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Özgün yöntemler ile perovskit ince filmlerin imalatı ve karakterizasyonu
No full textThesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Photonics, Izmir, 2020Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 61-71)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishPerovskite photovoltaics is a promising technology due to its low-cost fabrication and high efficiency. Since their first demonstration in 2009, efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) increased unprecedently fast from 3.81% to 25.2% in 10 years. The most common method for the deposition of the absorber layer of the perovskite solar cells is the spin-coating method, which is not a scalable method, and this method is an obstacle to their commercialization. Efficiencies obtained with scalable methods are currently lower than that of the spin-coating method. In this thesis, among the scalable deposition methods, a novel ultrasonic spray-coating was used by adding antisolvent vapor to the system. The antisolvent quenching technique, that is commonly used to improve the crystalline quality of the film by spin-coating was successfully adapted for ultrasonic spray coating. The interaction between diethyl ether (DE) vapor, which is used as an antisolvent, and MAPb(I(3-x)Brx)3 precursor solution (where the solvent is DMF:DMSO, 4:1) was utilized to improve the crystalline quality of the perovskite film. As a result of this interaction, the intermediate phase was observed. The transition to the intermediate phase is supported by data from characterization methods such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and current-voltage measurement. Furthermore, n-i-p devices with the FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/MAPb(I(1-x)Brx)3/Spiro-OMeTAD architecture were produced with different antisolvent vapors and their efficiencies was compared. It was observed that devices using DE vapor reach higher efficiencies than devices without any antisolvent vapor.Perovskit fotovoltaikler düşük maliyetli üretimi ve yüksek verimlilikleri nedeniyle umut verici bir teknolojidir. 2009'daki ilk gösterimlerinden bu yana perovskite güneş pillerinin verimliliği 10 yılda %3.81'den %25.2'ye görülmemiş bir hızla ulaşmıştır. Perovskit güneş pillerinin emici tabakasının biriktirilmesi için kullanılan en yaygın yöntem dönel kaplamadır. Ölçeklenebilir bir yöntem olmayan dönel kaplama ile üretilen perovskit güneş pilleri ticarileşememektedir. Bu tezde ölçeklenebilir bir metot olan ultrasonik sprey ile kaplama yöntemi, sisteme antisolvent buharı dahil edilerek kullanılmıştır. Dönel kaplama ile perovskit ince filmlerdeki kristal kalitesini artırmak amacıyla kullanılan antisolvent sönümleme tekniği ultrasonik sprey kaplama ile başarıya ulaşmıştır. Antisolvent olarak kullanılan dietil eter (DE) buharı ve hacmen 4:1 oranındaki DMF:DMSO solventlerinin içinde bulunan MAPb(I(1-x)Brx)3 öncül solüsyonunun etkileşimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu etkileşim sonucunda ara faz gözlemlenmiştir. Ara faza geçiş, optik mikroskopi, tarayıcı elektron mikroskopisi (SEM), X-Işını Kırınımı (XRD) ve akım- gerilim ölçümleri ile karakterize edilmiş ve bu karakterizasyon yöntemlerinden elde edilen verilerle desteklenmiştir. FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/MAPb(I(1-x)Brx)3/Spiro-OMeTAD mimarisine sahip n-i-p cihazlar farklı antisolvent buharlarıyla üretilmiş ve verimleri kendi aralarında karşılaştırılmıştır. DE buharı uygulanan cihazların herhangi bir antisolvent buharı uygulanmayan cihazlara nazaran daha yüksek verimlere ulaştığı görülmüştür
Eksozomların tayini için plazmonik biyosensör geliştirilmesi
No full textThesis (Doctoral)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering, Izmir, 2020Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 70-87)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishThe aim of this work was to develop Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) surfaces for quantitative detection of exosomes from different sources. For this aim, gold nanorods (AuNRs) with a mean diameter of 40 nm with an aspect ratio of 2.9 were first synthesized and characterized. The self-assembly of AuNRs on glass wafers were optimized through several experiments. In parallel, PEGylation of cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) stabilized AuNRs was investigated using PEGs with three different molecular weights via LSPR, zeta potential and XPS techniques. PEGylated AuNRs were further self-assembled on silanized microscope slides as confirmed. Surface functionalization of AuNR patterned slides was performed using alkane thiol molecules having carboxylic acid and hydroxyl functional groups and confirmed via XPS, FTIR and zeta potential. Specific antibodies (Ab) were conjugated to the surface following two different methods, i.e. click and NHS/EDC chemistry. To perform click chemistry strategy, ImmuneLink® molecules were conjugated with Abs and the final conjugate was used to functionalize surfaces prepared beforehand using azide bearing molecules. The functionalization procedure was confirmed via XPS FTIR and LSPR spectroscopy. The orientation of the antibodies on the AuNRs patterned surfaces was investigated with LSPR in comparison with conventional EDC/NHS chemistry. The click-chemistry strategy proved to provide conjugation of antibodies through their Fc regions exposing Fab regions better for antigen recognition. Finally, surfaces functionalized with a variety of antibodies were used to detect first a pregnancy-associated protein, PLAP, and then exosomes obtained from human semen samples with pre-determined exosome concentrations. The LoD of the biosensor surfaces was found to be between 103-104 exosomes/mL and 5 ng/mL (0.3 pM) PLAP. Human breast cancer cell culture samples having an unknown concentration of exosomes were further analyzed using the newly developed LSPR biochips and the exosome concentration was determined as 108 exosomes/mL for MCF-7 cell line and 107 exosomes/mL for MDA-MB-231 cell line.Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı kaynaklardan eksozom tespiti için lokalize yüzey plazmon rezonans (LSPR) yüzeyleri geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla, ortalama 40 nm çapında 2.9'luk en-boy oranına sahip altın nanoçubuklar sentezlenmiş ve karakterizasyonları tamamlanmıştır. Ardından, altın nanoçubukların cam yüzeyler üzerinde kendiliğinden organizasyonları çeşitli deneyler ile optimize edilmiştir. Paralelinde, CTAB stabilize altın nanoçubukların üç farklı molekül ağırlığındaki PEGler ile PEGilasyonu ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve altın nanoçubukların PEGilasyonu için optimum koşullar LSPR, yüzey yükü testi ve XPS kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. PEGilasyona uğramış altın nanoçubukların silanlanmış mikroskop lamları üzerinde kendiliğinden organizasyonu sağlanmış ve sonuçlar LSPR, XPS ve yüzey yükü testi ile onaylanmıştır. Altın nanoçubukların yüzey fonksiyonelleştirmesi, fonksiyonel karboksilik asit ve hidroksi gruplarını içeren aynı zamanda tiyol bağlı küçük alkan tiyol molekülleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir ve bu, XPS, FTIR ve yüzey yükü testi ile doğrulanmıştır. İlgili spesifik antibodiler EDC/NHS kimyası ve klik kimyası kullanılarak yüzeylere bağlanmıştır. Klik kimyası için, ImmuneLink ® molekülü spesifik antibodiler ile konjuge edilmiş ve bu konjugatlar önceden azid ile fonksiyonelleştirilmiş yüzeylere bağlanmıştır. Bu fonksiyonelleştirme XPS, LSPR ve FTIR ile gösterilmiştir. Altın nanoçubuk desenine sahip yüzeyler üzerindeki antibodilerin oryantasyonu, EDC/NHS kimyası ile fonksiyonelleştirilmiş yüzeylerle karşılaştırılarak LSPR ile kontrol edilmiştir. Klik kimyası ile hazırlanmış yüzeylerde antibodilerin Fc bölgelerinden bağlanma sağlayarak antijen tanımaya yönelik Fab bölgelerini açıkta bırakacak şekilde oryantasyon sağladığı kanıtlanmıştır. Son olarak yüzeyler farklı antibodiler ile modifiye edilerek, hamilelik sırasında ortaya çıkan protein, PLAP, ve konsantrasyonu önceden belirlenmiş olan insan sperm eksozomları ile kullanılmıştır. Yüzeylerin eksozom tanıma limiti 103 -104 eksozom/mL ve 5 ng/mL (58 pM) PLAP protein cevabı olarak bulunmuştur. Hazırlanan LSPR biyoçipler, bilinmeyen eksozom konsantrasyonundaki insan meme kanseri hücre hatları kullanılarak test edilmiş ve eksozom konsantrasyonları MCF-7 hücre hattı için 108 eksozom/mL ve MDA-MB-231 hücre hattı için 107 eksozom/mL olarak bulunmuştur.NIH grants NIBIB P41 EB002027 and NIH Grant# 61-1140 (Placentomics
Nörominidaz 1 ve gm3 sentaz enzimlerinin glikolipit metabolizmasındaki birleşik biyolojik rolünün araştırılması
No full textThesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, 2020Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 128-142)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishGangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, and commonly expressed in nervous system. GM3 Synthase is responsible for production of GM3 ganglioside known as precursor of a- and b- series gangliosides. Sialidases catalyze removing of sialic acid residues from sialoglycoconjugates and classified based on subcellular localization. Lysosomal Neu1 sialidase is responsible for catabolism of glycolipids, glycoproteins and oligosaccharides. Mutations of lysosomal Neu1 sialidase cause sialidosis and Neu1-/- mice mimic symptoms seen in patients. Glycosphingolipid accumulation in visceral organs of sialidosis patients was notified previously, and it was also reported the GM3 ganglioside as substrate of lysosomal sialidase in vitro. However, effect of Neu1 sialidase in the case of complex ganglioside deficiency in brain remains unclear. In the concept of research, we aimed to understand biological role of lysosomal Neu1 sialidase alone and combined with GM3S in ganglioside metabolism in vivo. In accordance with this purpose, cortex, cerebellum and thalamus tissues of 2- and 5-month old Neu1-/-GM3S-/-, Neu1-/- and GM3S-/- mice were compared with age-matched control group using molecular biological, histological, immunohistochemistry and behavioral analyses. Alterations in ganglioside metabolism, oligosaccharide pattern and cellular processes (ER-oxidative stress, apoptosis), structural abnormalities, glycoconjugate accumulation, loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes in addition to age dependent behavioral impairments in motor function, memory and muscle strength were demonstrated in single and double knock-out mice. In regard of these results, we have concluded that altered glycosphingolipid metabolism with accumulated secondary metabolites like oligosaccharides affect cellular processes and brain pathology resulting in behavioral abnormalities in age dependent and region specific manner.Gangliositler, sinir sisteminde yaygın olarak ifade edilen sialik asit içeren glikosifingolipitlerdir. GM3 Synthase a- ve b-serisi gangliositlerin üretimi için öncü olan GM3 gangliositinin üretiminden sorumludur. Sialidazlar, sialoglikokonjugatlardan sialik asit kalıntılarının uzaklaştırılmasını katalizlerler ve hücresel lokalizasyonlarına göre sınıflandırırlar. Lizozomal Neu1 sialidaz glikolipit, glikoprotein ve oligosakkaritlerin katabolizmasından sorumludur. Neu1 sialidaz mutasyonları, sialidoz hastalığına sebep olur ve Neu1 enzim eksikliğine sahip fareler hastalarda görülen semptomları taklit eder. Hastaların Neu1 sialidaz eksikliğine bağlı olarak iç organlarında glikosfingolipit birikimi önceki çalışmalarda gösterilmiş ve in vitro olarak lizozomal sialidaz substratının GM3 gangliositi olduğu bildirilmiştir. Fakat Neu1 sialidazının beyinde kompleks gangliositlerin eksikliğindeki rolü bilinmemektedir. Bu araştırmamız kapsamında, lizozomal Neu1 sialidazın tek başına ve GM3S ile birlikte beyindeki glikosfingolipit metabolizması üzerindeki biyolojik etkisini in vivo olarak anlamayı amaçladık. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 2 ve 5 aylık Neu1-/-GM3S-/-, Neu1-/- ve GM3S-/- fare gruplarının korteks, beyincik ve talamus dokuları yaş eşleniği kontrol grubu ile moleküler biyolojik, histolojik, immunohistokimyasal ve davranış deneyleri yapılarak karşılaştırıldı. Glikolipit metabolizması, oligosakkarit paterni, hücresel süreçlerdeki (ER-oksidatif stres ve apoptoz) değişimler, yapısal bozukluklar, glikokonjügat birikimi, nöron ve oligodendrosit sayılarında azalma ve bunlara ek olarak motor fonksiyonunda, hafıza ve kas gücünde hasarlar gibi yaşa bağlı davranışsal bozukluklar tek ve çift gen eksikliğine sahip fare modellerinde gösterilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, glikolipit metabolizmasındaki değişiklikler ile birlikte oligosakkarit gibi sekonder metabolitlerin birikimi yaşa ve bölgeye bağlı çeşitli hücresel süreçleri ve beyin patolojisini etkileyip davranışsal bozukluklara sebep olduğu gösterilmiştir.TUBITAK (117Z259
Hybrid J-Aggregate-Graphene Phototransistor
No full textUzlu, Burkay/0000-0001-6776-8901; Kocabas, Coskun/0000-0003-0831-5552; BALCI, SINAN/0000-0002-9809-8688; Yakar, Ozan/0000-0003-1679-8750J-aggregates are fantastic self-assembled chromophores with a very narrow and extremely sharp absorbance band in the visible and near-infrared spectrum, and hence they have found many exciting applications in nonlinear optics, sensing, optical devices, photography, and lasing. In silver halide photography, for example, they have enormously improved the spectral sensitivity of photographic process due to their fast and coherent energy migration ability. On the other hand, graphene, consisting of single layer of carbon atoms forming a hexagonal lattice, has a very low absorption coefficient. Inspired by the fact that J-aggregates have carried the role to sense the incident light in silver halide photography, we would like to use Jaggregates to increase spectral sensitivity of graphene in the visible spectrum. Nevertheless, it has been an outstanding challenge to place isolated J-aggregate films on graphene to extensively study interaction between them. We herein noncovalently fabricate isolated J-aggregate thin films on graphene by using a thin film fabrication technique we termed here membrane casting (MC). MC significantly simplifies thin film formation of water-soluble substances on any surface via porous polymer membrane. Therefore, we reversibly modulate the Dirac point of graphene in the J-aggregate/graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure and demonstrate an all-carbon phototransistor gated by visible light. Owing to the hole transfer from excited excitonic thin film to graphene layer, graphene is hole-doped. In addition, spectral and power responses of the all-carbon phototransistor have been measured by using a tunable laser in the visible spectrum. The first integration of J-aggregates with graphene in a transistor structure enables one to reversibly write and erase charge doping in graphene with visible light that paves the way for using J-aggregate/graphene vdW heterostructures in optoelectronic applications.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [117F172, 118F066]This work has been supported by grants (117F172 and 118F066) from the TUBITAK
Hipofiz tümörü ameliyatı için güvenlik özellikleri temel alınarak robot yardımlı bir minimal invaziv ameliyat sistemi tasarımı
No full textThesis (Doctoral)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Izmir, 2020Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 210-225)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishThe study is on the designing a robot assisted endonasal endoscopic surgical system; NeuRoboScope, the pituitary tumor resection surgery system. This system comprises a passive and an active arm. The passive arm positions the active arm in the surgery zone while the active arm assists the surgeon by positioning the endoscope during the surgery. The focus of this thesis is the mechanical and control safety features that can be implemented in the system. The safety enhancement methods of robot assisted minimally invasive surgery systems are investigated. Among the seventeen robot assisted endoscope holders, sixteen of them have been implemented in pituitary tumor and sinus surgeries. Safety is the main criterion that advances the progress of these systems and places them in operation rooms. Accordingly, two optimization procedures have been applied during the design of the NeuRoboScope system that have a direct effect on the suggested safety features. A novel optimization technique is proposed by employing a redundancy resolution method. The most suitable fixing point of the passive arm and its first link length is optimized to achieve the maximum manipulability with restrictions imposed by a modified condition number index and impedance of the passive arm. The active arm's partial gravity compensation is studied. Three spiral springs are used as counter-springs as the most compact and lightweight partial gravity compensation method. Particle swarm optimization method is employed for the optimization of the design parameters: spiral spring stiffnesses and preload angles. Consequently, at least 66% of actuator loads are compensated.Bu çalışma bir yardımcı robotlu endonazal endoskopik ameliyat sistemi; NeuRoboScope, hipofiz bezi tümörü rezeksiyonu ameliyat system, tasarımı hakkındadır. Bu sistem bir pasif kol ve bir aktif koldan oluşmaktadır. Pasif kol aktif kolu ameliyat bölgesinde konumlandırırken aktif kol endoskopu ameliyat sırasında yönlendirerek cerraha yardımcı olur. Bu tezde söz konusu sistemde kullanılabilecek mekanik ve kontrol alanlarındaki güvenlik özelliklerine odaklanılmıştır. Robot yardımcılı minimal invaziv ameliyat sistemlerinin güvenliği artırıcı yöntemleri araştırılmıştır. Mevcut onyedi robot yardımcılı endoskop tutucu arasından onaltısı hipofiz bezi tümörü ve sinüs ameliyatlarında kullanılmıştır. Bu sistemlerin ilerleyip ameliyat odalarında yer bulmasında güvenlik en önemli kriterdir. Bu doğrultuda, NeuRoboScope sistemi için önerilen güvenlik özelliklerine doğrudan etkisi olan iki eniyileme yöntemi tasarım sırasında uygulanmıştır. Artıksıllık çözünümü yönetmini kullanan yeni bir eniyileme yöntemi önerildi. Pasif kolun bağlantı noktası konumu ve ilk uzvunun boyu en yüksek manipülabile edilebilirliğe ulşmak için, değiştirilmiş kondüsyon numarası ve pasif kolun empedans kısıtları gözetilerek, eniyilendi. Aktif kolun kısmi yerçekimi telafisi çalışıldı. En kompakt ve hafif kısmi yerçekimi yöntemi olarak üç adet spiral yay karşıt yay olarak kullanıldı. Partikül sürü eniyilemesi yöntemi kullanılarak tasarım parametreleri olan spiral yayın direngenliği ve öngerilme açısı eniyilendi. Sonuç olarak eyleyicilerin yükelerinin en az %66'sı telafi edildi.TUBITAK (EEEAG/115E726
Data-driven computational prediction and experimental realization of exotic perovskite-related polar magnets
No full textRational design of technologically important exotic perovskites is hampered by the insufficient geometrical descriptors and costly and extremely high-pressure synthesis, while the big-data driven compositional identification and precise prediction entangles full understanding of the possible polymorphs and complicated multidimensional calculations of the chemical and thermodynamic parameter space. Here we present a rapid systematic data-mining-driven approach to design exotic perovskites in a high-throughput and discovery speed of the A(2)BB'O-6 family as exemplified in A(3)TeO(6). The magnetoelectric polar magnet Co3TeO6, which is theoretically recognized and experimentally realized at 5 GPa from the six possible polymorphs, undergoes two magnetic transitions at 24 and 58 K and exhibits helical spin structure accompanied by magnetoelastic and magnetoelectric coupling. We expect the applied approach will accelerate the systematic and rapid discovery of new exotic perovskites in a high-throughput manner and can be extended to arbitrary applications in other families.National Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [NSFC-21875287, 21801253, 11804404]; Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams [2017ZT07C069]; Institutional Strategy of the University of Cologne within the German Excellence Initiative; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)German Research Foundation (DFG) [277146847 -SFB 1238]; DOEBESUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0012704]We gratefully acknowledge the discussion of the piezoresponse behavior with Professor X. S. Gao at South China Normal University. This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC-21875287, 21801253, and 11804404), the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams (2017ZT07C069), and The Institutional Strategy of the University of Cologne within the German Excellence Initiative and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - Projektnummer 277146847 -SFB 1238 (B02). The XANES work at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, NSLS-II was supported by the DOEBES (DE-SC0012704)
Ultrasound assisted extraction for the recovery of phenolic compounds from waste hazelnut shell
No full textHazelnut shell is the primary byproduct of hazelnut industry which has the potential source of antioxidants, and phenolics with interest of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. The main goal of this study is to determine effects of extraction method, extraction time, solvent type, solid to liquid ratio, and particle size on extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of waste hazelnut shell. The highest extraction yield was found as 15.4% by using methanol as solvent, in combined extraction for 16 h total extraction time. As for the best antioxidant capacity, 0.0508 mg TE mL-1 was observed by using methanol as a solvent in ultrasonic extraction, whereas the highest phenolic content was found as 0.188 mg GAE mL-1 by Soxhlet extraction with acetone for 8 h. After extraction of hazelnut shell waste, major components were found as oleic and palmitic acids for all solvent types according to GC-MS results
Kavitasyon çökmesiyle oluşan, yerçekimi etkisindeki serbest yüzeyli akışların asimtotik davranışı
No full textThesis (Doctoral)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Mathematics, Izmir, 2020Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 71-73)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishIn this thesis, the gravity driven potential flows that result from cavity collapse are studied. Initially, the collapse of a vertical cylindrical cavity of circular cross sections surrounded by a liquid region is examined for two different situations. In the first one the cavity has same depth as the fluid and in the second one the cavity starts from the free surface and has less depth than the fluid. The problem is formulated by using a small parameter that represents the short duration of the stage. The first problem, as the radius and the centre of the cavity approach infinity, reduces to the classical two-dimensional dam break problem solved by Korobkin and Yilmaz (2009). The singularity of the radial velocity at the bottom circle is shown to be of logarithmic type. In the second problem, where the cavity is less deep than the fluid, the flow region is separated into two regions: the interior one, which is underneath the cylindrical cavity and above the rigid bottom, and the exterior one, which is the rest of the flow. The corresponding new problems are solved separately and then the coefficients are found by applying the matching conditions at the interface, where the fluid radial velocities and pressures coincide. On the limiting case, the problem reduces to the two-dimensional dam break flow of two immiscible fluids by Yilmaz et al. (2013a). Singularity at the bottom circle of the cavity is observed, which is of the same type as in the latter paper. Next, a third problem studies the gravity driven flow caused by the collapse of a rectangular section of a vertical plate. During the early stage, the flow is described by the velocity potential. Attention is paid to determining the velocity potential and free surface shapes. The solution follows the Fourier series method in Renzi and Dias (2013) and the boundary element method in Yilmaz et al. (2013a). Singularity is observed at the side edges and lower edge of the rectangular section. The horizontal velocity of the initially vertical free surface along the vertical line of symmetry of the rectangle is the same to the one in the two-dimensional problem Korobkin and Yilmaz (2009). The singularities observed in these problems lead to the jet formation for the initial stage. The methods applied in these computations are expected to be helpful in the analysis of gravity-driven flow free surface shapes. This thesis is a contribution towards the 3-D generalizations of dam break problems.Bu tezde, kavitasyon çökmesi sonucu oluşan yer çekimine dayalı potansiyel akışlar incelenecektir. Başlangıçta, bir sıvı bölge ile çevrili ara kesiti dairesel olan bir dik silindirin kavitasyon çökmesi iki farklı durum için incelenir. İlk durumda, kavitasyon sıvı ile aynı derinliğe sahiptir ve ikinci durumda, kavitasyon serbest yüzeyden başlar ve sıvıdan daha az derinliğe sahiptir. Problem, kademenin kısa süresini temsil eden küçük bir parametre kullanılarak formüle edilir. Birinci problemde, kavitasyonun merkezi ile yarıçapı sonsuzluğa yaklaştığında, problemin Korobkin and Yilmaz (2009) tarafından çözülen klasik iki boyutlu baraj kırılma problemine dönüştüğünü göstereceğiz. Alttaki daire içindeki radyal hızın tekillik analizi logaritmik tipte olması bekleniyor. İki-nci problemde, kavitasyonun sıvıdan daha az derin olduğu yerde, akış bölgesi silindirik kavitasyonun altındaki iç bölge ve akışın geri kalanı olan dış bölge olmak üzere iki bölgeye ayrılır. İlgili yeni problemler ayrı ayrı çözülür ve daha sonra katsayılar, akışkan radyal hızlarının ve basınçlarının aynı olduğu arayüzde eşleştirilerek bulunur. Yarıçapın ve kavitasyonun merkezinin sonsuzluğa yaklaştığı sınırlayıcı durumda, problem Yilmaz et al. (2013a) tarafından iki karışmaz sıvının iki boyutlu baraj kırılma akışına indirgenir. Kavitasyonun alt dairesinde, ikinci çalışmadaki aynı tip, tekillik gözlenir. Daha sonra, üçüncü bir problemde, dikey bir plakanın dikdörtgen bir bölümünün çökmesinden kaynaklanan yer çekimine dayalı akışı incelenir. Erken aşamada, akış hız potansiyeli ile tanımlanır. Hız potansiyelinin ve serbest yüzey şekillerinin belirlenmesine dikkat edilir. çözüm, Renzi and Dias (2013)'deki Fourier serisi yöntemini ve Yilmaz et al. (2013a)'daki sınır elemanı yöntemini izler. Dikdörtgensel kesitin yan ve alt kenarlarında tekillik göz-lenir. Başlangıçta dikey serbest yüzeyin yatay hızı, dikdörtgenin dikey simetri çizgisi boyunca iki boyutlu problem Korobkin and Yilmaz (2009) ile aynıdır. Bu problemlerde gözlenen tekillikler, ilk aşama için jet oluşumuna yol açar. Bu hesaplamalarda kullanılan yöntemlerin, yerçekimine dayalı serbest yüzey şekillerinin analizinde yararlı olması beklenmektedir. Bu tez, baraj kırılma problemlerinin 3-D genellemelerine bir katkıdır
Estimating spatiotemporal focus of documents using entropy with PMI
No full textMany text documents are spatiotemporal in nature, i.e. contents of a document can be mapped to a specific time period or location. For example, a news article about the French Revolution can be mapped to year 1789 as time and France as place. Identifying this time period and location associated with the document can be useful for various downstream applications such as document reasoning or spatiotemporal information retrieval. In this paper, temporal entropy with pointwise mutual information (PMI) is proposed to estimate the temporal focus of a document. PMI is used to measure the association of words with time expressions. Moreover, a word’s temporal entropy is considered as a weight to its association with a time point and a single time point with the highest overall score is chosen as the focus time of a document. The proposed method is generic in the sense that it can also be applied for spatial focus estimation of documents. In the case of spatial entropy with PMI, PMI is used to calculate the association between words and place entities. The effectiveness of our proposed methods for spatiotemporal focus estimation is evaluated on diverse datasets of text documents. The experimental evaluation confirms the superiority of our proposed temporal and spatial focus estimation methods
Measurement of the cross section for t(t)over-bar production with additional jets and b jets in pp collisions at root s=13TeV
No full textGonzalez, Barbara Alvarez/0000-0001-7767-4810; Goh, Junghwan/0000-0002-1129-2083; Fallavollita, Francesco/0000-0003-2315-2499; Guler, Y./0000-0001-7598-5252; De La Cruz, Ivan Heredia/0000-0002-8133-6467; TOPAKSU, Aysel KAYIS/0000-0001-5819-6913; Boimska, Bozena/0000-0002-4200-1541; Yazgan, Efe/0000-0001-5732-7950; Meridiani, Paolo/0000-0002-8480-2259; Ferencek, Dinko/0000-0001-9116-1202; Demiroglu, Zuhal Seyma/0000-0001-7977-7127; Cuevas-Maestro, Francisco Javier/0000-0001-5080-0821; Ivanchenko, Vladimir N/0000-0002-1844-5433; Bartosik, Nazar/0000-0002-7196-2237; Polikarpov, Sergey/0000-0001-6839-928X; Duarte, Javier/0000-0002-5076-7096; Blekman, Freya/0000-0002-7366-7098; Dudko, Lev/0000-0002-4462-3192; Ricca, Giuseppe Della/0000-0003-2831-6982; Lopez, Oscar Gonzalez/0000-0002-4532-6464; Lezki, Samet/0000-0002-6909-774X; Demiroglu, Zuhal Seyma/0000-0001-7977-7127; Tiras, Emrah/0000-0002-5628-7464; Loukas, Dimitris/0000-0002-7431-3857; Wulz, Claudia-Elisabeth E/0000-0001-9226-5812; 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Golf, Frank/0000-0003-3567-9351; Azzi, Patrizia/0000-0002-3129-828X; Fernandez Perez Tomei, Thiago Rafael/0000-0002-1809-5226; d'Enterria, David/0000-0002-5754-4303; Presilla, Matteo/0000-0003-2808-7315; Feld, Lutz/0000-0001-9813-8646; Manca, Elisabetta/0000-0001-8946-655X; Starling, Elizabeth/0000-0002-4399-7213; Tosi, Silvano/0000-0002-7275-9193; Van Onsem, Gerrit/0000-0002-1664-2337; Blumenfeld, Barry/0000-0003-1150-1735; FORD, WILLIAM/0000-0001-8703-6943; Backhaus, Malte/0000-0002-5888-2304; Monaco, Vincenzo/0000-0002-3617-2432; Cepeda, Maria/0000-0002-6076-4083; Sharma, Varun/0000-0003-1287-1471; Soares, Mara/0000-0001-9676-6059; Belyaev, Alexander/0000-0002-1733-4408; Litov, Leandar/0000-0002-8511-6883; Schonenberger, Myriam/0000-0002-6508-5776; Gerosa, Raffaele/0000-0001-8359-3734; Botta, Cristina/0000-0002-8072-795X; Schulte, Jan-Frederik/0000-0003-4421-680X; Bloom, Kenneth/0000-0002-4272-8900; Reis, Thomas/0000-0003-3703-6624; Taylor, Lucas/0000-0002-6584-2538; Tholen, Heiner/0000-0002-2299-2421; 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Nguyen, Thong Q./0000-0003-3954-5131; Shevchenko, Rostyslav/0000-0002-3236-4090; Klanner, Robert/0000-0002-7004-9227; Ulrich, Ralf/0000-0002-2535-402X; Wang, Dayong/0000-0002-9013-1199; Tosi, Nicolo/0000-0002-0474-0247; Buchanan, James/0000-0001-8207-5556; Kreczko, Luke/0000-0003-2341-8330; Watson, Ian/0000-0003-2141-3413; Mora Herrera, Maria Clemencia/0000-0003-3915-3170; Alexakhin, Vadim/0000-0002-4886-1569; Levchuk, Leonid/0000-0001-5889-7410; Spagnolo, Paolo/0000-0001-7962-5203; Marzocchi, Badder/0000-0001-6687-6214; Verweij, Marta/0000-0002-1504-3420; Consuegra Rodriguez, Sandra/0000-0002-1383-1837; Barnyakov, Alexander/0000-0002-8556-6622; Lethuillier, Morgan/0000-0001-6185-2045; Kiminsu, Ugur/0000-0001-6940-7800; Dewanjee, Ram Krishna/0000-0001-6645-6244; Bravo, Cameron/0000-0003-1102-8247; Dominguez, Aaron/0000-0002-7420-5493; Tavolaro, Vittorio Raoul/0000-0003-2518-7521; Bhandari, Rohan/0000-0001-5888-955X; Myronenko, Volodymyr/0000-0002-3984-4732; Delaere, Christophe/0000-0001-8707-6021; Saka, Halil/0000-0001-7616-2573; Grohsjean, Alexander/0000-0003-0748-8494; Gonzalez Caballero, Isidro/0000-0002-8087-3199; Sculac, Toni/0000-0002-9578-4105; Krintiras, Georgios Konstantinos/0000-0002-0380-7577; Autermann, Christian/0000-0002-0057-0033; Mousa, Jehad/0000-0002-2978-2718; Kole, Gouranga/0000-0002-3285-1497; Gutsche, Oliver/0000-0002-8015-9622; Sanchez-Hernandez, Alberto/0000-0001-9548-0358; Beaudette, Florian/0000-0002-1194-8556; Gozzelino, Andrea/0000-0002-6284-1126; Ruiz, Jose/0000-0002-3306-0363; Stober, Fred/0000-0003-2620-3159; Lange, Johannes/0000-0001-7513-6330; Mnich, Joachim/0000-0001-7242-8426; Puerta Pelayo, Jesus/0000-0001-7390-1457; Salvatico, Riccardo/0000-0002-2751-0567; Zevi Della Porta, Giovanni/0000-0003-0495-6061; Hernandez Calama, Jose Maria/0000-0001-6436-7547; Alves, Gilvan/0000-0002-8369-1446; Zorbakir, Ibrahim Soner/0000-0002-5962-2221; Pastrone, Nadia/0000-0001-7291-1979; Vischia, Pietro/0000-0002-7088-8557; CUFFIANI, Marco/0000-0003-2510-5039; Kasemann, Matthias/0000-0002-0429-2448; Moraes, Arthur/0000-0002-5157-5686; Sciacca, Crisostomo/0000-0002-8412-4072; Amendola, Chiara/0000-0002-4359-836X; Murillo Quijada, Javier Alberto/0000-0003-4933-2092; lee, jason/0000-0002-2153-1519; Csanad, Mate/0000-0002-3154-6925; Robert, Schoefbeck/0000-0002-2332-8784; Jafari, Abideh/0000-0001-7327-1870; Ozturk, Sertac/0000-0001-6533-6144; Malik, Sudhir/0000-0002-6356-2655; Trevisani, Nicolo/0000-0002-5223-9342; YOON, INSEOK/0000-0002-3491-8026; Ptochos, Fotios/0000-0002-3432-3452; Bachiller, IreneBachiller/0000-0002-3721-4876; Gandrajula, Reddy Pratap/0000-0001-9053-3182; Belforte, Stefano/0000-0001-8443-4460; Rappoccio, Salvatore/0000-0002-5449-2560; Wu, Zhenbin/0000-0003-2165-9501; Vartak, Adish/0000-0003-1507-1365; Canelli, Florencia/0000-0001-6361-2117; Naimuddin, Md/0000-0003-4542-386X; Li, Qiang/0000-0002-8290-0517; Scharf, Christian/0000-0002-0294-1205; Navarro-Tobar, Alvaro/0000-0003-3606-1780; Govoni, Pietro/0000-0002-0227-1301; Shah, Aashaq/0000-0002-6157-2016; Akgun, Bora/0000-0001-8888-3562; Haddad, Yacine/0000-0003-4916-7752; Conway, John/0000-0003-2719-5779; Cavallari, Francesca/0000-0002-1061-3877; Goy Lopez, Silvia/0000-0001-6508-5090; Grunewald, Martin/0000-0002-5754-0388; Kothekar, Kunal/0000-0001-5102-4326; Collard, Caroline/0000-0002-5230-8387; Doroba, Krzysztof/0000-0002-7818-2364; Colaleo, Anna/0000-0002-0711-6319; Ghosh, Saranya/0000-0001-6717-0803; Moon, Chang-Seong/0000-0001-8229-7829; Krammer, Manfred/0000-0003-2257-7751; Dallavalle, Gaetano Marco/0000-0002-8614-0420; Gershtein, Yuri/0000-0002-4871-5449; Fernandez Bedoya, Cristina/0000-0001-8057-9152; Schwandt, Joern/0000-0002-0052-597X; Zuolo, Davide/0000-0003-3072-1020; Tonelli, Guido Emilio/0000-0003-2606-9156; Androsov, Konstantin/0000-0003-2694-6542; Carrillo Montoya, Camilo/0000-0002-6245-6535; Heindl, Maximilian/0000-0002-2831-463X; Dubinin, Mikhail/0000-0002-7766-7175; Zghiche, Amina/0000-0002-1178-1450; Bernardes, Cesar Augusto/0000-0001-5790-9563; Gomez, Gervasio/0000-0002-1077-6553; Belloni, Alberto/0000-0002-1727-656X; Goldstein, Joel/0000-0003-1591-6014; Vilela Pereira, Antonio/0000-0003-3177-4626; Waltenberger, Wolfgang/0000-0002-6215-7228; Kalinowski, Artur/0000-0002-1280-5493; Abbiendi, Giovanni/0000-0003-4499-7562; Grandi, Claudio/0000-0001-5998-3070; Garutti, Erika/0000-0003-0634-5539; Costa, Salvatore/0000-0001-9919-0569; Palladino, Vito/0000-0002-9786-9620; Kyberd, Paul/0000-0002-7353-7090; Mrenna, Stephen/0000-0001-8731-160X; Paulini, Manfred/0000-0002-6714-5787; Lange, Clemens/0000-0002-3632-3157; Rolandi, Luigi (Gigi)/0000-0002-0635-274X; Lawhorn, Jay/0000-0002-8597-9259; Hall, Geoffrey/0000-0002-6299-8385; Ince Lezki, Merve/0000-0001-6907-0195; Heath, Helen/0000-0001-6576-9740; Bodek, Arie/0000-0003-0409-0341; Raidal, Martti/0000-0001-7040-9491; Tapper, Alexander/0000-0003-4543-864X; Ivanov, Andrew/0000-0002-9270-5643; Poudyal, Nabin/0000-0003-4278-3464; Kayis Topaksu, Aysel/0000-0002-3169-4573; Krolikowski, Jan/0000-0002-3055-0236; Roskes, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8761-0490; Rossi, Biagio/0000-0002-0807-8772; Zucchetta, Alberto/0000-0003-0380-1172; Benato, Lisa/0000-0001-5135-7489; Harb, Ali/0000-0001-5750-3889; Migliore, Ernesto/0000-0002-2271-5192; Alverson, George/0000-0001-6651-1178; Piperov, Stefan/0000-0002-9266-7819; Fiorendi, Sara/0000-0003-3273-9419; Ecklund, Karl/0000-0002-6976-4637; David, Pieter/0000-0001-9260-9371; Shchutska, Lesya/0000-0003-0700-5448; Padula, Sandra S./0000-0003-3071-0559; Ebrahimi, Aliakbar/0000-0003-4472-867X; Vami, Tamas Almos/0000-0002-0959-9211; Arcidiacono, Roberta/0000-0001-5904-142X; Galli Mercadante, Pedro/0000-0001-8333-4302; Chapon, Emilien/0000-0001-6968-9828; Haller, Johannes/0000-0001-9347-7657; Bhowmik, Sandeep/0000-0003-1260-973X; Giammanco, Andrea/0000-0001-9640-8294; Felcini, Marta/0000-0002-2051-9331; Staiano, Amedeo/0000-0003-1803-624X; Usai, Emanuele/0000-0001-9323-2107; OZOK, FERHAT/0000-0001-9630-7362; Frankenthal, Andre/0000-0002-2583-5982; Faccioli, Pietro/0000-0003-1849-6692; Redondo, Ignacio/0000-0003-3737-4121; Smith, Wesley/0000-0003-3195-0909; Ruiz Jimeno, Alberto/0000-0002-3639-0368; Martinez Ruiz del Arbol, Pablo/0000-0002-7737-5121; Pantaleo, Felice/0000-0003-3266-4357; Sanchez Navas, Sergio/0000-0001-6129-9059; Bartok, Marton/0000-0002-4440-2701; Lucchini, Marco Toliman/0000-0002-7497-7450; Vormwald, Benedikt/0000-0003-2607-7287; Giacomelli, Paolo/0000-0002-6368-7220; Shopova, Mariana/0000-0001-6664-2493; Sharma, Ram Krishna/0000-0003-1181-1426; Snoeys, Walter/0000-0003-3541-9066; ALCARAZ MAESTRE, JUAN/0000-0003-0914-7474; Tully, Christopher/0000-0001-6771-2174; Mitra, Soureek/0000-0002-3060-2278; Harrendorf, Marco Alexander/0000-0003-3563-9093; Keaveney, James/0000-0003-0766-5307; Cadamuro, Luca/0000-0001-8789-610XMeasurements of the cross section for the production of top quark pairs in association with a pair of jets from bottom quarks (sigma(t (t) over barb (b) over bar)) and in association with a pair of jets from quarks of any flavor or gluons (sigma(t (t) over bar jj)) and their ratio are presented. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurements are performed in a fiducial phase space and extrapolated to the full phase space, separately for the dilepton and lepton+jets channels, where lepton corresponds to either an electron or a muon. The results of the measurements in the fiducial phase space for the dilepton and lepton+jets channels, respectively, are sigma(t (t) over bar jj) = 2.36 +/- 0.02 (stat)+/- 0.20 (syst) pb and 31.0 +/- 0.2 (stat)+/- 2.9 (syst) pb, and for the cross section ratio 0.017 +/- 0.001 (stat)+/- 0.001 (syst) and 0.020 +/- 0.001 (stat)+/- 0.001 (syst). The values of sigma(t (t) over barb (b) over bar) are determined from the product of the sigma(t (t) over bar jj) and the cross section ratio, obtaining, respectively, 0.040 +/- 0.002 (stat)+/- 0.005 (syst) pb and 0.62 +/- 0.03 (stat)+/- 0.07 (syst) pb. These measurements are the most precise to date and are consistent, within the uncertainties, with the standard model expectations obtained using a matrix element calculation at next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics matched to a parton shower.BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; PUT (Estonia); ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440, 752730, 765710]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology CommissionBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy\ EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe"German Research Foundation (DFG) [390833306]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, 129058]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Ministry of Science and Education (Russia) [14.W03.31.0026]; Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program (Russia); "Nauka" Project (Russia) [FSWW-2020 0008]; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015 0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; Aristeia program; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)Wcongratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science vertical bar EOS" vertical bar be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy vertical bar EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" vertical bar 390833306; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Sc