VFAST - Virtual Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology (Pakistan)
Not a member yet
1255 research outputs found
Sort by
Design and Implementation of an Autonomous Car for Navigation in Unknown Enviornments
No full textThe paper describes the design and development of an intelligent autonomous vehicle that can navigate without human operator in unknown environments. We have interfaced to AT89C52 microcontroller with the ultrasonic sensors and GPS receiver for easy access to the destination by avoiding the obstacles in its way at low level. A camera is interfaced to pc for lanes’ identification and road following task at higher level. The designed vehicle has modular structure and more modules can be added without much complexity. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design
Analytical solution of an SEIV epidemic model by Homotopy Perturbation method
Full text linkIn this paper, we consider an SEIV epidemic model which represents the interection of infected and susceptible individuals in the population through horizontal transmission. We find the analytical solution of the proposed model by Homotopy perturbation method which is one of the best method for finding the solution of the nonlinear problem. By using this techniques, first, we solve the problem analytically and then compare the numerical results with other standards methods. We also justfy the numerical simulation and their results. Mostly nonlinear problem have upon some difficulties, and their solution is some time difficult to obtain. However, this techniques help us to obtain their approximate as well as analytical solution just after few perturbation terms
The Issue Of Compromise In Capital Punishment And The Penalty Of Robbery: A Review
Full text linkNo doubt, Islam is the religion of peace and tranquility. Its method of preaching is very much convincing and it is very much commonly believed that Islam is the natural voice and desire of each human being. So this is an undeniable reality that its effective preaching can establish a peaceful atmosphere on the earth. The people who are the torch bearers of preaching peace and tranquility are very much admired by Allah the Almighty. While on the contrary Allah dislikes those people who spread disturbance and create a mess in the environment. First of all such people are ordained by Allah to be brought round through preaching and convincing, but if they do not comply with, a different attitude has to be adopted against them .The Islamic Shari`ah tell us how can that procedure would be carried out against these people. Also how can that loss will be compensated and how the society shall be saved from such like effects caused by them? All questions like this and so many others, besides literal meanings of the terms, "Qisas" and “Muharaba” its kinds its terms and conditions, are to be discussed in the article under reference
RECONQUESTA: THE MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN CONFLICT IN SPAIN
Full text link“Reconquesta” was the continuous struggle of the Christians of Spain against the Muslims throughout the Muslim rule there from 711 to 1492. In this struggle various dynasties of Northern Spain like Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre and others got united but also got support of the Christian rulers of France. Earlier they were not so powerful to drive the Muslims out the peninsula but later, with the passage of time, they strengthened their power and succeeded in establishing their rule especially in Northern part of Spain. As a result of their increasing power and civil wars among the Muslims Yusuf bin Tashfin, the ruler of North Africa had to come to Spain and establish the Murabit dynasty there after defeating the Christian forces. During the rule of the Muwahhids there these Christians again became very powerful that resulted in the conquest of Muslim dominant areas by their unified power. The Muslim glory in the country ended after the defeat of Muwahhid ruler, Muhammad al- Nasir in 1212 at Las Nawas de Tolsa by the joint army of the Christian states led by Alfonso VIII. After the downfall of Muwahhid rule there remained no Muslim control over Iberian Peninsula except at Granada and some petty Muslim principalities like Cordova, Murcia, Valencia and Seville. These Muslim principalities, after one another, went under the Christian control by 1260.The Nasrid rule remains in existence from 1232 till1492. Many rulers of Nasrid state tried their best to defend their territory and develop their dominant areas during their rule. Unfortunately these Nasrids proved to be very weak before the unified power of Castile and Aragon. As a result they had to pay tribute to Castile. The final blow to the Nasrid rule took place after the marriage of Ferdinand, the prince of Aragon and Isabella, the princes of Castile in 1469. The last Nasrid rulers could not resist before the continuous pressure and attacks of the unified power of Castile and Aragon and with this the Muslim rule over Spain finally came to an end
British Colonialism in Qajarid Iran and its Impact on Islam and Muslim
Full text linkWith the advent of Islam and Islamization of Iran, it remained united under the Pious, Umayyad and early Abbasid Caliphate. With the disintegration of the Muslim World many dynasties and petty principalities were established in Iran. Finally it got completely unified by the founder of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 under Shi’ism and Iran obtained a separate identity. This unification continued under Qajar (1779 – 1925), Pahlavid (1925 – 1979) and the modern rule, started in 1979, known as “Islamic Republic of Iran”. As it was the period of western colonization and various Muslim countries came under European powers, Iran also came under the influence of these foreign powers especially the British and the Russians. While the Qajars were ruling Iran these countries not only put their impact on it and its people but also interfered the affairs of the country, got various concession and exploited its resources. It’s worth mentioning that Britain always played a diplomatic role in Iran by signing treaties to get more and more concessions. On the other hand, Russia being a neighbour of Iran many times adopted the aggressive policy and conquered its various areas in Central Asia. Nasir al- Din Shah was able than others but the influence of Britain and Russia increased over Iran during his regime. It is worthy to mention that Britain, despite of disobeying the agreements at several times, got more concessions than Russia. The concessions included the construction of telegraph from London to India through Iran in 1870, the building of railways in 1872, the control over the mines in 1872, the establishment of Imperial Bank of Persia in 1889, the payments received from custom and excise duties, the monopoly over tobacco in 1890, the Oil concessions in 1901 and others. This may also be termed as “The British Imperialism” in Iran. These concessions and imperialism created unrest among the Iranians as they directly affected the people. As a result many movements started against the Qajars. The tobacco and the constitutional movements are of importance. Under the pressure of the constitutionalists an assembly called ‘Majlis’ was formed in 1906 having the representation of all sections of the society. This ‘Majlis’ not only curbed the powers of the then Qajari ruler, Muzaffar al- Din Shah but also passed the laws in the interest of the country. Though the constitution movement ended in 1910, it paved the way for the establishment of Pahlavid dynasty in 1925 and later for the Islamic revolution of 1979