University of Minnesota, Duluth
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Les jeunes agriculteurs des années 1960 et les lois d'orientation et complémentaire
Get PDFYoung farmers in the 60's and the Agriculture Acts - During the 1950's a new generation of young farmers was active in attempting to «r build a more human world ». They accepted the idea of the necessary and inevitable decrease in the number of farmers, but they wanted farmers to be in control of the land and of their production, and to have responsibilities, for they were above all afraid of being wage-earners. Their desire was to have a hand in political decisions, and when taking part in union activities, they would have liked industrial trades unionists to follow a similar path but industrial trades unionism always refused workers' participation in economic policy-making. By a lucky chance, there was on the one hand a young farmers movement that had a new idea of economic policy and on the other, from 1958, a new political team in power, anxious to see farming brought up to date. This led to the Agriculture Acts. But these acts are also marked by other schools of thought and other professional organizations. Consequently the texts disappointed the young farmers' hopes particularly as far as land tenure was concerned. Subsequently many other clauses in the act were not applied or were gradually modified both concerning land tenure and the disposal of production. In the end it is probably the IVD that has had the greatest effect. Those who were young farmers at the time feel they have served the public interest by enabling France to become a great industrial country as well as a great agricultural country. But, for their humanistic conception of labour to be adopted not onTy in the farming community but also in non-agricultural activities - to give them peace of mind a political evolution that the balance of power in our society has prevented would have been necessary. The political parties were too old fashioned. Only the founder of the Fifth Republic facilitated the integration of the rural world in political and economic life
La concentration et la planification agricoles en Roumanie
Get PDF1) The superiority of large-scale farm production over small farms is nowadays recognized by most economists, even in capitalist countries. In Rumania the change-over to large-scale socialist farm production took place in stages. In the first stage - the agricultural reform put an end to the great estates of the Boyards. The first State farms were set up. Then a second stage saw the beginning of the process o
La propriété du sol et des moyens de production dans les conditions de passage à la production de type industriel, en RDA
Get PDFThe social progress of the rural community, the objective of the farm and land policy of the GDR, cannot be achieved without reforming the land laws. The land reform which, both globally and in principle, concerned land ownership and use and the means of production, is heading towards collectivization. The gradual changes in the laws governing land ownership and use are connected with the different stages of socialization. The setting up of LPGs - farm products cooperatives - has led to a change in the law governing ownership of land and of the means of production and of output. The intensification of socialization and the gradual transition to industrial-type production methods, by means of the cooperative movement, are based on the setting up of bigger and more specialized production units - LPGs, GPGs, VEGs. Finally, as a result of the LPGs and VEGs, the intercoopera- tive - legally an autonomous body - has its own plan, management and finance. Its main concerns are improvement cooperatives, agricultural chemical centres (ACZs), intercooperative undertakings (ZBOs) and various specialized plants (for drying, storage, processing, animal production). In conclusion, collectivization of land and of the means of production, the development of cooperatives and the setting up of specialized firms, make possible an intensification of agricultural production, the introduction of industrial-type production methods, lower cost prices,, better returns for funds invested, and greater productivity. The rights to land ownership of the cooperative members remain. Their ownership is realized above all within the activity of the cooperative and in their financial results
Les sources de protéines pour l'alimentation animale : bilan général de l'approvisionnement et apport particulier des céréales
Get PDFStuffs a general survey of supply and the particular contribution of cereal crops - In the satisfaction of protein demand, the general survey for France shows up the preponderance of coarse, home-produced fodder. Ruminants are the main consumers of protein products and are also the main producers of animal protein. The sudden stoppage in protein imports, even if it is a nuisance, will not jeopardize animal production. A rise in the price of oil-cake (the 1973 crisis) leads to an increase in animal production costs that is much less than the anarchic variations in animal product prices. The protein supply must be examined in the overall context of the animal production policy and not only analyzed as a food problem. Cereal crops are a source of protein products for non-ruminants (54 % of the demand). The choice of one or other variety of cereal makes less oil-cake necessary. The late use of nitrogen manure might be a means of improving the protein content of wheat. For pigs, by using cereals, one third of the quantity of oil-cake can be saved without having an adverse effect on the quality of the production. The feeding of ruminants can have alternative solutions such as the use of « cereals and urea »
Planification, politique agricole, histoire économique: Les décisions d'orientation et la réorganisation du système de vie des agriculteurs mutant, rapportées au contexte communal d'origine
Get PDFThe type of response made by a community like that of farmers leaving farming, to constraints and social and economic needs that impose change, tends towards the main component factors of an essentially farming tradition remaining. The two-fold process of differentiation and adjustment in the move from farming to non-farming is studied through an analysis of the decisions concerning the orientation and reorganization of the way of life and of the values of farmers leaving farming in the original communal hackground