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The Eu's Autonomous Sanctions Against Russia in 2014 Versus 2022: How Does the Bureaucratic Politics Model Bring in the Institutional 'balance of Power' Within the Eu?
No full textThe European Union (EU) has been more incensed over Russian aggression towards Ukraine in 2022, when compared to Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014. This article questions this shift by looking at the EU's sanctions towards Russia. It argues that the relative unwillingness of the European Commission, and accordingly the imbalance or lopsided distribution of power within and amongst the relevant EU institutions, was one of the factors internal to the EU that prevented an effective response in 2014. Although external and contextual factors have been crucial, the EU has adopted harsher sanctions against Russia since 2022 because the Commission is not unwilling to act as it was in 2014, and dissenting members have found it difficult to obstruct the process in the Council of the EU. This article also extends the analytical repertoire of the bureaucratic politics model by demonstrating that it retains explanatory power even when the traditional parameters remain constant over time
Voltage Profile Improvement in Unbalanced Distribution Networks for Probabilistic Generation and Consumption
No full text100% Pure New Zealand; AUT; Centre for Future Power and Energy Research; et al.; IEEE New Zealand North Section; New Zealand TourismDue to their technical, economical, and environmental advantages, active distribution networks implement renewable energy resources (RERs) such as photovoltaic (PV) units in distribution networks DNs. However, some drawbacks may arise due to the intermittent nature of RERs, such as voltage fluctuations and increased system losses. This paper presents an optimization problem that is solved by sequential linear programming (SLP) to improve the voltage profile of the unbalanced distribution network. A probabilistic approach was applied to both the load profile and the active power generation of the PV units. SLP is applied to the modified IEEE 34 Bus Test system. The method optimizes the voltage deviations by changing the taps of the voltage regulators and the reactive power injected by the inverters of the PV systems and, in some cases, by switching a shunt capacitor. MATLAB simulations are done at different times of the day with different loads and PV outputs to compare base case and optimal case voltage profiles. The results show better voltage profiles after applying the presented approach.TUBITAK [120N996]; British CouncilThis research is funded as a part of the "120N996 Implementing digitalization to improve energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment in Turkish distribution networks" project under the framework of the 2551 Project organized by TUBITAK and the British Council.Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Scienc
Entangled Dependencies: the Case of the Runaway Domestic Worker Emine in Late Ottoman Istanbul, 1910
No full text[No Abstract Available]Book Citation Index – Social Sciences & Humanitie
International Case Studies in Event Management
No full textThis international case study book provides 27 expertly curated case studies on the topic of events management, each with detailed implementation instructions for the instructor in order to maximise student participation and learning. Embellished with questions, diagrams and data throughout, these case studies have been developed by industry experts and practitioners with the aim of creating a more interactive teaching experience focused on ‘real world’ scenarios within the events industry. Each case study is logically structured and includes an aim and objectives, expected learning outcomes, required background knowledge, steps of implementation in class or online, as well as suggestions for further reading resources. Topics covered range from macro impacts of events on destinations to success criteria in event operations, with the aim of preparing future professionals and equipping them with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed within the events industry. Easy to use and international in scope, this volume is an ideal study resource for use in higher and vocational education, and its unique, teaching-led approach positions it as a vital study tool for instructors and students alike. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Judith Mair, Gürhan Aktaş and Metin Kozak; individual chapters, the contributors
Financial Condition Deterioration and Improvement Measures in Joint Stock Companies Under Article 376 of the Turkish Commercial Code
No full textBu doktora çalışmasında Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) Madde 376 çerçevesinde anonim şirketlerde yaşanan mali durum bozulmaları ve alınabilecek iyileştirme önlemleri kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, mali durum bozulması açıklandıktan sonra, mali durum bozulması ile sermaye ilişkisi, yedek akçe ilişkisi, mal varlığı ilişkisi, muhasebe düzeni ilişkisi ortaya konmuştur. Daha sonra mali durum bozulması halleri ve mali durum bozulması halleri olan sermaye kaybı ve borca batıklığın hukukumuzdaki yeri ortaya konduktan sonra mali durumun iyileştirilmesi ele alınmıştır. Akabinde, sermaye kaybı ve alınması gereken hukuki iyileştirme önlemleri ile borca batıklık ve alınması mümkün hukuki iyileştirme önlemleri detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma ile anonim şirketlerin mali durumlarında meydana gelen bozulmalar karşısında zorunlu ve mümkün hukuki iyileştirme önlemlerinin uygulanma süreçlerini detaylandırılarak ortaya konmuştur. Böylelikle, mali yapıyı iyileştirmek ve şirketin varlığını devam ettirmesi için atılması gereken adımlar konusunda hem şirketlere hem de ilgili taraflara yönelik kapsamlı bir çalışma ortaya konmuştur.This doctoral thesis aims to comprehensively examine the financial distress experienced by joint-stock companies within the framework of Article 376 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), and the possible remedial measures that can be taken. The study first elucidates the concept of financial distress and then establishes its relation to equity, reserve funds, assets, and accounting systems. Subsequently, it presents the legal standing of capital loss and insolvency—conditions indicative of financial distress—before addressing the improvement of financial health. Thereafter, the thesis meticulously discusses the legal remedial measures required in cases of capital loss and those feasible in instances of insolvency. In conclusion, this work details the implementation processes of mandatory and possible legal remedial measures in response to the deterioration of financial conditions in joint-stock companies. Thus, it provides a comprehensive framework for the necessary steps to ameliorate financial structure and ensure the continuity of the company's existence, serving as a guide for both the corporations and the concerned stakeholders
Global International Relations and the Idea of Reflexivity: Researching Through Expert Interviews
No full textBu tez, Küresel Uluslararası İlişkiler'in (Küresel Uİ) güncel bir entelektüel hareket olarak Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) disiplinindeki refleksif katkılarını araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, refleksiviteyi bilimsel bilginin sosyal ikametine ilişkin eleştirel bir farkındalık biçimi olarak takdim etmektedir. Ardından, araştırma refleksivitenin Uİ'deki gelişimini postmodern Uİ, Eleştirel Uİ ve inşacı Uİ mercekleriyle tetkik edecektir. Soruşturma daha sonra bu teorik yaklaşımların refleksif hususiyetlerini kültürel özcülüğün (ve Avrupamerkezciliğin) ortaya çıkardığı zorluklar ışığında sorgulayacaktır. Eleştirel anlatılarına rağmen, refleksif yaklaşımların, özellikle 'Batı veya Avrupa'nın ötesindeki' bölgeler ve düşünce yerleri konusunda dar görüşlülüğü çağrıştırarak epistemik sınırlarını aşmada mühim sınırlılıklar sergilediği öne sürülecektir. Bu noktada, jeokültürel hassasiyetin gelişimiyle doğrudan bağlantılı olarak refleksiviteye vurgu yapılacaktır. Konu rehberi, kriterler ve kartopu örneklemlerini birleştiren detaylı bir yarı-yapılandırılmış mülakat metodu kullanarak, Küresel Uİ'nin refleksif potansiyelini ve noksanlıklarını eleştirel bir şekilde değerlendiriyorum. Çalışma alandaki akademisyenlerle yürütülen seksen-bir uzman mülakatına dayanmaktadır. Mülakat yapılan kişilerin olumlu ve olumsuz beyanlarından edinilen tematik sorgulamayla, bu çalışma Küresel Uİ'nin evrensellik/tikellik, küresellik/yerellik, ve dahil etme/harici bırakma ikilemlerini açığa vuran epistemolojik ve ontolojik kısıtlamalara karşı karşıya kaldığını izah etmektedir. Bilhassa, araştırma üç temel alanı ele almaktadır: (1) Küresel Uİ'deki küreselin ontolojik olarak nötr olmayışı ve akademik söylemlerde Batı/Batı-Dışı gibi ikiliklerin idame etmesi (2) ana-akım ve eleştirel bakış açıları arasındaki diyalog eşiği, (3) bilgi üretimindeki güç asimetrilerini gösteren akademik kapitalizmin etkileri. Sonuç itibariyle, uzman mülakatlardan elde edilen yorumlara bağlı olarak, bu tez Küresel Uİ'nin noksanlıklarını, onun görünürdeki refleksif duruşunu niteleyen kapsayıcılık, çeşitlilik, diyalog ve çoğulculuk gibi temel önermelerine karşın irdelemektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Avrupamerkezcilik, Bilgi Üretimi, Kültürel Özcülük, Küresel Uİ, Refleksivite, Uzman Mülakatları.This dissertation aims to investigate the reflexive contributions of Global International Relations (Global IR) as a contemporary intellectual movement within the discipline of International Relations (IR). The study introduces reflexivity as a mode of critical awareness concerning the social situatedness of scientific knowledge. Subsequently, the research explores the development of reflexivity in IR through the lenses of postmodern IR, Critical IR, and constructivist IR. The investigation then questions the reflexive properties of these theoretical approaches in light of the challenge posed by cultural essentialism (and Eurocentrism). It is contended that reflexive approaches, despite their critical narrative, exhibit significant limitations in transcending their epistemic boundaries, particularly in connoting parochialism concerning regions and places of thought 'beyond the West or Europe.' At this juncture, emphasis is placed on reflexivity as directly related to the cultivation of geocultural sensitivity in knowledge production. Employing a detailed semi-structured interview method incorporating a topic guide, criterion, and snowball sampling, I critically assess the reflexive potential and shortcomings of Global IR. The study draws on eighty-one expert interviews conducted with scholars in the field. Through thematic inquiries derived from affirmative and non-affirmative statements of the interviewees, the research elucidates that Global IR faces epistemological and ontological constraints, manifesting as dichotomies of universalism/particularism, globality/locality, and inclusion/exclusion. Specifically, the research delves into three key areas: (1) the ontological un-neutrality of the global in Global IR and the perpetuation of binaries such as West/Non-West in academic discourses, (2) the threshold of dialogue between mainstream and critical perspectives, (3) the impacts of academic capitalism, signifying power asymmetries in knowledge production. In consequence, based on the interpretations derived from expert interviews, this dissertation scrutinizes the shortcomings of Global IR, notwithstanding its foundational principles of inclusion, diversity, dialogue, and pluralism that ostensibly characterize its reflexive stance. Keywords: Cultural Essentialism, Eurocentrism, Expert Interviews, Global IR, Knowledge Production, Reflexivity
Toward implementing robust quantum logic circuits using effectual fault-tolerant majority voter gate
No full textQuantum -dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has emerged as a revolutionary technology for nano-scale computing circuits and a promising alternative to conventional transistor-based technologies. However, the susceptibility to defects during circuit synthesis is a pivotal challenge, undermining its potential. This study seeks to introduce an innovative and robust fault-tolerant 3 -input majority voter gate comprising 16 simple cells. The primary objective is to enhance the gate's resilience against two specific defects: one-cell omission and extra-cell deposition. Preliminary assessments indicate that the introduced gate achieves remarkable tolerance rates of 100% for one-cell omission and 89.47% for extra-cell deposition defects. A comprehensive evaluation is used based on the QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator to validate the gate's performance, supplemented by physical proofs. Furthermore, leveraging the novel gate structure, this paper extends its application to the design of fault-tolerant flip-flops and multiplexer circuits. These building blocks are then employed to construct three distinct fault-tolerant sequential circuits
Exploring the spatial mental associations of distinct food types
No full textPrevious research explored the spatial representations of healthy low -calorie and unhealthy high -calorie food items, revealing an association of healthy low -calorie food with left and top sides, and unhealthy/high-calorie food with right and top sides. This association, namely side bias, was limited to these specific categories leaving the representations of healthy high -calorie and unhealthy low -calorie food categories yet to be explored. Present study was designed to examine the spatial representation of four food categories (unhealthy low -calorie, unhealthy high -calorie, healthy low -calorie, healthy high -calorie) using a computerized food placement task. In Experiment 1, participants placed four food items from different categories into eight locations. In Experiment 2, identical task was used with the addition of centrally presented anchor food item to investigate the mental representation of food items in relation to each other. The frequency of placing food items in specific spatial locations were measured. The results of Experiment 1 provided partial support for side bias. However, the use of anchor items in Experiment 2 provided compelling evidence for vertical side bias, demonstrating consistent pattern of placing healthy foods on the upper sides and unhealthy foods on the lower sides. In both experiments, real -life food choices were examined to investigate whether the high -calorie bias would be observed in actual food choice behavior. The results from both experiments indicated strong preference to select high -calorie foods, supporting high -calorie bias. Overall, this study extends the evidence on the spatial representations of distinct food categories
Ranking Willingness To Reuse Water in Cotton Irrigation With Hybrid Mcdm Methods: Soke Plain Case Study
No full textSamanlioglu, Funda/0000-0003-3838-8824Soke Plain, located within the B & uuml;y & uuml;k Menderes River Basin is one of the highest producers of cotton in T & uuml;rkiye. The overall irrigation water supply is based on scarce conventional water resources that are being depleted at an increasing pace due to climate change impacts in B. Menderes. The inclusive objective of this research is to pave the way for a "water efficiency action plan" incorporating non-conventional (alternative) water resources for irrigation in Soke Plain to address adaptive management. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles help decision makers (DMs) to identify and apply the most adequate alternatives among other possible ones in resource planning processes. Therefore, the preference ranking of DMs among possible water resource alternatives for irrigation is vital for implementation. This paper marks the first instance of using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to evaluate both conventional and non-conventional water resource alternatives for cotton irrigation. The evaluation and ranking of water resource alternatives is processed using the hybrid MCDM method, integration of "Hesitant Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process" (HF-AHP) and "Hesitant Fuzzy Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution" (HF-EDAS), namely HF-AHP-EDAS. This procedure implies several possibly contradictory qualitative and quantitative criteria, incorporates ambiguity, vagueness, and hesitancy in decision-makers' decisions, and achieves a consistent, dependable ranking of alternatives. Eight different water resources for irrigation are evaluated by 5 experts, for 15 assessment criteria, in Soke Plain. Conventional water resources blended with drainage water is concluded to be the best irrigation water resource alternative, with HF-AHP-EDAS and also with HF-AHP-PROMETHEE II (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enriching Evaluations II), that is used for comparison analysis. This choice aligns well with the outlined arguments, culminating in an overall result deemed compliant with the field survey.German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [FKZ02WGR1422E]; Istanbul University Technology Transfer Application and Research Centre, Turkey; Istanbul University's Coordination Unit of Scientific Research ProjectsThis work is a follow-up of the InoCottonGROW-Soke project (project number FKZ02WGR1422E) which was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, with the contribution of Istanbul University Technology Transfer Application and Research Centre, Turkey as a project partner.The authors wish to thank the Istanbul University's Coordination Unit of Scientific Research Projects for its financial support to the article processing charge. The authors also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, suggestions and positive feedback.Science Citation Index Expande
Correcting Downward Bias in Inequality Estimates for Türkiye With House Price Data
No full textHanehalkı anketleri genellikle en çok kazananların gelirlerini yakalamakta başarısız olmaktadır. En çok kazananların anketlere yanıt verme olasılığı daha düşüktür ve müteşebbis gelirine ilişkin soruları yanıtlamama olasılıkları daha yüksektir, yani 'kayıp zengin' sorunu. Bu sorunları çözmek için literatürdeki en yaygın yöntem, gelir vergisi kayıtlarından elde edilen verilerin kullanılmasıdır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için vergi kayıtlarının kullanılması iki açıdan sorunludur: (i) bu ülkelerin çoğunda vergi kayıtlarının özet ölçümleri bile kamuya açık değildir ve (ii) vergi kaçakçılığı yaygındır ve resmi vergi kayıtları mevcut olsa bile muhtemelen güvenilir değildir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada 'kayıp zengin' sorunu, üst gelirleri tahmin etmek için www.sahibinden.com adresinden elde edilen konut fiyatı verileri kullanılarak düzeltilmiştir. Hanehalkı gelirlerini konut fiyatlarını kullanarak tahmin ediyoruz ve bu tahminleri anket verilerinin sağ kuyruğuna ekliyoruz. Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi'nin 2019 yılında toplam hanelerin yaklaşık yüzde 5'ini eksik saydığını tahmin ediyoruz. Kayıp zengin haneler dahil edildiğinde, en üst %5'lik (%10) gelir payları %17'den (%27) %28'e (%40) yükselmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'de hanehalkı gelirinin Gini endeksi 35,3'ten 50'ye yükselmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: eşitsizlik, Türkiye, konut fiyatları, en yüksek gelirler, gelir eşitsizliği, gelir dağılımıHousehold surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distribution Household surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distributio