Journals of University of Babylon
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Apelin and Its Relation with Glucose Metabolism in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Comparative Study
Full text linkBackground: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia), which produced by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells insulin-producing.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the alterations in Apelin, Lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, calcium, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in adolescents with type 1 diabetic and healthy adolescents.
Methods: This study was done in the Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital and Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in Ramadi city in Iraq, between January 2024 to July 2024. One hundred adolescents were selected: 60 patients with diabetes and 40 healthy as a control group. Biochemical tests for blood samples were performed.
Results: The results showed there was a significantly increase in concentrations of Apelin, lipid profile (except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), fasting blood glucose, HbA1C and calcium in patients with diabetes than control group. Whereas, there was a significantly reduction in concentration of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in patients with diabetes than control group. The results showed a significant positive correlation among glucose concentrations and Apelin concentrations, while there was a significant inverse relationship between blood parathyroid hormone and blood glucose concentrations, and also, there was a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D concentration and HbA1c.
Conclusion: The high serum concentrations of Apelin in diabetic patients supports the function of Apelin in diabetes mellitus development and highlight the utilize of Apelin as a medical sign in diabetes
A Comparative Study of Compression Techniques for Medical Images
Full text linkBackground:
Accurate diagnosis and treatment rely on medical imaging, which presents challenges due to the vast data generated by MRIs and CT scans. Managing such volumes is complex in storage and transmission. Efficient image compression techniques are essential for telemedicine and cloud-based systems, enabling seamless data transfer while preserving quality.
Materials and Methods:
This study compares three widely used compression techniques: Adaptive Huffman Coding (lossless), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) (lossy), and Adaptive Multi-Layer Run-Length Encoding (AMLRLE) (lossless). A dataset of DICOM medical images was used, and techniques were evaluated based on three key performance metrics: compression ratio (CR) for data reduction, processing time (PT) for computational efficiency, and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for assessing image quality.
Results:
Huffman Coding, a lossless technique, achieved a high compression ratio of 0.972 with an average compression time of 0.028 seconds. However, it exhibited lower image quality than DCT and AMLRLE. DCT, a lossy method that converts image data into frequency components, provided a compression ratio of 0.964, a processing time of 0.088 seconds, and a PSNR of 317.55 dB. AMLRLE, another lossless technique, showed performance nearly identical to DCT, maintaining the same compression ratio, processing time, and PSNR.
Conclusion:
Huffman Coding suits applications needing fast processing, while DCT and AMLRLE are better for high-quality imaging. The choice of compression method depends on system needs—speed, storage, or diagnostic precision. Future research will integrate these techniques with machine learning to enhance adaptive compression for medical imaging
Classification of Leukemia using Artificial Neural Networks
Full text linkBackground:
In the United States, cancer is a leading cause of death and a significant cost of healthcare. Improving treatment outcomes and survival rates depends on accurate early cancer prediction and understanding the genetic pathways underlying its formation. Over the past 20 years, efforts have been made to classify cancer types using machine learning and deep learning techniques.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, a data sample of (138) patients was used, where the sample for the first population (myeloid leukemia) was 65 patients who were given (1), and the second population sample (lymphocytic leukemia) was 73 patients who were given (2). The data was divided into 75% for training and 25% for testing.
Results:
Classification results using neural networks were good, showing high prediction accuracy and a classification rate of 91.4%, confirming the high efficiency of the neural network. However, the results could be more robust and generalizable with access to a larger dataset. To address this issue, we plan to conduct future experiments on a larger and more diverse dataset to further validate the performance of our model
Enhancing Power Tracking Efficiency in Stand-Alone PV Systems via Adaptive Perturb and Observe (P&O) Optimization
Full text linkEnhancing efficiency in photovoltaic (PV) power production is a significant engineering challenge, particularly under varying weather and climatic conditions. PV systems offer a green and inexhaustible source of energy; actually, their performance is highly affected by climate variables like as solar sunlight, cell temperature, and partially cloudy conditions. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm commonly utilizes Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique. However, when a large perturbation step is utilized, the algorithm method may oscillate around the peak maximum power point. Conversely, using a small step size enhances tracking accuracy but significantly slows the response time, limiting the system\u27s ability to promptly reach the true MPP under rapidly changing environmental conditions. For solving these issues, a better approach is proposed that uses adaptive step sizes within. This improved algorithm dynamically adjusts the duty cycle of the boost converter\u27s, allowing for more efficient and precise tracking of the MPP with changing climate conditions. A microcontroller is required for the hardware implementation of MPPT. This microcontroller is a component of a robust circuit, namely a solar charge controller. The off-grid PV electricity system is simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink R2024a. The adapted P&O algorithm produces a smoother output and achieves higher efficiency than the traditional fixed-step P&O.يُعد تعزيز كفاءة إنتاج الطاقة في الأنظمة الكهروضوئية (PV) تحديًا هندسيًا كبيرًا، لا سيّما في ظل تغيرات الطقس والظروف المناخية المختلفة. توفّر الأنظمة الكهروضوئية مصدرًا نظيفًا وغير قابل للنضوب من الطاقة، إلا أن أداءها يتأثر بشكل كبير بالعوامل المناخية مثل شدة الإشعاع الشمسي، ودرجة حرارة الخلية، والشمس الغائمة جزئيًا. تعتمد خوارزمية تتبع نقطة القدرة العظمى (MPPT) بشكل شائع على تقنية الاضطراب والمراقبة (P&O). ومع ذلك، فعند استخدام خطوة اضطراب كبيرة، قد تؤدي الطريقة إلى تذبذب حول نقطة القدرة العظمى. وعلى النقيض، فإن استخدام خطوة صغيرة يحسن دقة التتبع لكنه يبطئ وقت الاستجابة بشكل ملحوظ، مما يحد من قدرة النظام على الوصول بسرعة إلى نقطة القدرة العظمى الحقيقية في ظل التغيرات البيئية. ولمعالجة هذه المشكلات، تم اقتراح نهج محسّن يعتمد على استخدام خطوات اضطراب تكيفية. تقوم هذه الخوارزمية المحسّنة بضبط نبضة التشغيل مغير الرفع (Boost Converter) بشكل ديناميكي، مما يسمح بتتبع أكثر كفاءة ودقة لنقطة القدرة العظمى تحت الظروف المناخية المتغيرة. تُستخدم وحدة تحكم دقيقة في تنفيذ خوارزمية تتبع نقطة القدرة العظمى (MPPT) على مستوى البرمجيات .وتُعد هذه الوحدة جزءًا من دائرة التحكم، وهي وحدة التحكم في شحن الطاقة الشمسية. تم محاكاة الدائرة المقترحة باستخدام برنامج MATLAB/Simulink إصدار R2024a في نظام توليد الكهرباء الكهروضوئي المستقل عن الشبكة. وقد أظهرت الخوارزمية المحسنة المعتمدة لتقنية الاضطراب والمراقبة (P&O) أداءً أكثر سلاسة وكفاءة أعلى مقارنةً بالخوارزمية التقليدية ذات الخطوة الثابتة
Effect of Body Mass Index (BMI), Prolactin, Progesterone and Estrogen on Spontaneous Abortion in Women of Najaf Governorate
No full textBackground: One of the most complex problems facing pregnant women is Abortion, which affects approximately 15% of registered pregnancies in most of the world’s population, there are many reasons that lead to miscarriages, some of which are known and studied, and they are many and varied, but 50% of these cases remain unexplained scientifically.
Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from both Al-Manathira Hospital and some private clinics during the period from 10/1/2022 to 3/1/2023, to conduct studies on (pregnant and healthy women) 50 women suffering from spontaneous abortion and control group, the number of which was (30) women. Women who were naturally pregnant during the pregnancy period between (2-6) months without having previously experienced Abortion were considered a control group, each woman\u27s weight and height were measured to determine her (BMI).
Results: The findings of this study revealed a significant decline (p<0.05) in BMI for women who had Abortion. Biochemical tests also showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of prolactin and progesterone in women who had Abortion compared to the control, However, the results indicated a notable rise in estrogen levels in women who had an abortion.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that disturbances in body mass index (BMI), whether through excess or deficiency, can negatively affect pregnancy stability. Moreover, abnormalities in prolactin and progesterone levels are associated with impaired endometrial support and an increased risk of miscarriage. In contrast, excessive elevation of estrogen may induce uterine contractions and further contribute to pregnancy loss
Biochemical Mechanisms Regulating Salt Tolerance in Plants
No full text Damage from nutritional imbalance, osmotic stress, particular ion toxicity, or a combination of these factors results in salinity, which in turn affects plant improvement, growth, and physiological and biochemical activities. The impacts of salt stress on photosynthesis vary greatly among plants. Plants growing in salinity stress experience both ionic & osmotic stress, which increases the buildup of ROS and causes secondary stresses that eventually result in oxidative damage. However, among the ROS are the extremely reactive molecules OH, along with additional species like H2O2, and O2•. Moreover, the most potent ROS implicated in the oxidative degradation of biological substrates, including carbohydrates, is •OH. Mechanisms of salt adaptation that lead to improved long-term salinity tolerance may employ either the gene products from short-term salt stress or other means for increased resistance. It is likely that enhanced salt tolerance is achieved by the enhancement, activation, or maintenance function of physiological systems that are particularly sensitive to disruption by amplified concentrations of salinization. The mechanism of enhanced tolerance for salinity stress conditions can be associated with an accumulation of enzymatic & non-enzymatic activity in addition to a higher accumulation of indirect sources compared with direct sources. 
Gap analysis between actual compliance and ISO14001:2015 requirements (Case study in The General Company for Vegetable Oil Industry.)
No full textBackground:
Environmental management systems (EMS) enable organizations to manage their environmental impacts. Globalization has increased the need for organizations to engage in environmental sustainability. In developed countries, ISO 14001 provides the basic guidelines for sustainability, but in developing countries, sustainability is still a new concept.
Materials and Methods:
This research paper aims to emphasize the importance of the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) as one of the fundamental pillars upon which organizations rely, and to identify the actual level of compliance with its implementation at the General Company for Vegetable Oil Industries, which has obtained ISO 9000 certification.
Results
The study results summarized that the compliance rate for implementing ISO 14001:201 standard reached (60.5%), and the gap percentage was (39.5%).
Conclusion:
These results indicate that the company needs to complete its environmental management system in preparation for certification. It still needs to address weaknesses in its environmental management system by focusing more on the responsibilities and authorities of its environmental management, improving planning, support, and operation requirements to ensure improved environmental performance
Innovations in the Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections: From Drugs to Alternative Approaches
No full textInfections resulting from antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) represent a major global health concern of our era. Alongside the development of novel antibiotics, the identification of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the exploration of alternatives to current medications present viable strategies to address antibiotic resistance. This analysis consolidates the most promising solutions for combating ARB that are currently in development. These strategies encompass: (a) the discovery of novel antibiotics through the modification of existing compounds; (b) the enhancement of the efficacy of current antibiotics via metabolic stimulation or the implementation of advanced delivery systems; and (c) the emergence of novel alternatives to traditional antibiotics includes bacteriophages and endolysins, anti-biofilm compounds, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody-based therapies. Preclinical and clinical investigations indicate that these treatments possess significant potential against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Certain ARB items are anticipated to be commercially accessible in the imminent future.
 
The Implicit Addressee in the Arabic Legacy and the Discourse Analysis Approaches
No full textتتضمن العملية التواصلية بحسب النموذج المعياري للتواصل ثلاثة عناصر رئيسة هي: (المتكلم) و(الرسالة) و(المخاطَب)، حيث يحتوي عنصر الرسالة على (المعنى)، أما المتكلم فوظيفته إنتاج المعنى والقصد، وأما المخاطب فيقع على كاهله فهم المعنى أو تأويله والتوصّل إلى قصد المتكلّم.
وبحسب هذا القالب المعياري فقد يمارس المخاطب لعبة إخفاء المعنى الذي ينتجه، مما يؤدي إلى أن يتحول المعنى في الرسالة إلى ظاهري وضمني. ومما يدفع المخاطب إلى السعي إلى الكشف عن المعنى الضمني بمراعاة قوانين الخطاب.
وعلى هذا، يبقى المعنى والقصد همَّ الدراسات اللسانية الحديثة، من حيث إنتاجهما أو تلقيهما أو آليات تضمينهما. وقد ظهرت نظريات لسانية عديدة تبحث في هذه العناصر الرئيسة وما يحف بها من عناصر أخرى كالسياق والشفرة. وأثرها في تضمين المتكلم للمعاني والمقاصد، وقدرة المخاطب على تأويلها واستنتاجها. وقد ركزت تلك النظريات على قصد المتكلم أو أنواع المعاني من حيث الظاهر والضمني، أو تأويل المخاطب.
إلا أن ثمة ظاهرة اهتمت بها لسانيات التلفظ اهتماما بالغا لم نجدها في غيرها من نظريات تحليل الخطاب، وهي ظاهرة (المجاز التواصلي) أو(المخاطب المضمر)، التي أستطيع أن أسميها بـ(التوجه بالخطاب) أو(أسلوب التوجه الخطابي)، وهي ظاهرة التفت إليها البلاغيون والأصوليون العرب القدماء، وضمّنوها ضمن مبحث بلاغي أسموه بـ(التعريض). ومع هذا، لم يسلم العرب القدماء من السهو في تشخيص هذه الظاهرة، كما سنتبيّن، مما استدعى مناقشة آرائهم وتصويبها.
من هنا يحدد البحث مشكلته بالبحث عن (أسلوب التوجّه الخطابي) بتحديد مفهومه، وفرقه عن الأساليب التي ترتبط بالمعنى. ومنطلقنا في كل ذلك تحليل الاستعمالات بالاستعانة بما ذكره البلاغيون القدماء والمحققون من البلاغيين المحدثين، من جهة، وما ذكره علماء لسانيات التلفظ، من جهة أخرى.
أما خطة البحث فقد بٌنيت على ثمانية محاور هي: أسلوب التعريض عند العرب مدخل تأسيسي لـ(أسلوب التوجه الخطابي)، والتعريض في تحليل الخطاب، ومفهوم المجاز التواصلي، والمخاطَب المضمَر، وإستراتيجيات المجاز التواصلي وأغراضه، وخصائص المجاز التواصلي، ونتائج البحث، والتوصيات، ثم قائمة بمصادر البحث ومراجعه.According to the model of communication, the communicative process consists of three main elements: the speaker, the message, and the addressee. The message contains meaning, the speaker is the producer of the (intended) meaning, and the addressee is to understand and/or interpret the (intended) meaning.
In this model, the speaker may choose to explicitly or implicitly produce the meaning, which leads to the probability of having an explicit and/or implicit message. The addressee has to retrieve the implicit meaning by observing the context.
Thus, meaning and intention remain the concern of modern linguistic studies, in terms of their production, reception, and interpretation. Numerous linguistic theories have emerged to investigate these key elements along with the immediate context and code and the impact they have on the speaker\u27s inclusion of meanings and intentions as well as the addressee’s ability to interpret and infer them. These theories have focused on the speaker\u27s intention and the types of meanings, in terms of the explicit and implicit, or the speaker\u27s interpretation.
However, there is a spoken phenomenon to which many studies have paid great attention that we did not find in other theories of discourse analysis, which is the phenomenon of (communicative implicitness) or (implicit addressee), which I can call (discourse orientation) or (discourse orientation technique), a phenomenon that the ancient Arab rhetoricians and fundamentalists paid attention to, and included it within their rhetorical research called “implicitness”. However, the ancient Arabs did not escape from misdiagnosing this phenomenon, necessitating the need to discuss and correct their opinions.
Hence, the research identifies its problem by investigating the method of rhetorical orientation and by defining its concept in addition to differentiating it from other methods that are related to meaning. Our starting point in all this is to analyse the uses of the ancient rhetoricians and what modern ones have checked, on one hand, and what modern linguists have stated, from the other hand
Table of Contents No. 7
No full textفهرس العدد السابعTable of Contents No. 7