Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University: Open Journal Systems
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Prevailing Theories in Cardiovascular Physiology during Ancient and Classical Times
Get PDFCurrently accepted theories of human physiology have been proposed only in the last two centuries, with understanding of many molecular processes proposed within the last 50 years. However, theories of human physiology have been debated for thousands of years. This paper focuses on the theories of physiology discussed in ancient and classical times, with a focus on the structure and function of the heart and its vessels. The experiments and subsequent conclusions of physicians and philosophers of antiquity have led to some interesting interpretations. Notably, anatomical studies remain remarkably similar to today’s understanding, whereas ideas of function and physiology are drastically different.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: From Acquisition to Application
Get PDFFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that exploits magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect regional brain activity through measurement of the hemodynamic response that is coupled to electrical neuronal activity. The most common fMRI method detects blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. The BOLD effect represents alteration in the ratio of deoxygenated to oxygenated hemoglobin within brain tissue following neuronal activity. Alterations in this hemoglobin ratio result from changes in cerebral oxygen extraction, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral blood volume that occur in response to neuronal activity. The small, but detectable, change in magnetics resonance signal intensity is due to the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) images to the paramagnetic deoxygenated state of hemoglobin that is the basis of contrast in fMRI applications. This review describes the physical and physiological bases of the MR signal, the principle of the BOLD effect, technical issues related to fMRI implementation, and fMRI experimental design. Research and clinical applications of fMRI are presented, including the use of fMRI in neurosurgical planning. Since it provides an individualized map of brain function, fMRI enables accurate localization of eloquent brain regions prior to surgery, allowing assessment of surgical risk and prognosis, as well as planning surgical approach
Making HIV Testing a Routine: Facing the Truth 
No full textWrath of God syndrome, Gay-related Immuno- deficiency Syndrome, Gay Cancer, Gay Plague—these are the names AIDS had in the 1980s. False myths made uninfected people afraid to interact with affected individuals. A political cartoon of these times bitterly made fun of the prevailing attitude towards the disease, “It affects homosexual men, drug users, Haitians and hemophiliacs...Thank goodness it hasn’t spread to human beings yet (Black, 1985).
