Sumathi Publications (E-Journals)
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SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS IN TYPE-II DIABETES MELLITUS WITH RETINOPATHY PATIENTS IN AND AROUND HYDERABAD
Get PDFBackground & Objectives: Diabetes is a disease of metabolic dysregulation. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress play a role in the development of late diabetic complications. Increased retinal vasopermeability occurs early in diabetes and is crucial for the development of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Serum prolactin is proteolytically processed to vasoinhibins that inhibit the excessive retinal vasopermeability related to diabetic retinopathy. The aim is to study the role of serum prolactin and lipid profile in the pathogenesis of retinopathy in type 2 diabetics and to correlate the changes in serum prolactin levels. Methods: A case control study was done with 90 patients divided into 3 groups (healthy controls, Type 2 Diabetes without retinopathy and Type 2 Diabetes with retinopathy) with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fasting blood samples were collected and fasting plasma glucose, serum Prolactin were measured. Multiple comparisons between different groups were done using ANOVA test. Results: In the present study decreased serum prolactin levels were observed in patients of Type 2 Diabetes with retinopathy compared to Type 2 Diabetes without retinopathy and controls. Mean ± S.D of Fasting plasma glucose, was highest in Group 3. Mean ± S.D of serum prolactin (7.737 ± 2.63) was low in Group 3. Interpretations & Conclusion: The circulating levels of prolactin were decreased in patients with diabetic retinopathy due to glycosylation and were higher in diabetic patients without retinopathy and healthy controls. Increased prolactin levels influence the progression of retinopathy after its intraocular conversion to vasoinhibins which can reduce the pathological retinal vasopermeability in diabetes and increase in prolactin can be considered to have protective role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and also may be considered as a treatment option for retinopathy.
Key words: Prolactin; Diabetic retinopathy; Vasoinhibins; Retinal vasopermeability
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSNASAL MICROEMULSION OF VIGABATRIN
Get PDFIntroduction: The objective of this study was to develop novel transnasal microemulsion containing Vigabatrin for treatment of epilepsy. Method: Oleic acid was selected as oil while Tween 80 and ethanol were selected as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively based on solubility results. Optimized ratio of Tween 80 and Ethanol was selected after developing pseudoternary phase diagrams for different ratio and microemulsions were prepared. The prepared microemulsions were evaluated for globule size, viscosity, pH, and % transmittance. Ex-vivo diffusion study for optimized microemulsion was performed through goat nasal mucosa where in diffusion flux and permeability coefficients were determined. Pharmacological performance was screened in rats by electrically induced seizures. Result: It was found that op mized microemulsion was stable and transparent. Pharmacological evaluation indicated significant reduction (p<0.001) of seizures in rats treated with optimized formula on in comparison to rats treated with oral Vigabatrin microemulsion and nasal Vigabatrin solu on which suggested Vigabatrin transnasal delivery system as an effective alternate therapy for treatment of epilepsy. Conclusion: Transnasal microemulsion of Vigabatrin was successfully formulated using Tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol as co-surfactant in the formula on to treat epilepsy.
Key words: Epilepsy; Transnasal Microemulsion; Vigabatrin
EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE: A SHORT REVIEW
Get PDFTobacco smoking in India has been increasing alarmingly. Smoking is a known risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, especially, the lung cancer. Carbon monoxide from the smoke and nicotine both put a strain on the heart by making it work faster Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a simple index of pulmonary function and can be used in researchers, clinical practices and even under field conditions to assess the status of large airways. PEFR is decreased in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers and the magnitude of decline is higher in elderly individuals.
KEYWORDS: Peak expiratory flow rate; Smokers; Wright\u27s peak flow meter
DETECTION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS IN AES CASES BY ELISA AND PCR IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF EASTERN INDIA
No full textEncephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma associated with neurologic dysfunction. AES occurs in explosive epidemics or in a non-epidemic (sporadic) form. Epidemic in India have been attributed to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is responsible for most sporadic cases of AES. This study was undertaken to detect JEV and HSV from CSF samples. Method: Two to three ml of CSF was collected in a dry sterile container. Samples were divided into 2 vials and kept at -20oC. One vial was used for ELISA test in while the other vial was used for PCR. Result: Of 90 cases, 61 were males (68%), 29 were females (32%). Majority belonged to 1 month-5years in 34 (38%) cases followed by 6-10 years in 23 (26%) cases. The commonest symptom was fever in 90 (100%) cases followed by change in mental status in 86 (95.6%).Of 90 samples 2 (2.2%) was positive for JEV in PCR while only 1 (1.1%) was positive in ELISA. A total of 9 (10%) samples were positive for HSV 1 & 2, of which 8 (8.9%) samples were positive in ELISA assay and 8 (8.9%) were positive in PCR assay. In our study only 2 (2.2%) samples were positive for JEV in PCR while one was negative in ELISA. 9 (10%) samples were tested positive for HSV which signifies the sporadic nature of the virus in this region. Conclusion: PCR was found to be more sensitive in detection of JEV, while in HSV detection both ELISA and PCR were equally sensitive.
Key words: Japanese B encephalitis virus; Herpes simplex virus; Acute encephalitis syndrome; Polymerase chain reaction; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
EFFECT OF LEAD ON MALE REPRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL
Get PDFIntroduction: In early 1960\u27s, there is a first evidence of the toxic effects ionizing radiation on elevated oxygen levels in aerobes and proposed that oxygen toxicity is due to free radical formation. An alteration between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants, potentially leading to damage is termed \u27oxidative stress\u27. Lead and cadmium do not have any detectable beneficial biological roles rather it produces detrimental effects on biochemical, physiological and behavioral dysfunctions. Even a little lead poisoning can cause serious health problems, and at very high levels, it can be fatal. Mainly it affects the heamopoeitc system, Liver, Kidney, Cardiovascular system and reproductive system. Methodology: Experimental rats, injected intraperitoneally with lead acetate for 15 days at the dosage of 50, 100 mg/kg/day body weight and compared to control rats injected with deionized distilled water instead. At the end of study testis were removed and right testis was used for testicular antioxidant Malandealdehyde (MDA) levels estimation by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay and left testis was used for histopathological analysis. Unpaired t test and ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results : The MDA (nmole /gm tissue) levels in control, lead 50mg, lead 100mg groups were 12.16±0.4, 17.06±0.16 and 18.11±0.13. Histopathology examination Lumen showing decreased sperm count and maturation. Some of the lumens showing absence sperm maturation. Conclusion: Study on lead-exposed rat testis have shown that reduction of spermatogenesis formation and sperm maturation. Increased MDA levels indicate that it may be due to oxidative stress. The toxicity of lead was noted at level ≥50mg/kg.
Key words: Lead; Lipid peroxidation; Male reproduction; Testicular histology
BARTTER\u27S SYNDROME
Get PDFOBJECTIVE: Bartter\u27s syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by renal salt wasting, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. CASE REPORT: A 32 years old male patient presented to casualty with complaints of generalised weakness and chest pain of 15 days duration. Patient had pallor, with loss of buccal pad of fat, skin turgor was lost, and extremities were cold. PR-90bpm, feeble, BP-50/40mmHg. History of similar complaints 1 month back for which he was hospitalised for 15 days and was not completely relieved of symptoms. The differential diagnosis of metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia without hypertension are; 1. Bartter\u27s syndrome, 2. Gitelman\u27s syndrome, 3. Surreptitious vomiting and 4. Diuretic abuse. CONCLUSION: Acquired Bartter\u27s and Gitelman\u27s like syndromes have been described with autoimmune disorders, sarcoidosis and various drugs. This patient could have a yet undetected or unknown mutation of a protein which has a structural or a functional role in renal tubular cells (of Loop of Henle).
KEY WORDS: Bartter\u27s syndrome; Renal salt wasting; Hypokalemia; Metabolic alkalosis; Sarcoidosis
CLINICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ANEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE RURAL HOSPITAL OF WESTERN MAHARASHTRA
Get PDFBackground: Anemia is defined as reduction of the total red cell mass below normal limits. Anemia is usually diagnosed based on a reduction in the haematocrit (the ratio of packed red cells to the blood volume) and the hemoglobin concentration of the blood to levels that are below the normal range. Dermal loss of iron is also suggested as one of the possible contributing factors in the genesis of iron deficiency Anemia in the tropics. In view of the geographical location of western Maharashtra which too has climate similar to tropical parts it was thought prudent to evaluate the clinical profile of anemia in the rural patients presenting with the manifestations of anemia. Objectives: To study Clinical profile, nail changes and type of anemia on Peripheral blood picture of patients presenting with Anemia in a tertiary care rural hospital of Western Maharashtra. Methodology: Total 200 Patients diagnosed to be cases of anemia in a tertiary care rural hospital of Western Maharashtra were enrolled for the study during the study period. All the patients satisfying the above inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied for Clinical profile, nail changes and type of anemia on Peripheral blood picture. Results: In this study out of 200 cases the maximum no of cases seen in >40 yrs were 128(64%). The most frequent symptom was easy fatigability which was present in 190(80%) of patients followed by breathlessness in 132(76%) and the signs noted were Pallor in 188(94%), Venous hum in 88(44%), Pedal edema in 80(40%), signs of Heart failure in 80(40%). The most common type of anemia seen of Peripheral blood smear was Microcytic hypochromic in 84(42%) followed by Dimorphic in 54(27%). The proportion of Platonychia is highly significant than Koilonychias in all types of anemia. Conclusion: The clinical profile of anemia studied in the patients coming to the tertiary care hospital in rural western revealed similar pattern of presentation with other studies with easy fatigability and breathlessness as most common symptoms and pallor as most common sign . The Peripheral blood smears revealed Microcytic hypochromic anemia in 44% patient as most common morphological anemia with Platonychia as most common nail changes in all types of morphological anemia.
Keywords: Anemia, Clinical profile, Peripheral Blood Smear , Microcytic Hypochromic, Koilonychias, Platonychi
OVERWEIGHT, A CULPRIT AFFECTING BACK ENDURANCE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Get PDFBackground: Studies reveal that reduced muscle endurance has a major impact, leading to decrease in quality of life. Hence early diagnosis and prognosis is essential for leading healthy life. Lack of muscle endurance has shown to be related to decreased proprioceptive awareness and decreased productivity in the workplace and daily activity. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate isometric endurance time of healthy normal population for trunk extensors and flexors. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 100 participants were randomly recruited by convenient sampling and trunk muscle endurance was assessed using trunk flexor endurance test and Sorensen\u27s test. Results: The results of the study revealed-mean back endurance for extensor muscles was 47.66secs and 52.82secs for males and females respectively. Similarly, for trunk endurance for trunk flexors was 52.82 secs and 112.86 secs for males and females respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that trunk muscle endurance for females was more as compared to males and also, with increase in BMI there is decrease in trunk muscle endurance.
KEYWORDS: Trunk endurance; BMI; Sorensen\u27s test; Trunk
MOBILE PHONES OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS: A POTENTIAL THREAT TO INFECTION CONTROL IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Get PDFBackground: Nosocomial infections are a major problem in both developed and developing countries. Among various reasons for the increase in the rate of nosocomial infections, the role of mobile phones used by Health Care Professionals (HCPs), is analyzed in this study. Aims and Objectives: To screen the surfaces of mobile phones of HCPs for pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and to compare it with the control group. To study the significance of mobile phones of HCPs acting as vehicles for transmitting nosocomial infections. Materials and Methods: 200 HCPs (Doctors, nurses, medical students, and technicians) 50 other than HCPs mobile phone surfaces are swabbed with sterile swabs soaked in sterile saline and inoculated onto Blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and incubated for 48 hours. The organisms are identified by the colony morphology and characteristic biochemical reactions. Control group (50) comprised of general public and arts and science students. A questionnaire related to their habit of using the cell phones was also filled up by both the test group and the control group. Results: The pathogenic bacteria isolated from study group are Staphylococcus aureus, which is predominant, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andProteus mirabilis. The non- pathogenic bacteria isolated are Micrococci, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Diphtheroids, Neisseria catarrahlis, Aerobic spore bearers, and Candida albicans. The prevalence of Pathogenic bacteria and Non Pathogenic bacteria are higher in HCPs samples when compared with the control group.
KEY WORDS: Nosocomial infections; Mobile phones; Health care professionals
ASSESSMENT OF LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Get PDFAim: Various physical, psychological and hormonal changes during the perimenopause may affect their quality of life. It results in Joint pain, stiffness and urinary incontinence may limit the ability to take the exercise and to socialize. Poor sleep and mood changes can have an impact on women`s ability to work effectively. Objective: To categories level of physical activity in terms of light, moderate and vigorous through RAPA scale. Methodology: Questionnaire based survey was carried out in 100 perimenopausal women aged 45 to 55 years. After the anthropometric and demographic assessment RAPA was administered and then data was analyzed. Result: Out of 100 subjects only 17 women were categorized as active with moderate physical activity for 30 minutes on 5 or more days of week and 10 did vigorous physical activity for 20 minutes for 3 or more days a week and were called as active. Out of the 10 active only 4 did flexibility and no strengthening. Conclusion: Only 10 perimenopausal women could reach second level of RAPA. 22 were eliminated in question no. 1 i.e. they were inactive apart from daily household activities .
KEY WORDS: Perimenopausal women; Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity