Revistas UPO (Universidad Pablo de Olivade)
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Completing the Euro: The Euro Treasury and the Job Guarantee
Get PDFThe problems with the design of the Eurozone came into focus when, late in 2009, several member nations – notably Greece – failed to refinance their government debt. The crisis that followed was not entirely a surprise. When the Euro was launched in 1999, many economists warned that the single currency was unworkable. Even Eurozone optimists argued that the Euro project would eventually need to be completed. More than 10 years after the crisis, unemployment rates remain elevated and continuing to threaten the social, political and economic stability of the Eurozone. The institutional constraints of the single currency however preclude bold action to address these challenges. In this paper, we suggest that tackling the twin problems of the Eurozone – its institutional flaws and mass unemployment – could be addressed by creating a Euro Treasury that would finance a Job Guarantee program, which would eliminate mass unemployment, enhance price stability, and foster social and economic integration across Europe.The problems with the design of the Eurozone came into focus when, late in 2009, several member nations – notably Greece – failed to refinance their government debt. The crisis that followed was not entirely a surprise. When the Euro was launched in 1999, many economists warned that the single currency was unworkable. Even Eurozone optimists argued that the Euro project would eventually need to be completed. More than 10 years after the crisis, unemployment rates remain elevated and continuing to threaten the social, political and economic stability of the Eurozone. The institutional constraints of the single currency however preclude bold action to address these challenges. In this paper, we suggest that tackling the twin problems of the Eurozone – its institutional flaws and mass unemployment – could be addressed by creating a Euro Treasury that would finance a Job Guarantee program, which would eliminate mass unemployment, enhance price stability, and foster social and economic integration across Europe
La planificación en la política económica del siglo XXI. Esbozo de una alternativa viable.
Get PDFThe beginning of the 21st century has been characterized by the eclosion of two crises, the financial crisis of 2008 and the health crisis of 2020, which have introduced serious limits to the maintenance of the economic growth model that appeared in the 1980s. The new economic conditions demand a new type of economy. This article aims to approach the characteristics of a new economic policy structure, which could be pinned down from a critical point of view.In the new situation of uncertainty and of a future conditioned by innovation, a new dimension of economic policy can be planning and, in particular, of an indicative type. This article outlines a new type of planning adapted to the new conditions of the 21st century. For its configuration, real experiences have been used as references, such as those carried out previously in different European countries in the 20th century, but the current Chinese perspective has also been taken into account. At the same time, the theoretical-practical ideas of Mariana Mazucatto, John K. Galbraith or the situational planning approach of Carlos Matus have been explicitly considered.A change in economic policy-making, both in its content and in its structure, is essential in the countries that were once called developed, if they intend to maintain their level of economic activity and the living conditions of their populations. Not addressing such changes will mean an economic crisis in those countries that will negatively consolidate their conditions in the 21st century.El inicio del siglo XXI se ha caracterizado por la aparición de dos crisis, la financiera de 2008 y la sanitaria de 2020, que han introducido serios límites al mantenimiento del modelo de crecimiento económico aparecido en los años 80. Las nuevas condiciones económicas exigen una política económica de nuevo cuño. En este artículo se pretende atisbar las características de una nueva estructura de política económica, que podría apuntarse desde un punto de vista crítico.En las nuevas condiciones de incertidumbre y de mediatización del futuro por la innovación, una dimensión novedosa de la política económica puede ser la planificación y, en particular, una de tipo indicativo. En este artículo se esboza un nuevo tipo de planificación adaptada a las nuevas condiciones del siglo XXI. Para su configuración se han utilizado como referencias experiencias reales, como las realizadas con anterioridad en distintos países europeos, pero también se ha tenido presente la perspectiva actual china. Al mismo tiempo, se han considerado explícitamente las teóricas-prácticas de Mariana Mazucatto, John K. Galbraith o el enfoque de la planificación situacional de Carlos Matus.Un cambio en la política económica, tanto en sus contenidos como en su estructuración, es imprescindible en los países que antaño se denominaron desarrollados, si es que pretenden mantener su nivel de actividad económica y las condiciones de vida de sus poblaciones. No abordar tales cambios supondrá una crisis económica en esos países que consolidará negativamente sus condiciones en el siglo XXI
Resultados, demoras y retos en psicología económica
Get PDFThe article deals with the state of the art of economic psychology, also known as behavioural economics. After a brief review of the foundations of economic decision theory and the two main research programs, it discusses the consolidated results of the discipline (especially the effectiveness of heuristics), the aspects that need to be improved (such as the definition of the contexts most favourable to the various heuristics) and the remaining challenges, especially the incorporation of uncertainty.El artículo aborda el actual estado de la cuestión en psicología económica, o también economía del comportamiento. Tras un breve repaso de las bases de la teoría de la decisión económica y los dos principales programas de investigación, se abordan los resultados consolidados de la disciplina (especialmente la eficacia de las heurísticas), los aspectos que requieren ser mejorados (como la definición de los contextos más propicios a las diversas heurísticas) y los retos pendientes, especialmente la incorporación de la incertidumbre
Los organismos económicos internacionales como reguladores de la economía mundial y como agentes de la globalización
Get PDFThe international organizations created in Bretton Woods, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, in 1944, which were joined years later, in 1947, by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), have constituted the triad that have regulated economic relations between countries of the capitalist world. The international regulation that began to operate in the postwar period was a novelty, since in the past there had not been any type of organization of these characteristics.The role of these institutions has changed over time because of changes in the global economy. Two stages can be distinguished: the first that goes from the end of the Second World War until the seventies, and the second between the seventies and the present. Although in this second phase there have been changes of great importance that led to a subdivision. The most relevant changes have been the fall of real socialism, and the emergence of China as a great world economic power, which modify the geopolitical and economic map. It is, therefore, a question of analysing this new phase – marked in turn by the Great Recession and the pandemic – and the role played by the triad, as drivers of globalization, sustained by neoliberal thinking and hegemonized by finance, as well as in the changes that are taking place, especially in the new forms of imperialism that are emerging.Los organismos internacionales creados en Bretton Woods, Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), y Banco Mundial, en 1944, a los que se unió años más tarde, en 1947, el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT), han constituido la triada que han regulado las relaciones económicas entre países del mundo capitalista. La regulación internacional que comenzó a funcionar en la posguerra fue una novedad, pues en el pasado no había existido ningún tipo de organización de estas características.La función de estas instituciones ha variado con el paso del tiempo, como consecuencia de los cambios que se han dado en la economía mundial. Se pueden distinguir dos etapas: la primera que va desde el fin de la segunda guerra mundial hasta la década de los setenta, y la segunda comprendida entre los años setenta y la actualidad. Si bien en esta segunda fase se han dado cambios de gran importancia que conducen a una subdivisión. Los cambios más relevantes han sido, la caída del socialismo real, y el surgimiento de China como gran potencia económica mundial, que modifican el mapa geopolítico y económico. Se trata, por tanto, de analizar esta nueva fase-marcada a su vez por la Gran Recesión y la pandemia- y el papel desempeñado por la triada, como impulsores de la globalización, sustentada en el pensamiento neoliberal y hegemonizada por las finanzas, así como en los cambios que se están produciendo, sobre todo en las nuevas formas de imperialismo que están surgiendo
La reforma de la Ley de tratados como respuesta legislativa a la petición del Tribunal Supremo de regular internamente los dictámenes de los órganos de tratados de derechos humanos
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to analyze the main rulings of the Spanish Supreme Court which examine the reception of individual communications issued by the Human Rights Committees against Spain. The lack of a specific legal path for responding to his decisions, in which a human rights violation is declared, is confirmed in all the reviewed rulings. Thus, this article wants to contribute to this important debate by proposing a modification of the rules.El articulo tiene por objeto analizar las principales sentencias del Tribunal Supremo en las que se examina la recepción en el ordenamiento jurídico español de las resoluciones de los Comités de derechos humanos cuando resuelven comunicaciones individuales. En todas las sentencias se constata la inexistencia de un cauce jurídico específico para responder ante aquellas decisiones en las que se declaran violaciones de derechos humanos. Este trabajo se propone contribuir a este interesante debate a través de una propuesta de modificación normativa
La revolución industrial 4.0 frente al modelo constitucional de seguridad social
Get PDFIn response to the forecasts of various international organizations, the technological change sponsored by the incorporation of digital technologies into production systems has begun a process called to radically transform the general structure of employment in industrialized societies. This paper tries to link the industrialization 4.0 processes with the constitutional Social Security model in Spain. For this purpose, different evolution scenarios of industrialization 4.0 and social protection system are reviewed, without forgetting the parameters established by the constitutional Court that has occurred to date.En atención a las previsiones de diversos organismos internacionales, el cambio tecnológico auspiciado por la incorporación de tecnologías digitales a los sistemas de producción ha comenzado un proceso llamado a transformar de manera radical la estructura general del empleo en las sociedades industrializadas. El presente trabajo trata de vincular los procesos de industrialización 4.0 respecto del modelo constitucional de Seguridad Social español. Para ello se revisan distintos escenarios de evolución de la industrialización 4.0 con el objetivo de establecer hipótesis en la evolución del sistema de Seguridad Social derivadas de dichas transformaciones, teniendo en cuenta que, dichas transformaciones también deben atender a los parámetros establecidos por la jurisprudencia constitucional sobre el modelo constitucional de Seguridad Social acaecida hasta la fecha
O papel e identidade das universidades católicas no Brasil à luz do Concilio Vaticano II
Get PDFThe Second Vatican Council (1962 - 1965) made the Church rethink its understanding of its place in the modern world. This research aims to point out the role and identity of Catholic universities in Brazil in the light of the Second Vatican Council. To this end, the research went through three phases: The documentary analysis of Vatican II documents, seeking to point out the discourse on Catholic schools and universities; revision of the guidelines, pronouncements and documents of the Congregation for Catholic Education for Catholic schools and universities; and finally how this set of norms and general guidelines were received and converted into specific guidelines of the Church in Brazil. Researchers contributed to the presentation of the object of this research as (Jardilino, 2003) on the taxonomy of higher education in Brazil; (Esquivel, 2007) which presents the social composition of CNBB and CEA; and others like (Trigueiro, 2000) and (Arduini, 2017). The open question, and the history of the present time, reveals new elements to the identity of the Catholic university in Brazil, with Pope Francis' very current apostolic Constitution Veritatis gaudium that signals this university as the “providential cultural laboratory” capable of reading and interpreting our reality in the “fast running of time” of our present time.O Concílio Vaticano II (1962 – 1965) fez a Igreja repensar a compreensão do seu lugar no mundo moderno. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apontar o papel e identidade das universidades católicas no Brasil à luz do Concílio Vaticano II. Para tanto, a pesquisa passou três fases: A análise documental dos documentos do Vaticano II, buscando apontar o discurso sobre as escolas e as universidades católicas; revisão das orientações, pronunciamentos e documentos da Congregação para a Educação Católica (CEC) para as escolas e universidades católicas; e por fim como este conjunto normativo e de diretrizes gerais foram recepcionados e convertidos em diretrizes específicas da Igreja no Brasil. Pesquisadores contribuíram na apresentação do objeto desta pesquisa como (Jardilino, 2003) sobre a taxionomia do ensino superior no Brasil; (Esquivel, 2007) que apresenta a composição social da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) e da Conferência Episcopal da Argentina (CEA); e outros como (Trigueiro, 2000) e (Arduini, 2017). A questão em aberto, e a história do tempo presente evidencia novos elementos à identidade da universidade católica no Brasil, com a atualíssima Constituição Apostólica Veritatis gaudium do Papa Francisco que sinaliza esta universidade como o “providencial laboratório cultural” capaz de ler e interpretar a nossa realidade no “correr veloz do tempo” de nosso tempo presente
Del resistir al re-existir: : El caso del Consejo regional indígena del Cauca
Get PDFThe Consejo Regional Indigena del Cauca has developed a social mobilization for more than 50 years, however, insufficient concepts have been used from the academy to understand the multiple social fields where social actions take place. Thus, this work intends to reflect on the main characteristics of said organization with the intention of strengthening the concept of re-existence in theoretical and methodological terms, whose academic use can offer an alternative to analyze the sociological complexity that the indigenous social movement means.El Consejo Regional Indigena del Cauca ha desarrollado una movilización social durante más de 50 años. No obstante, desde la academia se han usando conceptos insuficientes para entender los múltiples campos sociales donde las acciones sociales se desarrollan. Así, este trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre las principales características de dicha organización con la intención de fortalecer el concepto de re-existencia en términos teóricos y metodológicos, cuyo uso académico puede ofrecer una alternativa para analizar la complejidad sociológica que significa el movimiento social indígena
Production of pigments for the textile industry from Monascus purpureus and Arthospira platensis.
Get PDFTextiles dyeing in the textile industry involves significant energy and water consumption, as well as the use of contaminating compounds, which makes it an unsustainable practice. In response to this concern, the idea of returning to natural and non-synthetic dye production, specifically from microbial sources, has emerged [1]. In the present work, we used the fungus Monascus purpureus (which grows on rice and other residues from the agri-food industry) and the cyanobacterium Arthospira platensis (which proliferates in aquatic environments) for pigment production. To achieve this objective, the growing conditions for these two species were optimized using different culture media. Additionally, the extraction of target pigments was fine-tuned employing different concentrations of organic solvent and the freezing-thawing method [2]. Two dye solutions were obtained – one with a reddish hue from to M. purpureus monascorubins, and another with a greenish-blue tint from A. platensis, rich in phycocyanins. A dyeing test on cotton and wool fibers was conducted using different mordants [3]. This study aims to provide a starting point for the eco-friendly industrial-scale production of these dyes, taking into consideration market needs and environmental concerns