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Internationalization of SMES: Do Board Characteristics Matter?
No full textBilyay Erdogan, Seda/0000-0001-6701-4448All around the globe, SMEs constitute the backbones of the countries' economies, with their contribution to a very high level of employment and enterprises, as well as GDP creation. Despite their significance in their economies, SMEs' engagement in export activities is limited, which could be enhanced with better corporate governance initiatives. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between one of the main components of corporate governance, i.e., Aboard of directors (BOD), and SME internationalization. We apply stratified sampling by city, size, and sector to fairly reflect the SME population in Turkey, collecting data from 469 SMEs. To quantify the board characteristics, we construct aAboard index, composed of seven board-related variables. Then, we estimate cross-sectional regressions including firm-specific control variables and legal and industry dummies. Our findings show that the board index is strongly and positively associated with SME internationalization, implying SMEs can reach higher internationalization levels by fostering aAmore attentive approach toward the composition and functioning of their BODs. By focusing on the individual board characteristics, SMEs are likely to enhance their BODs' monitoring and controlling functions in addition to their resource-acquiring functions, ultimately leading to higher internationalization levels.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [121K018]* This study is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) Grant Number 121K018.Emerging Sources Citation Inde
Factors Affecting the Purchase Intention of Over the Counter Products in the Self Care Actions of Consumers
No full textPurpose: Within the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study aims to investigate which factors affect consumers’ purchase intention with regard to over-the-counters (OTCs), focusing on personal factors, including health consciousness and risk aversion, as well as rational factors, consisting of the level of knowledge, price consciousness and involvement in the purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the necessity of finding the most crucial industry-specific indicators, it was decided to carry out two-stage research based on qualitative preliminary research and the main study. The findings obtained from the qualitative studies were integrated with insights gleaned from the literature to finalize the study’s conceptual model. The main study was based on a descriptive research design, and data were collected through an online survey. Structural equation modeling was the main technique used to test the model. Findings: Health consciousness, level of knowledge and involvement in consumer purchase intentions affect either attitude or perceived behavioral control. Moreover, attitudes toward OTCs and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of purchase intentions for OTC drugs. At the same time, subjective norms did not have a significant effect. Practical implications: Knowing what influences consumer purchase intentions contributes to developing more effective marketing strategies and actions. Originality/value: This study took an integrative approach to understanding the effect of personal and rational factors within the TPB framework for a changing tendency in consumer behavior of specific product categories. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited
Turkey at a Crossroads: the Soviet Threat and Postwar Realignment, 1945-1946
No full textIsci, Onur/0000-0002-8210-7375[No Abstract Available]Social Science Citation Index - Arts &- Humanities Citation Inde
ACOUSTIC TRANSFORMATION OF ROCK-CUT CAVES INTO PERFORMANCE SPACES
No full textAMC Mecanocaucho; Bosco Italia Spa; Ecophon Saint-Gobain; et al.; Head Acoustics; Mason Industries, Inc.Cappadocia Region in Turkey is a center of attention as a tourism destination with its rock-cut caves, some of which are being used as performance spaces for concerts, festivals and local entertainment activities. However, these spaces are not fully investigated for their acoustic performance before being transformed into performance venues. This paper reports on the findings of an initial survey which presents a systematic mapping of the rock-cut caves used as performance spaces to locate, explore and document a sample of structures scattered in this historic district. A typological classification based on volume, size, type of tuff rock material and historical original use has been proposed and an acoustic analysis of some selected rock-cut caves has been carried out. The acoustic analysis included reverberation time calculations and simulations based on apparent volume, and tuff stone absorption characteristics, which were studied by other researchers in the area. © 2023 Aslan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Public-Private Partnerships in Turkey
No full textÖzellikle 1980'li yıllardan itibaren dünyada ve Türkiye'de Kamu-Özel İşbirliği projeleri popular hale gelmiştir. Bütçe kısıtı altında bulunan hükümetler, bazı önemli projeleri, (otoyol, köprü, havaalanları, liman, enerji vb.) özel kesime inşaa ettirip, belirli bir süre işletilmesi için imtiyaz vermiştir. Böylece hükümetler bu projeler için herhangi bir harcama yapmayacak ve kamu hizmetlerinin özel kesim tarafından yürütülmesi sağlanacaktır. Bunun yanında bazı projeleri daha cazip hale getirmek amacıyla bazı garantiler ödemeler (yolcu, araç vb) vermektedir. Ancak, bu garantiler nedeniyle, özel kesime ciddi ödemeler yapılmakta olup, bütçeye yük getirmektedir. Bu ödemeler nedeniyle hükümetlere ciddi eleştiriler getirilmektedir. Bundan dolayı, bu projelerin projelerin inşaası ve işletilmesi doğrudan kamu yatırımlarıyla (geleneksel yöntem) daha az maliyetli olabilir.Especially since the 1980s, Public-Private Partnership projects have become popular in the world and Turkey. Under budgetary constraints, the government has given important projects (highways, bridges, airports, ports, energy, etc.) concession to the private sector to build and operate them for a certain period. Thus, governments do not allocate money to these projects, and the private sector provides public services. In addition, some guarantees are given by the government to make some projects more attractive. However, due to these guarantees, serious guarantee payments are made to the private sector and impose a burden on the budget. Because of these payments, serious criticism is brought to the governments. Therefore, direct public investments (traditional method) could less costly to build and operate the projects
Türk Ceza Kanunu'nda Gebeliğin Sonlandırılması
No full textGebeliğin sonlandırılması etik, tıp, din, politika, felsefe gibi pek cok alan bakımından tarih boyunca tartışılmış ve gunumuzde de hala tartışılmaktadır. Bu calışmanın ilk bolumunde gebeliğin sonlandırılmasına ve ceninin korunmasına ilişkin yaklaşımlara yer
verilmekte ve bu konudaki duzenlemelerin gecmişten gunumuze her zaman ozgurlukler lehine olmadığı anlatılmaktadır. Ardından gebeliğin sonlandırılmasına ve ceninin korunmasına ilişkin farklı koruma kategorilerine yer verilerek cenine ongorulen farklı
hukuki statulere ve hukuki koruma kategorilerine değinilmektedir. Calışmanın ikinci bolumunde ise Turk Ceza Kanunu’nda gebeliğin sonlandırılmasına ilişkin 99. ve 100. maddelerde yer alan cocuk duşurtme ve cocuk duşurme suclarının unsurları oğretide yer alan tartışmalarla ve Yargıtay kararları ile incelenmektedir. Cocuk duşurtme sucu başlığı altında ise suc sonucu oluşan gebelikler ve gebeliğin sonlandırılmasında eşin rızasının alınması konularında uygulamada yaşanan belirsizlikler ve oğretide yer alan tartışmalar sebebiyle cozum onerileri getirilmeye calışılmaktadır
Children's Point of View in Post-1980 Political Cinema in Turkey and Apartment Boşluğu Feature Film Script
No full textBu çalışmada kısaca politik sinemanın geçmişi hatırlamadaki rolü irdelenmiş, özelde de çocuk tanıklığının Türkiye politik sinemasında nasıl ele alındığına değinilmiştir. Buna ek olarak dünya sinemasında benzer anlayışların nasıl geliştiğine bakılmış, farklı ülkelerden örneklendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmayı temeline alan Apartman Boşluğu senaryosuyla benzer özellikler taşıyan Türkiye Sineması yapımı 4 film örnek olarak incelenmiş, bu filmlerde anlatının nasıl kurulduğu araştırılmıştır. Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar filmi 2000 öncesi öncü film olarak ele alınmış, Türkiye Sineması'nda çocuk tanıklığı açısından açtığı yol gösterilmiştir. Tezin son kısmında 2000 sonrası 3 yapım, Babam ve Oğlum, Min Dît, Rauf çocuk bakış açısına getirdikleri farklı yaklaşımlar üzerinden örnek olarak kullanılmış, anlatılarında çocuk karakterleri işleyişleri analiz edilmiştir.In this study, the role of political cinema in remembering the past examined, and in particular, the films with 'child witnessing' in Turkish political cinema are analyzed. In addition, it has been looked at how similar perspectives have developed in world cinema, by analyzing the examples from different countries. Specifically, four films produced by Turkish Cinema, which have similar features to the scenario of the Apartman Boşluğu, which is the base of this study, were examined, and how the narrative was constructed in these films was investigated. Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar is analyzed as a pioneering movie before 2000, and the ways it opened up in terms of a child witnessing in Turkish Cinema were shown. In the last part of the thesis, three films after 2000, Babam ve Oğlum, Min Dît, and Rauf, were used as examples of the different approaches they brought to a child point of view films, and the perspectives they established in their narratives through the child characters were shown
Social Media and the Spectacle of the Maternal Identity: a Research on Instagram
No full textSocial roles and judgements influence the way people perceive and spectacle their identities. Social media is a digital space for people's identity spectacle. Instagram is a platform for sharing images more than text sharing. For this reason, Instagram is a convenient platform to examine identity spectacles in the context of the theory of the society of spectacle. Some of the high follower Instagramers represent themselves with maternal identity. In addition, mothers also interact with each other on Instagram. This interaction creates an area for social roles and judgments. Instagram user are women who have children; while spectacle their maternal identity, they can be influenced by accounts with high followers or each other. This research investigated these reflections in the following problematics: whether the identity of maternity is instrumentalized as a spectacle; or provides a field where women can express themselves digitally. This research aims to contribute to the literature and raise awareness about the use of social media. The problem of the research is "How does following maternity-related Instagram accounts influence how women with children perceive and spectacle their identities as mothers?". The study targets Instagram user women with at least one child – children must be under 18 years of age -. The data were obtained from the survey results conducted with random sampling and the in-depth interview with snowball sampling. The data obtained from the in-depth interviews were interpreted with content analysis in the results section. According to the research, it has been determined that social judgments reflected on Instagram create ideal and acceptable mother patterns. As a result, the way mothers perceive and spectacle their maternal identity is shaped in this context. It has been determined that this situation creates a difference between appearance and what is actually experienced, and the maternal identity is instrumentalized as a spectacle
Minimalist Legacies in Contemporary Art
No full text1960'larda ve 1970'lerde, minimalist sanatçılar modernist sanatın tanımına ve geleneğe aralıksız meydan okudular. Sanatı kurumsallıktan çıkarmak ve günlük yaşamla bütünleştirmek amacıyla sanat nesnesine izleyici katılımını sağlayan minimalistler, böylelikle sanat nesnesi ve izleyici arasında yeni bir etkileşim süreci başlattılar. Modern sanattan post-modern sanata geçiş olarak da tanımlayabileceğimiz bu süreç, sanat nesnesinin ontolojisi ve estetiğinin değişimine neden olmuştur. Geç modernist dönemin medyumlara özgü sanat biçimine karşı medyum-ötesi bir anlayış öne süren minimalist sanatçılar, sanat nesnesinin medyum kategorileri ile ilişkisini kesmiş ve 'üç boyutlu' sanatın ana ayrımlarından biri olan biçimci (formalist) geleneğin tersine, optik kaygılardan uzak durmuşlardır. Bu karşı duruş, mekân ile nesne arasındaki ilişkiye yeni bir ışık tutarak modern estetiğin özne odaklı düşünme biçimini, nesne odaklı bir düşünme biçimine çevirerek izleyiciyle deneyime içkin demokratik bir ilişki açığa çıkarmıştır. Bu ilişki, 1970 sonrası çağdaş sanatın bireysel pratiklerinde minimal nesnelerin eleştirel analizine olanak sağlayarak sanatın toplumsal uzama doğru genişlemesini mümkün kılmıştır. Bu tez çalışması, minimalizmin hem rafine ettiği hem de sonlandırdığı modernist sanatın kendi diyalektik ilişkisine odaklanarak, bu çeşitliliğin minimalizden sonra nasıl genişlediğini haritalandırmaya çalışır.In the 1960s and 1970s, minimalist artists relentlessly challenged the definition of modernist art and tradition. The minimalists initiated a new interaction process between the art object and the viewer to de-institutionalize art and integrate it into everyday life. This process, which we can also define as the transition from modern to post-modern art, has led to a change in the ontology and aesthetics of the art object. Asserting a post- medium understanding against the medium-specific art form of the late modernist period, minimalist artists severed the relationship of the art object with the medium. They avoided optical concerns, contrary to the formalist tradition, which is one of the main distinctions of three-dimensional art. This counter stance shed new light on the relationship between space and object, transforming the subject-oriented way of thinking of modern aesthetics into an object-oriented way of thinking, revealing a democratic relationship with the viewer immanent to the experience. This relationship enabled the critical analysis of minimal objects in the individual practices of post-1970s contemporary art, making it possible for art to expand into the social space. This thesis attempts to map the logic of how this diversity expanded after minimalism, focusing on the dialectical relationship of modernist art itself, which minimalism both refined and ended
Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Systems for Growing Industrial Parks
No full textKarli, Deniz/0000-0002-5639-0648; Isler Ardic, Zulal/0000-0003-1500-7670Wastewater treatment is one of the crucial functions of industrial parks as wastewater from industrial facilities usually contains toxic compounds that can cause damage to the environment. To control their environmental loads, industrial parks make investment decisions for wastewater treatment plants. For this, they need to consider technical and economic factors as well as future growth projections as substantial construction and operational costs of wastewater treatment plants have to be shared by all companies in an industrial park. In this paper, we consider the long-term capacity planning problem for wastewater treatment facilities of a stochastically growing industrial park. By explicitly modeling randomness in the arrival of new tenants and their random wastewater discharges, our model calculates the future mean and variance of wastewater flow in the industrial park. Mean and variance are used in a Mixed Integer Programming Model to optimize wastewater treatment plant selection over a long planning horizon (30 years). By fitting our first model to empirical data from an industrial park in Turkey, we find that considering the variance of wastewater load is critical for long-term planning. Also, we quantify the economic significance of lowering wastewater discharges which can be achieved by water recycling or interplant water exchange.Istanbul University Research Fund (BAP) [MAB-2019-34967]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [118M477]The study is funded partly by the Istanbul University Research Fund (BAP) through the project MAB-2019-34967 and partly by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with grant number 118M477.Science Citation Index Expande