreased flux. In contrast, an increase in temperature caused rejection to decrease and flux to increase. The best rejection obtained for Cr (VI) was 144.4%. For Cr (VI) removal from sewage wastewater, the maximum rejection under optimum conditions was 160% and the flux was 0.12 kg/m(2)h. Also, Cr (VI) was not detected in any permeates. The permeate concentration was calculated to be 97.1% in experiments with a Cr (III)/water mixture. PVA/NaY membrane showed selective permeability for Cr (VI), while it does not show selective permeability for the useful Cr (III) component. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Kirklareli University Scientific Research Project Commission [KLUBAP-192]This work is supported by Kirklareli University Scientific Research Project Commission with project number KLUBAP-192
A Critical Approach to Pericles’ Strategy in the Peloponnesian War
No full textMÖ 431-404 yılları arasında temelde Atina ve Sparta arasında vuku bulan Peloponnesos Savaşı’nın etkileri tarihin gidişatına önemli ölçüde tesir etmesinden ötürü her yönüyle tetkik edilmiş ve incelenmeye devam edilmektedir. Peloponnesos Savaşı arifesinde Atina’daki siyasi yaşama egemen olan Perikles’in uygulanmasını teşvik ettiği strateji konusunda en önemli kaynak olan Thukydides ve onun görüşlerini benimsemiş olan pek çok araştırmacı tarafından Perikles’in planı başarının anahtarı olarak lanse edilmiştir. Bununla beraber dönemin şartları dikkate alındığında söz konusu stratejinin uygulamadan kaynaklanan pek çok sorunu olduğu görülmektedir. Bahis mevzu olan planın temel hatalarından biri savaş boyunca sürekli değişen koşullara uyum sağlayacak esneklikten yoksun olmasıdır. Ayrıca Perikles, hasmının sahip olduğu güç unsurlarını yanlış hesaplarken, geçmişte elde edilen başarıların verdiği aşırı özgüven sonucunda Atina’nın kuvvetini gereğinden fazla abartmıştır. Bu durumun yansıması olarak da savaşı kazandıracak etkili bir plan hazırlamaktan ziyade sıradan halkın ulusal duygularını kabartmaktan öte anlam taşımayacak olan bir stratejiyi Atina’ya dikte ettirmiştir.The Peloponnesian War which was mainly fought by Athens against Sparta in 431-404 BC. was studied in depth and keep its importance because of its effect on the course of history. Thucydides as the most important source, accepted the strategy promoted by Pericles who dominated the political life in Athens in the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Pericles’ strategy was also seen a key to success by many other researchers. However, when we consider conditions of that time, it is seen that the strategy had many problems which caused by its implementation. One of the main problems was lack of flexibility which was needed to fit into the changing conditions of war. In addition, Pericles miscalculated the enemy’s power and exaggerated the Athens’ power due to the overconfidence caused by recent successes. As a reflection of this situation, Pericles forced a strategy to Athens which would only inflame the nationalistic feelings of people rather than preparing an effective plan to win the war
Fe3O4 nanoparticle decorated novel magnetic metal oxide microcomposites for the catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol for wastewater cleaning applications
No full textCo3O4, NiO and ZnO microparticles were decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles where novel Co3O4@Fe3O4, NiO@Fe3O4 and ZnO@Fe3O4 microcomposites were obtained with significant magnetic properties. Decorating microparticles with Fe3O4 nanoparticles helped us to obtain microcomposites with outstanding magnetic characteristics, since Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated on the upper shell of the microstructures where the magnetic characteristics of the composites were not suppressed, and good catalytic performance was obtained. SEM was used to assess the physical morphology of the microparticles which indicate that microparticles were in flower or ball-like shape. Magnetic properties were checked using VSM which revealed that magnetic composites are in ferromagnetic characteristics. Optic characteristics of the particles were checked by UV-Vis spectrometry to assess bandgap energies which indicate that doping microparticles with Fe3O4 slightly alters the bandgap energies of microparticles. The catalytic role of microparticles and microcomposites for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was studied.KLUBAP [207, 209]Part of the project was funded by KLUBAP 207 and KLUBAP 209. We would like to present our special thanks to Kirklareli University Scientific Research Projects Office
Mythical Space As A Building Block Of Collective Memory In Ziya Gökalp’s Poems
No full textTürk düşünce tarihinin önemli isimlerinden biri olan Ziya Gökalp; sosyolog, fikir adamı kimliğinin yanısıra şair olarak da karşımıza çıkar. Manzumeleri estetik olmaktan ziyade zamanın meselelerine yönelerekfikri önceler. Dönemin öncelikli meselesi ise dağılan devleti kurtaracak fikrî bir mecraya sokmaktır. Onagöre milliyetçilik bu yollardan biridir. Ulusal bilinci inşa etmek için Orta Asya’ya uzanan Gökalp millîdestanlara, efsanelere, menkıbelere, mitolojiye yönelir. Kaynağını anlatılardan alan mitik mekân, sahip olduğu değerlerin üzerine yeni anlamlar yüklenerek hatıra ve hafıza oluşturmanın temel bileşeni hâline gelir.Uzak geçmişin ritüellerini, sembollerini, zaferlerini, kültürünü ön plana çıkaran ve mitsel anlamlar ihtivaeden bu mekânlar yeniden üretilerek bugün ile bağlantısı kurulur. Ziya Gökalp özellikle 1911-1915 yıllarıarasında kaleme aldığı şiirlerde mitik mekânları ele alarak ulus tandanslı toplumsal hafıza oluşturmaya çalışır. Çalışmanın amacı Ziya Gökalp’in manzumelerinde milliyetçiliğin romantik söylemlerinden biri olanmitik mekân unsurlarını tespit etmek ve tespit edilen mitik mekânların hafıza ve kimlik üzerindeki işleviniincelemektir. İlgili manzumeler bütünlük arz ettiği için kronolojik okuma yapılmıştır.Ziya Gökalp, as an influential name with his ideas, is one of the significant names of Turkish intellectual history. In addition to being a sociologist and an intellectual, he is also a poet. Besides being aesthetic works, his poems prioritize ideas by focusing on the issues of his times. The primary issue of his times is to put forward the idea of saving the fallen state. Along with this purpose, for him, nationalism is one of those ideas. In order to build the national consciousness, he focuses on Gökalp national sagas, legends, epics, mythologies that root back to Middle Asia. By ascribing new meanings onto old ones, narrated mythical space becomes a significant point to create collective memory. These places, which highlight the rituals, symbols, victories and culture of the distant past and contain mythical meaning, are reproduced and connected with the present. Ziya Gökalp tries to revive national memory as he combines his data with mythical space in his poems in the years of 1911-1915. The aim of the study is to examine the mythical space as a romantic discourse of nationalism and to point the impact of these mythical spaces upon memory and identity. As the related poems are in integrity, chronological reading has been done