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WILL THE TYPE OF GnRH ANALOGUE AFFECT THE EMBRYO CLEAVAGE
Get PDFAim and Objective: The present study is aimed to carry out the effect of the type of GnRH analogue on embryo cleavage. Materials and Methods:A total of 403 patients who underwent Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection were included in the study .They were divided in to three groups. Group I- Embryos which cleaved before 27 hours after injection. Group II- Embryos which cleaved after 27 hours, Group III-Embryos which cleavaed before and after 27 hours. The effects of GnRh agonist and antagonist on embryo cleavage were compared between the three groups. Results: All the 403 patients were analysed. There was no difference in the mean age, duration of ovarian stimulation, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization, cleavage rates and embryo quality between the three groups. Out of 403 patients, early cleavage was observed in 165 patients (40.94 %). Late cleavage was observed in 129 patients (32.01%), both early and late cleavage was observed in 109 patients(27.05%).Out of 227 patients in the agonist protocol the early cleavage was observed in 98 patients (43.17%), late cleavage was observed in 71patients (31.28%),and both early and late cleavage was observed in58 patients (25.55%). Out of 176 patients in the antagonist protocol the early cleavage was observed in 67 patients (38.07%), late cleavage was observed in 58 patients (32.95%), and both early and late cleavage was observed in 51 patients (28.98%) P 0.563. We observed there was no statistical significant difference between agonist and antagonist stimulation protocol on embryo cleavage Conclusion: The embryo cleavage was not affected by the type of GnRHanalogue used.KEYWORDS: Early cleavage; Embryo quality; Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; Ovarian stimulation
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICE PATTERN OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AMONG DIABETOLOGISTS OF VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT -A STUDY
Get PDFBackground: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of blindness in working age adults. Because of its asymptomatic nature, most of these patients do not seek ophthalmologists care till the advent of visual loss. Patients who do not receive any form of educational intervention regarding Diabetes and DR, has a fourfold increased risk of developing Diabetic Retinopathy and its delayed recognition. Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) look to their Diabetologists guidance in managing all aspects of their disease including their eye care. According to ICMR guidelines, Diabetologists should discuss visual health with their patients and insist upon annual dilated eye examinations. Present study was undertaken to assess Diabetologists self reported knowledge, awareness and practice patterns of DR relative to the published ICMR guidelines. Methods: A pre tested, semi structured questionnaire was given to 126 Diabetologists practicing in Visakhapatnam district with >5 years of experience in managing DM patients. Results: Study population consisted of 78 General practitioners, 44 General physicians and 4 Endocrinologists. Among 126 Diabetologists, 93.65% (n=118/126) had knowledge about DR. Only 32.53% (n=41/126) had knowledge about recent management modalities of DR. 81.74% (n=103/126) knew about the necessity of annual, fundus examination in DM pts. Only 20.33% (n=26/126) were imparting this knowledge to their patients. Only 6.34% (n=8/126) were advising Ophthalmologist\u27s evaluation at the time of diagnosis of DM. Conclusion: DR related practice patterns of Diabetologists of Visakhapatnam district significantly differ from recommended strategies for Diabetes eye care . Based upon the results of our study, we suggest the need of certain measures and regulations.
KEYWORDS: Diabetes; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diabetes eye care; ICMR guidelines; Physician\u27s role
NASAL OBSTRUCTION AND EUSTACHIAN TUBE DYSFUNCTION: HOW ARE THEY RELATED?
Get PDFEustachian tube is an osseocartilagenous tube which connects middle ear with nasopharynx. It has been suggested that any pathology affecting the nose, paranasal sinuses or nasopharynx may lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction and middle ear hypoventilation. Hence, we decided to take up a study to assess the effect of nasal obstructive lesions on Eustachian tube function by Impedance Audiometry and to see if it improves or not after corrective surgery. The present study was conducted prospectively in 44 patients with a male: female ratio of 2.14:1 and age ranging from 18 to 68 years, having abnormal tympanograms (type B/C) in atleast one ear who underwent nasal surgery for nasal obstructive lesions. The study favours the observation that surgery for nasal obstruction significantly improves tubal function and middle ear ventilation by 4 weeks postoperatively. Nasal obstructive lesions lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction by causing airflow turbulence in the post nasal space as a result of asymmetrical airflow in the two nasal passages. Hence, corrective surgery for nasal obstruction should be considered atleast 4 weeks before undertaking the middle ear surgery to improve middle ear ventilation, thereby improving the success rates of middle ear surgery.
KEYWORDS: Eustachian tube; Paranasal sinuses; Osseocartilagenous; Nasopharynx
Anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum sanctum (Linn) in formalin induced acute models of albino rats
Get PDFThe inflammatory process is the response to an injurious stimulus. It can be evoked by a wide variety of noxious agents (e.g., infections, antibodies, physical injuries). Many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin etc. are in clinical use but all these are not completely devoid of adverse effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of O. sanctum alone and in combination with indomethacin was studied using formalin-induced rat paw edema. Aqueous extract of O. sanctum (200mg/kg, 300mg/kg or 400mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with indomethacin (25mg/kg) to separate group of rats and paw volume was measured by plethysmometer and compared with control group. All the test groups showed significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory effect in formalin-induced rat paw edema. The reduction of edema by O. sanctum was better than that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin and on co-administration marginally improved the anti-inflammatory profile of indomethacin. O.sanctum possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity probably due to inhibition of both cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism (dual inhibitory property).
KEYWORDS: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Indomethacin; Plethysmometer
STUDY OF HbA1c AS A BIOMARKER IN DYSLIPIDEMIA AND ATHEROGENICITY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Get PDFHbA1c is being used to assess the glycemic control for many years. This study was done to evaluate the importance of HbA1c in predicting dyslipidemia and atherogenecity in type 2 Diabetes. Methods: 200 type 2 diabetic patients were taken as subjects. Fasting and post meal blood sugar, Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, lipid ratios and atherogenic index of plasma(AIP) was analysed in these patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on their HbA1c; Good Glycemic Control was defined as having HbA1c ≤ 7.0% and Poor Glycemic Control as HbA1c >7.0%. Results & Discussion: We found a significant increase in the levels of blood glucose, total serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and a significant decrease in the levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with HbA1c >7% as compared to patients with HbA1c ≤ 7%. HbA1c had a direct and significant correlation with TC, TG, VLDL-C, LDL-C, TC /HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and an inverse correlation with HDL-C. AIP correlates with cardiovascular risk very well, and the association between HbA1c with various lipid parameters and atherogenic ratios suggests the importance of glycemic control in order to control dyslipidemia and future risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics.
KEYWORDS: Lipid profile; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Glycosylated haemoglobin; Glycemic control, Atherogenic index of plasma
PREVALENCE OF RECURRENT HEADACHE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF A FACULTY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN DERNA CITY: A PILOT STUDY
Get PDFBackground: Headache is major common neurological disease. Headache is a worldwide health problem, and is one of most common reasons for patients to seek health advice. The aim of this to determine prevalence of recurrent headache, associated risk factors and cause of headache among students at faculty of medical technology in Derna city, Libya. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey in faculty of medical technology, Derna, Libya using a self-administration questionnaire from March to May 2013 on sample of 150 students in the faculty of medical technology. A questionnaire was given to the students who were selected by systematic random sampling. Results: 150 questionnaires were distributed to undergraduate student in the faculty of medical technology, of which 95 were returned, giving a participation rate of 63.3%, mean age=21.2 ± 2.2 years. There were 40 (42.1%) males and 53 (55.8%) females. The prevalence of recurrent headache was estimated to be 72.6% (69/95). The higher prevalence of headache was in females. Headache was significantly common in females than in males (X2=17.9; P <0.001). Conclusion: The study shows high prevalence of recurrent headache among the students, which will affect the academic performance, and the life activities of the students. Provide entertainments services in the school are very important to reduce prevalence of headache among the students special during the exam period.
KEYWORDS: Prevalence; Recurrent; Headache; Students; Libya; Derna
SPECIATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERN OF TRIBE PROTEEAE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EXTENDED SPECRUM BETA LACTAMASE (ESBL) AND CARBAPENEMASE DETECTION
Get PDFBackground:Proteusis a common uropathogen causing urinary tract infections in catheterised patients and those with urinary tract abnormalities. It may also lead to pyelonephritis, renal stones & bacteraemia. Multidrug resistant Proteeae isolates are major problem in treating nosocomial infections. Beta lactamase production is being increasingly demonstrated in most of the Proteus species. Apart from ESBL, Carbapenemase production is also emerging, thereby limiting the treatment options. Aim: To isolate, speciate and study the antibiotic resistance pattern of the Proteeae isolates. To identify the extended spectrum beta lactamase andcarbapenemase producing strains of Proteeae isolates by employing phenotypic methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 145 isolates of Proteus species isolated from different clinical samples- urine, pus and sputum, were included in this study. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Screening tests for ESBL & Carbapenemase production was confirmed by Disk diffusion method and Modified Hodge test respectively. Results: Out of the 145 Proteeae isolates, from various clinical samples 70 were from wound swabs, 62 from urine, and 13 from respiratory specimens. The species were identified as 64 P.mirabilis, 48 P. vulgaris, 19 M. morganii, 5 Prov. stuartii and 9 Prov. rettgeri. Different antibiotic resistance patterns were observed in different species. Providencia species showed resistance to most of the antibiotics than the Proteus species and M morganii. Of the total, 52 (36%) were ESBL producers. Among the ESBL producers 6 (11.5%) were Carbapenamase producers. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of multi drug resistant strains in Tribe Proteeae has made antimicrobial susceptibility testing more important. Avoidance of indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the first step in prevention of newly emerging drug resistant strains.
KEYWORDS: Proteeae; ESBL; Carbapenemase; Double disk Synergy test; Modified Hodge test
OZONE-A REVIEW
Get PDFOzone (O3) gas discovered in the mid-nineteenth century is a molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen in a dynamically unstable structure due to the presence of mesomeric states. Ozone therapy has been utilized and heavily studied for more than a century. Its effects are proven, consistent, safe and with minimal and preventable side effects. Medical O3 is used to disinfect and treat disease. Mechanism of actions is by inactivation of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast and protozoa, stimulation of oxygen metabolism, activation of the immune system. Medication forms in a gaseous state are somewhat unusual, and it is for this reason that special application techniques have had to be developed for the safe use of O3. In local applications as in the treatment of external wounds, its application in the form of a transcutaneous O3 gas bath has established itself as being the most practical and useful method, for example at low (sub-atmospheric) pressure in a closed system guaranteeing no escape of O3 into the surrounding air. Ozonized water, whose use is particularly known in dental medicine, is optimally applied as a spray or compress. Diseases treated are infected wounds, circulatory disorders, geriatric conditions, macular degeneration, viral diseases, rheumatism/arthritis, cancer, SARS and AIDS.
KEYWORDS: Allodynia; Autohemotherapy; Lipid ozonation products; Ozone
LIPID PEROXIDATION AND LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN CORD BLOOD OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION
Get PDFHypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and form one of the deadly triad, along with hemorrhage and infection that contribute greatly to maternal morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to determine the changes in lipid peroxidation and lipoprotein concentrations in cord blood of pregnancy induced Hypertensive patients. The MDA levels in cord blood of Pregnancy induced Hypertension patients. MDA levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.001). Supporting a concept of elevated oxidative stress in fetal circulation in pregnancy induced hypertension. Hydrolysis of Tgs compared with normal gestation, resulting in impaired Generation of LDL particles from Tg rich lipoproteins. Plasma Uric acid in Pregnancy induced Hypertension cases were raised significantly in comparison with controls (p < 0.001).
KEYWORDS: Lipid peroxidation; Pregnancy induced hypertension; Lipoprotiens
EFFECT OF NICORANDIL ON PENTYLENETETRAZOLE (PTZ) INDUCED CONVULSIONS IN MICE
Get PDFAims & Objectives: To evaluate or screen the anticonvulsant effect of Nicorandil a potassium channel opener in Pentylenetetrazole(PTZ) induced convusions in albino mice. Materials & Methods: Mice of either sex weighing 20-25gms were selected for the present study. The animals were divided into 6 groups with each group consisting of 6 albino mice. Group 1 mice received placebo (0.2ml of distilled water) intraperitoneally (i.p), group 2 received sodium valproate 200 mg/kg/i.p. as positive control, while groups 3,4, 5 and 6 were administered Nicorandil 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p respectively. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was administered in the dose of 100mg/kg i.p, 30mins after Nicorandil/ control drug pre-treatment. Onset and duration of clonic convulsion were recorded. Results: Nicorandil pretreatment in the dose of 5mg/kg increased onset time and significantly decreased the duration of convulsions,while the doses of 10, 20, 40mg/kg prevented the convulsions. Conclusion: Nicorandil possesses significant anticonvulsant activity comparable to sodium valproate on PTZ induced seizure in albino mice.
KEYWORDS: Pentylenetetrazole; Sodium valproate; Nicorandil; Anticonvulsant activity