Journals of University of Babylon
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Conflict of Laws in Dealing with the Cultural Money
Full text linkمما لا شكل فيه ولا يحتمل الجدال أن موضوع تنازع القوانين بصورة عامة من المواضيع الأساسية وبصورة خاصة التعامل بالمال الثقافي.
حيث يعج موضوعاً مهماً من موضوعات القانون الدولي الخاص فيما يتعلق بالمسائل المدنية متى ما كان أحد عناصر العلاقة القانونية هو عنصر أجنبي.
ويظهر هنا مفهوم آخر يتمثل بالقانون الواجب التطبيق في المنازعات التي تنشأ من تلك العلاقة، لذا فمسألة تنازع القوانين من القضايا التي يكون المال الثقافي موضوعاً لها يثير عجة إشكاليات في ميدان القانون الدولي الخاص.
أولها: يتعلق بفهم مضمون ونطاق فكرة المال الثقافي وهو صنف من الأموال، والثاني: بإمكانية نشوء تنازع بين القوانين بسبب حيازة المال الثقافي وكيفية حل هذا النزاع بتحديد ضابط الإسناد الملائم وإمكانية تطبيق القانون، والثالث: الاختصاص القضائي الدولي لمحاكم البلد الذي يعد أصل هذا المال، والرابع: القواعد الآمرة في القانون الوطني لبلد أصل المال أو بلج المحكمة التي تنظر النزاع.There is no doubt and no room for debate that the subject of conflict of laws in general is one of the basic subjects, and in particular dealing with cultural property.
It is a major subject of private international law in relation to civil matters whenever one of the elements of the legal relationship is a foreign element.
Here appears another concept represented by the law applicable to disputes arising from that relationship, so the issue of conflict of laws is one of the issues in which cultural property is a subject that raises a lot of problems in the field of private international law.
The first: relates to understanding the content and scope of the idea of cultural property as a type of property, the second: the possibility of a conflict arising between laws due to the possession of cultural property and how to resolve this conflict by determining the appropriate attribution officer and the possibility of applying the law, the third: the international judicial jurisdiction of the courts of the country that is the origin of this property, and the fourth: the mandatory rules in the national law of the country of origin of the property or the country of the court that is considering the dispute
Improving Information Retrieval in the Central Library of Mustansiriyah University Using the Inverted Index Technique
Full text linkيهدف هذا البحث إلى تحسين كفاءة استرجاع المعلومات الرقمية في مكتبة كلية التربية الأساسية باستخدام تقنية الفهرس المعكوس. باعتماد منهجية مختلطة تشمل المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لدراسة الواقع الحالي لاسترجاع المعلومات. تكونت عينة البحث من (280) مستخدمًا للمكتبة، ضم طلابًا وأعضاء هيئة تدريس وباحثين في مكتبة كلية التربية الأساسية، بالإضافة إلى (120) ملفًا رقميًا متنوعًا. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها:
أثبت النظام الجديد تفوقه في تحسين سرعة استرجاع المعلومات، فقد قلل وقت الاستجابة بنسبة 40%.
زادت دقة الاسترجاع من 70% إلى 85% مقارنة بالنظام التقليدي، مما ساهم في زيادة رضا المستفيدين.
وخرج البحث بعدة توصيات:
توظيف تقنيات حديثة مثل خوارزميةTF-IDF تحسين الدقة في فهم السياقات النصية.
تعزيز واجهة البحث لتوفير ميزات تفاعلية متقدمة، مثل التصنيفات بحسب التخصص أو الكلمات المفتاحية ذات الصلة.This research aims to enhance the efficiency of digital information retrieval in the Library of the College of Basic Education using the inverted index technique. A mixed methodology was adopted, including the descriptive-analytical approach to study the current state of information retrieval and the experimental approach to test the effectiveness of the new system. The research sample consisted of 280 library users, including students, faculty members, and researchers, in addition to 120 diverse digital files. main results:
The new system demonstrated its superiority in improving the speed of information retrieval, reducing response time by 40%.
Retrieval accuracy increased from 70% to 85% compared to the traditional system, contributing to enhanced user satisfaction.
Main recommendation :
Employ advanced technologies such as the BERT algorithm to improve accuracy in understanding textual contexts.
Enhance the search interface to provide advanced interactive features, such as classifications by specialization or relevant keywords
The Impact of Meta-cognitive and Critical Thinking strategies in Developing Creative Thinking
Full text link تتبوأ القراءة من منظومة تعليم اللغة العربية مكانة مهمة، فهي مهارة لغوية تعد مفتاحاً لغيرها من المهارات الأخر، والبوابة الرئيسية للاتصال بالكلمة المكتوبة أو المطبوعة من اللغة وللعناية بتدريس مادة المطالعة وتطويرها، أراد الباحث تجريب إستراتيجيات ما وراء المعرفة والاستماع الناقد بوصفهما أسلوبين من الأساليب الحديثة في التدريس، هدف البحث الحالي إلى معرفة أثر إستراتيجيات ما وراء المعرفة والاستماع الناقد في تنمية التفكير الإبداعي، وللتحقق من ذلك انتهج التصميم التجريبي للمجموعات الثلاث، منها مجموعتان تجريبيتان ومجموعة ضابطة. بلغت عينة البحث(٩٠) طالباً. وتوزيعها عشوائياً إلى مجموعات ثلاث، بواقع(٣٠) طالباً في كل مجموعة، وأجرى تكافؤاً بين المجموعات، وأعد اهدافاً سلوكية وخططاً تدريسية عرضها على مجموعة من الخبراء والمتخصصين في اللغة العربية وآدابها وطرائق تدريسها. واستمرت التجربة (6) أسابيع واستعمل الباحث الوسائل الإحصائية الآتية:(تحليل التباين الأحادي وطريقة شفهية ومربع كاي(كا2) ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون) وقد تفوق طلاب المجموعتين الـتجريبيتين على المجموعة الضابطة وتقوق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الأولى على طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية.Reading occupies an important position in the Arabic language teaching system. It is a linguistic skill that is the key to other skills, and the main gateway to communication with the written or printed word of the language. In order to pay attention to teaching and developing the reading subject, the researcher examines the metacognitive and critical thinking strategies as two modern teaching methods in developing creative thinking. To verify this, an experimental design is adopted for three groups, including two experimental groups and a control group. The research sample is 90 students. They are randomly and evenly distributed into three groups. Equivalence is achieved between the groups, and behavioral objectives and teaching plans are prepared and presented to a group of experts and specialists in the Arabic linguistics, literature, and teaching methods. The experiment has lasted (6) weeks and the researcher has statistically employed one-way analysis of variance, verbal method, chi-square (Ka2), and Pearson\u27s correlation coefficient. The students of the two experimental groups have outperformed the control group, and the students of the first experimental group has outperformed the students of the second experimental group
Elegy in Al-Akhiliya’s and Al-Khansa’s Poems: A Comparative Analytical Study
Full text linkلا شكَّ في أنَّ المراحل الأولى لبدايات الشِّعر العربي حتَّى استوى على ما هو عليه في الجاهليَّة كانت غامضة، ولكن يقينًا أنَّ الشِّعر قد مرَّ بمراحل مُتعدِّدة وصولًا إلى الموضوعات الشِّعرية والصياغات الكاملة والأغراض المُحكمة.
والرِّثاء غرض من الأغراض الأزليَّة المُتعلِّقة بالنَّفس الإنسانيَّة والحقيقة السَّرمديَّة المُتجلِّية في الموت، عرفه العرب مُنذ وجودهم ومُنذ معرفة مصيرهم المحتوم وهو الموت والفناء، ويتجلَّى فيما قبل الشِّعر بالبُكاء والعويل والصُّراخ على الموتى حتَّى استقرَّ غرضًا شعريًا مُهمًّا بوصفه أصدق الأغراض الشِّعريَّة؛ لأنَّ موضوعه يتعلَّق بقضيَّة الموت، وتأثيره نافذ إلى القلب مُباشرة، إذ أخذ حيِّزًا كبيرًا من نتاج الشُّعراء، فلا يخلو نتاج شاعر منه.
وبما أنَّ الشَّواعر أزخر عاطفة من الشُّعراء وتفجُّعهن أكثر، وبما أنَّ الدوافع الَّتي تُحفِّز الشَّواعر على قول الرِّثاء مُتعدِّدة ومُتنوِّعة فلا تجدها مُتساوية بينهن، فعمدنا إلى اختيار شاعرتين من عصرين مُختلفين إحداهما الخنساء الَّتي مثَّلت الرِّثاء في الشِّعر الجاهلي، والأخرى ليلى الأخيليَّة الَّتي جسَّدت الرِّثاء في العصر الأموي.There is no doubt that the early stages of Arabic poetry until it reached its current state in the pre-Islamic era were obscure, but it is certain that poetry passed through multiple stages until it reached poetic themes, complete formulations, and precise purposes. Elegy is one of the eternal purposes related to the human soul and the eternal truth manifested in death. Arabs have known it since their existence and since they knew their inevitable fate, which is death and annihilation. Before poetry, it was manifested in crying, wailing, and screaming over the dead until it became an important poetic purpose, described as the most sincere of poetic purposes, because its subject is related to the issue of death, and its effect penetrates directly to the heart, as it has taken up a large space in the poets’ production, and no poet’s production is devoid of it.
Since female poets are more emotionally charged and grieve more than male poets, and since the motives that motivate female poets to write elegies are many and varied and you do not find them equal among them, we chose two female poets from two different eras, one of them is Al-Khansa’ who represented elegies in pre-Islamic poetry, and the other is Layla Al-Akhiliya who embodied elegies in the Umayyad era.
 
Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Detect Extremism in Social Media Content
No full textEnvironments, posing significant threats to both social and psychological security. This extremism appears in various forms, including violence, terrorism, and extremist crimes, with detrimental impacts on individuals, especially younger generations. Consequently, there is a pressing need to adopt evidence-based solutions involving preventive, educational, and social interventions to address this growing phenomenon.
As extremism escalates, the role of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in combating it has become more crucial, positioning it as a key focus in behavioral health and social science research. In this context, the study presents a hybrid model for detecting harmful and extremist content by analyzing URLs on social media platforms, utilizing AI and machine learning techniques. The research evaluated several algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees, Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). The proposed hybrid model demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving an accuracy rate of 100% in detecting harmful content—outperforming individual models, particularly Logistic Regression, which achieved an accuracy of 81.7%. These findings highlight the hybrid model’s effectiveness in reducing classification errors and enhancing the detection of digital threats
The Role of Complete Blood Count Test and General Urine Examination in Early Detection Of Risks And Diseases Affecting Women
No full textA number of blood samples were collected from women in various locations across Babil Governorate. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) test was conducted to detect any general health issues these women might be experiencing. A table was prepared to investigate and assess the role or impact of blood analysis in determining their general health status. In addition to the blood test, a urine analysis was also conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of each woman\u27s health condition, including determining whether the woman is pregnant and identifying her age. The general appearance of the samples did not show the presence of blood or any abnormal features in terms of appearance.
The results indicated that the Packed Cell Volume (PCV), which reflects the concentration of red blood cells, was generally low among all women who underwent the test. This provides an initial indication of potential anemia. Most samples showed normal red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, although some women exhibited elevated WBC levels, likely due to the presence of infections. Platelet counts were within the normal range. In the general urine examination, the ketone levels in urine were measured and found to be within normal limits, indicating no significant issues. These levels depend on dietary patterns and hormonal changes, such as those caused by pregnancy. The number of pus cells and red blood cells in urine was also measured. The majority of samples showed elevated pus cell counts, suggesting urinary tract infections (UTIs), and elevated RBCs were also observed. However, most women did not show abnormalities related to urinary crystals or bacteria. Epithelial cells were also counted, and most samples showed elevated levels, which may indicate inflammation or infection in the urinary tract.
The main issue addressed in this research is the general lack of attention to women\u27s health until symptoms of a specific illness appear. In most cases, women only begin to prioritize their health after becoming pregnant, primarily for the well-being of the fetus. The study found that many women do not undergo regular check-ups and only begin health screenings—such as the complete blood count (CBC) test and urine analysis—after confirming pregnancy, in order to detect and prevent any potential health issues during pregnancy
Efficacy of Selected Antibiotics Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis Isolated from Periodontal Infections: In Vitro Study
No full textBackground:
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth. Due to the rising resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents, P. gingivalis is resistant to many antibiotic treatments. The study aimed to describe in vitro susceptibility of P. gingivalis to 10 registered antibiotics.
Materials and Methods:
Bacterial samples were collected from patients diagnosed with periodontitis. The study was conducted in vitro using Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) including (Amoxicillin, Clindamycin, Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid, Amikacin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Oxacillin, and Tetracycline) and was assessed using the disc diffusion method.
Results:
The sensitivity of 15 Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates to ten antibiotics was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The results showed a clear variation in the response of the isolates to the antibiotics, with Imipenem and Tetracycline recording the highest mean inhibition zones respectively, indicating their high effectiveness against the studied isolates.
In contrast, some antibiotics showed weak or no efficacy, such as penicillin and oxacillin, with most isolates showing complete resistance to them. These results reflect the widespread prevalence of acquired resistance mechanisms in P. gingivalis, particularly against traditional antibiotics such as penicillin.
Conclusion:
The widespread use of antibiotics has led to significant resistance in key periodontal pathogens, underscoring the importance of susceptibility testing and careful consideration of resistance profiles in clinical practice to optimize treatment strategies
A Comprehensive Review of Machine Learning Algorithms for Fault Diagnosis and Prediction in Rotating Machinery
No full textMachine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting defects and predictive maintenance of industrial equipment have emerged as a set of critical methods for improving operational efficiency, reducing unexpected downtime, and extending machinery life. This study presents a comprehensive examination of various machine learning models, signal processing approaches, and reduced dimensionality methods for monitoring system health and detecting possible flaws based on research published in the last five years. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN) are utilized for classifying fault patterns coming from sensor data. In contrast, signal processing techniques such as Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) are used to collect significant features from vibration and acoustic signals. Dimensionality reduction approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), t-distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE), ISOMAP, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Autoencoders (AE) are used to simplify complex data structures and show crucial defect signals. Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), and CatBoost are some of the algorithmic ensembles learning methods studied for prediction accuracy and robustness. Furthermore, advanced deep learning models, such as 1D Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (1D-DCNN) and ResNet-3N, are utilized to capture temporal and spatial patterns in time-series data, leading to a more complete comprehension of fault dynamics. The research shows the effectiveness of these various approaches in boosting fault detection systems and improving maintenance techniques, paving the way for intelligent technologies in modern manufacturing.أظهرت خوارزميات التعلم الآلي أهمية كبيرة في كشف الأعطال والصيانة التنبؤية للمعدات الصناعية، ممايحسن من الكفاءة ويقلل التوقف المفاجئ. تستخدم نماذج مثل CNN و SVMو MLPلتحليل بيانات المستشعرات وتصنيف الأعطال، مع تقنيات معالجة الإشارات لاستخلاص الخصائص الهامة. تستخدم طرق تقليل الأبعاد مثل PCAوAutoencodersلتبسيط البيانات المعقدة وكشف الإشارات الدالة على الأعطال.
وأثبتت نماذج التعلم العميق مثل 1D-DCNN وResNet-3N فعاليتها في فهم الأنماط الزمنية وتحسين دقة التنبؤ بالأعطال
The Contradiction in the Grammatical Opinions of Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi
No full text يسعى البحث إلى بيان معنى التناقض النحوي وأثره في علم النحو، وهو: وجود آراء مختلفة أو متضاربة بين علماء النحو في قاعدة أو مفهوم نحوي معين، ويمكن أن يكون هذا التناقض ناتجًا عن اختلاف في الفهم أو تفسير النصوص أو تطبيق القواعد، ولم يقف عند هذا الحد، بل توسع حتى وصل إلى تناقض النحويين مع أنفسهم في تبني بعض الآراء، فيحدث أن يختار النحوي رأيا في مسألة معينة ثم يغير رأيه في هذه المسألة، فيختار ما كان قد رفضه، وقد يكون هذا التناقض في كتاب واحد أو بين كتابين أو ثلاثة للنحوي نفسه، وفي بحثنا توزعت آراء أبي حيان في ثلاثة كتب هي البحر المحيط، وارتشاف الضرب، والتذييل والتكميل.
وعلى الرغم مما انمازت به هذه الكتب، من سعةٍ في المجال النحوي، إلاّ أن هذا لا يعني خلوها من التناقضات، وكانت له سمة خاصة في التأليف؛ إذ انه يبدأ بالكلام عن مفردات الآية التي يروم تفسيرها، فيمهد باللغة والأحكام النحوية لأي لفظة واردة قبل التركيب فإن كان للكلمة معنيان، فيذكر ذلك في أول موضع لها، ليعرف ما يناسبها من تلك المعاني، ويحيل ما يذكره من القواعد النحوية على كتب النحو، وهذه الدراسة تتألف من مبحثين، المبحث الأول مسائل خاصّة بالأسماء، ومنها: مسألة تقديم الخبر على المبتدأ إذا كان المبتدأ مفردًا أو جملة، ومسألة تقديم معمول الموصول غير المحض على الموصول، ومسألة إظهار الفاعل بعد الضمير المتصل، ومسألة إضافة المصدر إلى الفاعل، ومسألة مجيء الحال من الفعل الماضي دون اقترانه بـ"قد"، ومسألة تعدد الأوجه الإعرابية في المسألة الواحدة، أما فيما يخص المبحث الثاني فشمل: أ.مسائل خاصّة بالأفعال، ومنها: مسألة وقوع إذ مفعولا به، ومسألة تأويل الفعل المثبت بفعل منفي، ب- مسائل خاصة بالأدوات: ومنها: مسألة إن و "ما" الحجازية سواء في العمل، ومسألة مجيء الكاف دالة على التعليل، ومسألة مجيء كاد زائدة، ومسألة مجيء مِن زائدة ومسألة مجيء الواو زائدة ومسألة مجيء "لو" مصدرية بمعنى "أنْ"، ومسألة دخول الفاء الزائدة على خبر المبتدأ. The study aims at clarifying the meaning of grammatical contradiction and its effect on grammar. Grammatical contradiction means the existence of different and contracted opinions among grammarians in relation to a specific grammatical rule or concept. This contradiction may result from differences in understanding or interpreting texts or applying a rule. It does not only incorporate this, but it expanded till it reaches the contradiction of grammarians with themselves in adopting some opinions, so a grammarian may choose a view in a certain issue then he changes his opinion with respect to this issue, and chooses what he previously rejected. This contradiction can be in one book or between two or three books for the same grammarian. In this study, Abi-Hayaan’s opinions were distributed in three books: Al-Bahr Al-Muhit, Irtishaf Al-Darb, and Al-Tadhil wa Al-Takmil. Although these books have been characterized by elaboration in the grammatical field, at the beginning he starts speech about the vocabulary of the aya he wants to interpret, it becomes essential to appeal to the language and the grammatical rules of any mentioned word before construction. If the word has two meanings, he mentions that in its first position to know what meaning suits that word in that position form those meanings and converts what he mentions from the grammatical rules to the grammar books, but this does not mean that it is free of contradictions.
The study consists of two sections. The first section discusses issues related to nouns including a. preposing al- khabar on al-mubtadaa if the latter is singular or a clause, and preposing the non- pure relative noun clause over relative pronouns, b. the issue of showing the subject after the attached pronoun and the addition of masdar to the subject, c. the issue of deriving haal form the past verb form without associating it with ‘qad’ and d. the issue of the multiplicity of ‘irab’ aspects in the one issue. The second section includes: a. issues specific to verbs like the issue of ‘idh’ coming as object, and the issue of interpreting the affirmative verb with a negative one, b. issues specific to particles, like the issue of Hijazi ‘in’ and ‘ma’ as being equal in function, and the issue of the coming of ‘kaaf’ to denote reasoning, the issues of the coming of ‘kada’, ‘min’, and ‘waw’ as extra particles, the issue of using ‘law’ as infinitival meaning ‘aan’ and the issue of the coming of extra ‘fa’ on ‘khbar’ of ‘al-mubtada
Effect of Put on Different Levels of Anise and Clove Oil Added to Broiler Feed on Some Biochemical Traits of Blood, Carcass and Dressing Percentage
Full text linkBackground: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding anise and clove oil on the physiological performance of broiler, represented by biochemical traits and carcass components, for a period of 35 days.
Materials and Methods: In this experiment 300 Ross 308 broiler chicks One-day old were used. The chicks were randomly distributed into six equal treatments with two replicates for each treatment (25 birds per replicate). The birds were divided into treatments as follows: The first treatment (T1) basic diet, second and third treatment (T2 and T3) basic diet with anise oil added at 0.5 and 0.1 ml/kg feed respectively, fourth and fifth treatment (T4 and T5) basic diet with clove oil added at 0.5 and 0.1 ml/kg feed respectively, and sixth treatment (T6) basic diet with 0.5 ml/kg of each anise and clove oil. Some biochemical traits of blood, carcass and dressing percentage were measured.
Results: The results of the experiment showed that adding anise oil, clove oil and their mixture had a significantly excelled (P<0.05) in the biochemical traits and carcass properties compared to the control. The results also showed that adding a mixture of anise and clove oil 0.5 for each of them had the best biochemical traits and carcass properties, which was found in the sixth treatment of the experiment.
Conclusion: We can conclude that adding anise and cloves oil has a positive effect on some biochemical characteristics of the blood and it also improves the weight of the carcass for broiler