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OB-IDS: Optimized BERT-Based Intrusion Detection System
No full text"OB-IDS (Optimized BERT-based Intrusion Detection System)"presents a lightweight IDS optimized for the resource-constrained environments. The proposed system which employs quantization, pruning, knowledge distillation and self distillation methods is developed in a multi-stage optimization manner. It was evaluated on UNSW-NB15 and CIC-IDS2017 datasets. The proposed system was found to significantly reduce the inference time and memory usage while maintaining high classification accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate the applicability of Transformer-based IDSs for real-time threat detection in resource-constrained environments. © 2025 IEEE
6-Point Tripled Ashkin-Teller Global Phase Diagrams in Two and Three Dimensions
No full textThe tripled Ashkin-Teller model including 6-point interactions is solved in d = 2 and 3 by renormalization-group theory that is exact on the hierarchical lattice and approximate on the recently first/second-order-transition improved Migdal-Kadanoff procedure. Five different ordered phases occur in the dimensionally distinct global phase diagrams. 16 different phase diagram cross-sections in the 2-point and 4-point interaction space are obtained, with first-and second-order phase transitions, multiple tricritical points and critical endpoints.Academy of Sciences of Turkey (TUBA)Support by the Academy of Sciences of Turkey (TUBA) is gratefully acknowledged
4+4+4 Compulsory Schooling Law and Its Effects on Schooling and Employment
No full textBu çalışmanın amacı 12 yıllık (4+4+4) zorunlu eğitim yasasının akademik, mesleki ve dini (İmam Hatip Lisesi (IHL)) lise mezunları üzerindeki orta-uzun vade de eğitim ve işgücü piyasası sonuçlarını araştırmaktır. Bilinen kadarıyla, bu çalışma IHL mezunlarının istihdam, eğitim, evlilik ve NEET etkilerini geleneksel meslek lise mezunlarından ayrı olarak araştıran ilk çalışmadır. İlk olarak, zorunlu eğitim yasasının lise mezuniyeti üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek için Regresyon Süreklilik Analizi Tasarımı (RDD) yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Analizin ikinci kısmında ise reformun nedensel etkisini tahmin etmek amacıyla Farkların Farkı (DiD) yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonuçları, reform sonrası her iki cinsiyet için de lise mezuniyetinin arttığını göstermektedir. IHL mezuniyetindeki artış erkekler için anlamlı ve pozitiftir. Ancak kızlar için yalnızca daha muhafazakâr bölgelerde bu sonuç anlamlı ve pozitif olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, üniversiteye devam oranı her iki cinsiyet için de yalnızca daha muhafazakâr bölgelerde artış göstermektedir. Ücretli istihdamın IHL mezunlarında geleneksek meslek lisesi mezunlarına göre negatif ve büyük bir etki çıkmasına rağmen bu sonuç istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır. Öte yandan, IHL mezunları diğer meslek lisesi mezunlarına göre üniversiteye devam oranında artış bulunmaktadır ve IHL mezunları daha az evlenmektedir.In this study, the main aim is to show the effects of the 4+4+4 compulsory schooling law (CSL) on schooling and labor market outcomes in the medium-long run separately for academic, vocational, and religious (Imam Preacher High School, IHL after the Turkish acronym) high school graduates. This is the first study to investigate the employment, schooling outcomes, marriage, and NEET impact of IHL graduates separately from conventional vocational high school (CVHS) graduates. First, the Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) methodology is employed to measure the CSL intervention on high school graduation. For the second part of the analysis, the difference-in-differences (DiD) method is used to estimate the causal effect of treatment. The results show that high school graduation increases after the reform for both genders. An increase in IHL graduation is significant and positive for boys. However, significant effects of IHL graduation are found only in more conservative regions for girls. Moreover, university attendance is positive and significant only in more conservative regions for both sexes. Also, paid employment is negative and large but statistically insignificant for IHL graduates versus CVHS graduates. On the other hand, a differential increase is found in university attendance among IHL graduates compared to CVHS graduates. Also, the proportion of people who were ever married declined much more rapidly among graduates of IHLs. The impact of 4+4+4 on NEET was negative but insignificant for IHL grads compared to other CVHS graduates
Exploring the Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Sustainable Marketing Orientation in SMEs: A Mixed-Methods Approach
No full textSon yıllarda küresel ve çevresel sorunların artması ve paydaş beklentilerinin yükselmesi, küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeleri (KOBİ'ler) sürdürülebilirliği stratejilerine entegre etmeye zorlamaktadır. Ancak mevcut araştırmaların çoğu büyük ölçekli şirketlere odaklanmış, KOBİ'ler ise yerel ekonomilerdeki merkezi rolleri ve paydaşlarla yakın ilişkilerine rağmen görece ihmal edilmiştir. Bu tez, KOBİ'lerin Sürdürülebilir Pazarlama Yönelimi'ni (SPY) nasıl benimsediğini, hangi örgütsel güdüler ve dışsal baskılarla şekillendiğini ve firma performansına etkilerini incelemektedir. Çalışmada iş etiği ve pazarlama stratejisi literatürü temel alınarak üç güdü tanımlanmıştır: araçsal (çıkar odaklı), ilişkisel (paydaş odaklı) ve ahlaki (etik temelli). SPY; stratejik entegrasyon, toplumsal etkileşim ve etik yeterlikler olmak üzere üç boyutta kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca düzenleyici gereklilikler, piyasa beklentileri ve sektör normları gibi dışsal baskılar ile rekabet yoğunluğu, piyasa dalgalanması ve teknolojik yeterlikler gibi bağlamsal faktörler de dikkate alınmıştır. Tez, karma yöntem yaklaşımıyla yürütülmüştür. Nitel aşamada Türkiye'deki KOBİ sahipleri ve yöneticileriyle yapılan görüşmeler, güdüler ve bağlamsal etkileri ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, kavramsal modelin nicel aşamada yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) ile test edilmesine temel sağlamıştır. Çalışma üç katkı sunmaktadır: KOBİ'lerin pazarlama stratejilerinde güdülerin rolünü ortaya koyarak iş etiği literatürünü genişletmek; SPY ile çok boyutlu performans arasındaki bağı ampirik olarak göstermek; çevresel türbülansı düzenleyici faktör olarak ekleyerek SPY'nin rekabetçiliği destekleme koşullarına dair daha dinamik bir anlayış geliştirmek.As global environmental challenges intensify and stakeholder expectations rise, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face growing pressure to embed sustainability into their strategies. While research has focused on large corporations, SMEs remain underexplored despite their vital role in local economies and close stakeholder ties. This dissertation examines how organizational motives and external pressures shape SMEs' adoption of Sustainable Marketing Orientation (SMO), and how SMO influences performance. Drawing on business ethics and marketing strategy literature, three motives—instrumental (self-interest), relational (stakeholder-oriented), and moral (ethics-driven)—are identified as key drivers of SMO. SMO is conceptualized across three dimensions: strategic integration, societal engagement, and ethical capabilities. External influences such as regulatory requirements, market expectations, and industry norms, along with contextual moderators like competitive intensity and technological disruption, are considered in shaping performance outcomes measured through sales, financial, and customer-based indicators. A mixed-method design is employed. The qualitative phase uses interviews with SME owners and managers in Turkey to explore motives and contextual influences. Insights inform the quantitative phase, where survey data are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to validate the model. The study makes three contributions. First, it extends business ethics by showing how instrumental, relational, and moral motives inform SME marketing strategies. Second, it empirically links SMO to multidimensional firm performance, addressing a literature gap. Third, it incorporates environmental turbulence as a moderating factor, offering a dynamic view of when SMO enhances competitiveness. These findings advance theory and provide actionable insights for SME managers and policymakers in resource constrained, volatile environments
The Evaluation of Excavation and Conservation Works at Ani Archaeological Site in the Context of Contemporary Conservation Methods
No full textAni, Kars ilinde, Türkiye ile Ermenistan sınırında yer alan ve UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi'ne arkeolojik mirasıyla dahil edilen tarihi bir yerleşimdir. Kent, tarih öncesi dönemden 16.yüzyıla kadar birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış olup, günümüzde mimari bütünlüğünü koruyabilmiş bazı kültürel miras yapıları ve kalıntıları ile korunmaktadır. Ani'nin, tarihsel süreçte geçirdiği işgaller, fetihler, iklim koşulları ve depremler gibi nedenler sonucu terkedilmiş ve korunması gereken değerleri zarar görmüştür. Yüksek lisans tez çalışmasında, Ani'nin kültürel ve arkeolojik mirasının korunması için 19.yüzyıldan günümüze kadar uygulanan koruma müdahaleleri incelenmiş, uluslararası kültürel miras koruma anlayışlarına paralel olarak değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Tezin birinci bölümünde, Ani'nin coğrafi konumu ile tarihsel ve kültürel gelişimi kronolojik sırayla incelenmiştir. Sonraki bölümde, Ani Orta Çağ Kenti'nin önemli kültürel miras yapıları ve kalıntıları, mimari özellikleri, tahribat-onarımları ve günümüzdeki durumları incelenmiştir. Tezin son bölümünde ise, 19.yüzyıldan itibaren, Ani'nin kültürel miras yapılarına ve arkeolojik alanına yönelik yapılan kazı ve koruma çalışmalarının tarihsel süreci ve uygulamaları incelenerek, çalışmalar çağdaş koruma ilke, yöntem ve yaklaşımları perspektifinden değerlendirilmiştir.Ani is a historic settlement located in Kars province, near the border between Turkey and Armenia, and it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its archaeological heritage. The city has hosted numerous civilizations, spanning from the prehistoric erat o the 16th century, and today it is preserved with some cultural heritage structure and remnants that have managed to maintain their architectural integrity. Throughout its history, Ani has been abandoned and its values damaged due to invasions, conquests, climatic conditions, and eartquakes, among other factors. In the master's thesis, the conservation interventions implemented from the 19th century to the present day fort he protection of Ani's cultural and archaeological heritage conservation approaches, and suggestions have been developed. The first section of the thesis explores Ani's geographical location and its historical and cultural development in chronological order. The following section investigates the significant cultural heritage structures and remnants of the Medieval City of Ani, their architectural features, damage-repair processes, and their current condition. The final section of the thesis examines the historical process and practices of excavation and conservation efforts conducted on Ani's cultural heritage structures and archaeological sites since the 19th century, evaluating these efforts from the perspective of contemporary conservation principles, methods, and approaches
Evaluation of Energy Harvesting Methods for Lighting Urban Roads With Single-Valued Neutrosophic EDAS Method
No full textAntalya Bilim University; IEEELighting the roads, especially in big cities, is critical for safety and risk reduction. Meeting this need with renewable energy sources instead of traditional methods contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions. However, choosing the most appropriate one among the many energy harvesting methods requires balancing uncertainty and contradictions. Therefore, this study proposed the single-valued neutrosophic EDAS method to determine the most suitable energy harvesting method for road lighting. The model provides a flexible and balanced analysis by separately evaluating the degrees of accuracy, uncertainty, and falsity. It also addresses many criteria with a sustainability-oriented approach. According to the results, the most effective criterion is energy efficiency (T1), and photovoltaic energy harvesting has been determined as the most priority alternative for urban lighting. The robustness check supports the reliability and validity of the model. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Reshaping Globular Dynamics of S. Aureus Pyruvate Kinase via Bond Restraints to Allosteric Sites
No full textThe global dynamics of pyruvate kinase were examined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the effects of allosteric inhibition through bond restraints applied at two key allosteric sites. The study employed the experimentally resolved structure of the enzyme complexed with the allosteric inhibitor IS-130 at the small C-C interface, serving as a reference for analyzing an additional, computationally predicted allosteric site at the large A-A interface. Simulations identified the B and CT domains as the most mobile regions, with bond restraints at either interface significantly reducing CT domain flexibility up to 9 & Aring; across all chains. Restraints at the C-C interface limited minimal global conformational sampling, whereas restraints at the A-A interface altered the dynamic profile without narrowing the sampled conformational space, suggesting distinct regulatory roles for each interface. Distance fluctuation analyses revealed enhanced interchain communication and reduced mobility near restrained sites, suggesting that these restraints reinforce allosteric inhibition by stabilizing otherwise flexible domains. Cross-correlation analysis showed a marked reduction in long-range residue-residue correspondence, especially under C-C restraints, indicating disrupted dynamic coordination essential for catalytic activity. Mutual information analysis, capturing both linear and non-linear dependencies, further supported these findings by showing a widespread loss of dynamic correspondence in positional fluctuations across the receptor upon restraint application. Notably, although the C-C interface has been experimentally linked to inhibition, these results suggest that the computationally predicted large A-A interface may also contribute to allosteric regulation. Together, these findings highlight the distributed and cooperative nature of allosteric control in pyruvate kinase.Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu [218M320]Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastırma Kurumu, 218M320
Haptic-Assisted Soldering Training Protocol in Virtual Reality: The Impact of Scaffolded Guidance
No full textIn this paper, we present a virtual training platform for soldering based on immersive visual feedback (i.e., a Virtual Reality (VR) headset) and scaffolded guidance (i.e., disappearing throughout the training) provided through a haptic device (Phantom Omni). We conducted a between-subject user study experiment with four conditions (2D monitor with no guidance, VR with no guidance, VR with constant, active guidance, and VR with scaffolded guidance) to evaluate their performance in terms of procedural memory, motor skills in VR, and skill transfer to real life. Our results showed that the scaffolded guidance offers the most effective transitioning from the virtual training to the real-life task — even though the VR with no guidance group has the best performance during the virtual training. These findings are critical for the industry and academy looking for safer and more effective training techniques, leading to better learning outcomes in real-life implementations. Furthermore, this work offers new insights into further haptic research in skill transfer and learning approaches while offering information on the possibilities of haptic-assisted VR training for complex skills, such as welding and medical stitching. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Forecasting Critical Economic & Political Events Via Electricity Consumption Patterns in the United States of America and Turkey
No full textImpacts from natural disasters, government decisions and public's reactions can significantly alter societal daily routines. These effects resonate in systems where individual contributions, such as energy consumption, serve as indirect indicators of societal welfare and living standards. Preparedness for unforeseen events is crucial to enhancing societal well-being. Thus, analysing historical data for unexpected critical transitions and forecasting future occurrences is paramount. Recurrence properties of gross monthly electricity consumption in the United States of America and Turkey are examined, revealing coinciding critical periods with extreme regimes identified by a determinism time series. An ensemble of neural network proxies is then employed to forecast critical periods within a limited time frame, enabling the anticipation of similar occurrences. Validation of this approach demonstrates high predictive performance when measured quantities adequately reflect underlying system dynamics. Predictions based on electricity consumption data suggest potential systemic and socioeconomic crises for both nations within one year, with probabilities, 85% for the US and 32% for Turkey.TUBITAK [118C236, 121F329]; BAGEP Award of the Science Academy, TurkeyC.O. and D.E. acknowledge funding from TUBITAK (Grant Nos. 118C236 and 121F329). D.E. acknowledges support from the BAGEP Award of the Science Academy, Turkey
Ensuring Secure Application Delivery in Cloud Environments
No full textBulut bilişim, ölçeklenebilirlik, maliyet avantajı ve esneklik gibi faydaları nedeniyle modern BT altyapılarının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Organizasyonlar, operasyonel verimliliklerini artırmak, uzaktan çalışma süreçlerini desteklemek ve daha esnek iş modelleri oluşturmak için giderek daha fazla bulut çözümlerine yönelmektedir. Ancak, bu artan bağımlılık, güvenli uygulama teslimi açısından önemli güvenlik risklerini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bulut bilişime olan adaptasyonun ve bağımlılığın artmasıyla birlikte, güvenli uygulama teslimini sağlamak kuruluşlar için kritik bir zorluk haline gelmiştir. Bulut ortamlarının dinamik yapısı ve gelişen siber tehditler, hassas verilerin korunması ve sistem bütünlüğünün sağlanması için güçlü güvenlik önlemlerini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu tez, bulut tabanlı uygulama tesliminde karşılaşılan temel güvenlik sorunlarını inceleyerek riskleri azaltmaya yönelik kapsamlı bir güvenlik yaklaşımı sunmaktadır.Çalışmada, uygulama güvenliği, API güvenliği, ağ güvenliği, veri şifreleme, kimlik ve erişim yönetimi ve gerçek zamanlı tehdit algılama mekanizmalarını entegre eden çok katmanlı bir güvenlik yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Bu yaklaşımda önerilen iyileştirmeler uygulamalı olarak gösterilmiştir. Microsoft Azure üzerinde dağıtılan bulut tabanlı bir e-ticaret uygulaması, güvenlik kontrollerinin uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi için bir test ortamı olarak kullanılmıştır. Sistem direncini değerlendirmek için penetrasyon testleri, güvenlik açığı değerlendirmeleri ve DDoS ve saldırı simülasyonları gibi güvenlik test metodolojileri uygulanmıştır.Bulgular, geleneksel bulut dağıtımlarında önemli güvenlik açıklarının bulunduğunu ve proaktif güvenlik stratejilerinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Uygulama mimarisini güvenli hale getirme, ağ güvenliği, web uygulama güvenlik duvarı, ddos koruması, kimlik doğrulandırma ve yetkilendirme yönetimi gibi gelişmiş güvenlik önlemlerinin uygulanmasının ardından sistemin siber tehditlere karşı daha güçlü bir koruma sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, kuruluşların bulut tabanlı uygulamalarını etkili bir şekilde güvence altına almalarına yönelik uygulanabilir bilgiler sunarak bulut güvenliği alanına katkıda bulunmaktadır.Cloud computing has become a major part of modern IT infrastructures due to its benefits of scalability, cost advantage and flexibility. Enterprises are increasingly turning to cloud solutions to improve operational efficiency, support remote work, and create more flexible business models. However, the increasing reliance on cloud computing has made secure application delivery a significant and ongoing security concern for organizations. The dynamic nature of cloud environments and evolving cyber threats require strong security measures to protect sensitive data and ensure system integrity. This paper examines the key security challenges in cloud-based application delivery and presents a comprehensive security approach to mitigate the risks. The paper adopts a comprehensive layered security approach that integrates application security, API security, network security, data encryption, identity and access management, and real-time threat detection mechanisms. This approach is designed to provide a robust defense against the diverse range of cyber threats that can target cloud-based applications. A cloud-based ecommerce application deployed on Microsoft Azure was used as a tested for the implementation and evaluation of security controls. Security testing methodologies such as penetration tests, vulnerability assessments, and DDoS and attack simulations were applied to assess system resilience. The findings reveal the existence of significant vulnerabilities in traditional cloud deployments and the need for proactive security strategies. After implementing advanced security measures such as securing the application architecture, network security, web application firewall, ddos protection, authentication and authorization management, the system was found to provide stronger protection against cyber threats. These results contribute to the field of cloud security by providing actionable insights for organizations to effectively secure their cloud-based application