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Liberalne reformy gospodarcze lat 90. XX wieku w Indiach. Przebieg i próba oceny
No full textThe problem of economic development is one of the most interesting issues of both economic theory and practice. One of the most appealing cases is India, which has implemented various development strategies aimed at high economic growth since its liberation from British rule. Between 1956 and 1974 India’s GDP growth was relatively low and the economy itself was closed and highly regulated. The specific features of the Indian economy come from the conditions resulting from regulations and initiatives taken at the central, but also state and local, levels. A paradigm shift in economic policy after 1990 resulted in higher growth rates and India became one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The article describes changes in India’s economic development policy since 1990 that have gradually led to high growth rates. The study mainly uses historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature as well as an analysis of existing data. The article concludes that reforms based on the recommendations of the Washington Consensus were accompanied by a strong role of the state, which created the foundations of the new institutional order, supervised changes and intervened when necessary. As a result, the economy entered a path of rapid growth and the efficiency of the entire market increased. Without the active and coordinated role of the state such great success would not have been possible in recent years
Szacowanie bezpośrednich skutków programu Rodzina 500+
No full textI investigate the immediate effects of the introduction of a large-scale child benefit programme on the labour supply of household members in Poland. Due to non-random eligibility and the universal character of the programme, standard evaluation estimators may be inconsistent. In order to address this issue, I propose an approach that combines difference-in-difference (DID) propensity score based methods with the covariate balancing propensity score (CBPS) approach developed by Imai and Ratkovic [2014]. The DID estimators exploit the time dimension to uncover the causal effect of interest. The CBPS method is expected to significantly reduce the bias resulting from systematic differences between treated and untreated subpopulations. I also account for potential heterogeneity among households by focusing on comparisons between locally defined subpopulations of individuals, which jointly provide a comprehensive view on the overall impact. I find that on average previously employed mothers maintain their labour supply although there are heterogeneous weak responses depending on the age of the youngest children. Additionally, mothers who did not work before the introduction of the programme are even less likely to do so having received the benefit. The fathers’ labour supply remained mostly unaffected by the programme, with the exception of previously unemployed fathers, who tend to work more often having received the benefits. This finding may suggest that the programme strengthens the traditional division of household roles, with the male being the main earner
Prosty model gospodarstw domowych typu hand-to-mouth z kapitałem ludzkim
No full textThe main goal of this paper is to analyse the role of human capital in the incidence of hand-to-mouth (HtM) consumers: those who have no liquid resources. The proposed model is based on a two-asset model by Kaplan, Violante and Weidner [2014] with an extension to allow for endogenous accumulation of human capital and is confronted with empirical data on US households from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). I show how the HtM status of consumers depends on their innate abilities, time preference and initial resources. Wealthy HtM households, i.e. households with illiquid resources but with little or no liquidity, are more able, more patient and initially richer than poor HtM households. As a consequence, they accumulate more human capital than poor HtM households. For both types of households, their status depends on having a steep income path, which is endogenous because of endogenous human capital accumulation. The correlation of observable characteristics with HtM behaviour may be of interest to economic policy makers: these consumers have a high marginal propensity to consume so that targeting them could increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy
Nonfarm Work and Income Smoothing Among Domestic Farmworkers
No full textHistorically, farmers in the United States (US) have relied on a highly elastic supply of low-wage labor from rural Mexico. However, recent studies show that the supply of farmworkers from rural Mexico has been decreasing. In this study, we use data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey to identify factors that are linked to farmworkers’ likelihood of shifting to nonfarm work and whether non-farm employment is serving as an income smoothing strategy for seasonal farmworkers. We find evidence of a recent upward pre-COVID trend in farmworkers’ probability of working in nonfarm occupations and that this trend has reversed since the pandemic. Farm- workers who are male and have more extensive off-farm networks, higher educational attainment, legal documentation, or are migrants tend to have a higher probability of recently working in a nonfarm occupation. We also find that nonfarm work is linked to higher annual earnings, suggesting that farmworkers who diversify their employment between farm and nonfarm employment are able to use nonfarm employment as an income smoothing strategy
Impact of Extreme Weather Events on the U.S. Domestic Supply Chain of Food Manufacturing
No full textIn the United States, like in other countries, the agrifood supply chain faces challenges from a growing population and less predictable weather conditions. Extreme weather events decrease agricultural yield, which leads to changes in the domestic trade of agricultural products and, in turn, in the manufacturing of food products. This paper investigates the extent to which food manufacturing in any single state is dependent on drought events affecting locally sourced inputs and/or imported inputs. For this purpose, we estimate the food manufacturing production function in a two-stage process. In the first stage, we assess the role of drought on trade in animals and fish (SCTG 01), cereal grains (SCTG 02), and all other crop products (SCTG 03). In the second stage, we estimate a nested production function for processed food at the state level. Our findings indicate that the agrifood supply chain always adapt to a weather-induced shock on inputs but, depending on the location of the latter, it leads to either an increase or a decrease in a state’s food manufacturing production. We end with simulations showing how drought events affect food manufacturing production in California and Texas, the largest players in the national agrifood network
Oyster mushroom cultivation on straw : aspects of productivity, sustainability and adaptability to the case of Uganda
No full textZACHOWANIA TURYSTYCZNE SENIORÓW NA OBSZARACH NIEZURBANIZOWANYCH
No full textOngoing demographic changes associated with population aging indicate that in the near future, seniors will become one of the dominant consumer groups in the market, including the tourism sector. For this reason, it is essential to gain a deeper understanding of their expectations and behavioral patterns. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the tourist behavior of seniors in the field of domestic trips (with at least one overnight stay), carried out in 2023 in non-urbanized areas. The group of the respondents consisted of 271 active tourist residents of Poland aged 60 or more. The study, using the survey technique, was conducted in January 2024. Among the conclusions, it can be indicated that the respondents took such trips quite rarely (once or twice a year). They usually lasted 3-4 or 5-7 days, and the source of inspiration for taking them was mainly family or friends. The key factors that guided respondents when making decisions about the trips were peace, quiet, and the natural values of the destination. The most frequently indicated goals of the trip were active recreation and visiting relatives/friends. Activities undertaken during the trips were related to these goals, which were most often hiking and participation in social life. The respondents usually traveled in the company of a husband or wife, and the destinations of these trips were most often coastal and lake areas. Accommodation was most often provided with family or friends, as well as in guesthouses and hotels. The most frequently indicated factors that hindered the respondents from undertaking journeys were health problems and high costs of trips
Czy uprawnienia w publicznym systemie emerytalnym wypierają oszczędności w gospodarce okresu transformacji? Przypadek Polski
No full textEconomic theory does not give clear predictions on the impact of social security wealth on private wealth. While the basic life-cycle hypothesis predicts full displacement, many more advanced theoretical contributions anticipate only a limited offset. Empirical research on the issue is also not conclusive. In this paper, we measure the substitution between social security wealth and private wealth in Poland. To obtain measures of long-term substitution, we measure the displacement effects of social security wealth on net wealth. Our estimates of the effects on consumption and the saving rate reflect a short-term impact. Our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that social security wealth crowds out private savings in the long term. The short-term evidence is mixed, but the effects of social security wealth on consumption are at best weak, while the impact on saving rates is not statistically significant. In our view, in transition economies, the influence of social security wealth on private wealth is weaker than in developed economies because the wealth distribution has been to a large extent transformed by random and rapid events such as the privatisation of housing assets
Welcome — and Thanks To So Many!
No full textWelcome to the inaugural issue of the Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development! JAFSCD is an international, online, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on agriculture and food systems and bridges the interests of development professionals (including activist farmers and businesspeople), educators, consultants, and the academic community. While kindred journals focus on critical sustainable food production practices, community food security, and the sociology and political economy of food and agriculture, there has not been a journal supporting the community of practice that is rapidly integrating and evolving around these issues. We look forward to fostering an applied research literature where these interests meet — and may sometimes collide — and the nascent field of agriculture and food systems as a whole advances.It has been about a year since we completed a survey to gauge interest in this journal, gathered input, and announced our first call for papers. We knew from the beginning we had our work cut out for us. For the authors in this issue, time has virtually stood still as we fussed over details. For those of us in the publishing office, it has been whirlwind race to get to this point. Yet there is still much to do; even as we work on the second issue, we also are planning enhancements to the AgDevJournal website as well as the journal’s companion website, soon to be launched — AgDevONLINE. While we’re still in our start-up phase, it sure feels good to get this first issue online! Access to the journal will be free until October 1 to give everyone a chance to try it on for size. However, please support the journal by subscribing right away, and share it with colleagues.The launch of JAFSCD would not have been possible without the countless hours contributed the members of our advisors and editorial committees. These folks have made a leap of faith to work with New Leaf to launch JAFSCD, and they made that leap with a passion for the work that has inspired us to produce the best journal we could. There are a several people I would like especially to recognize: Sandip Banerjee of Hawassa University, Ethiopia, for being our top reviewer; Ken Meter of the Crossroads Resource Center who helped develop our “accessible scholarship” concept; George Chronis, of Express Academic Services and CyberSense.US, for his assistance in developing our websites and his remarkable technical support over the past year; and publishing consultant Joachim Engelland, who provided superlative expertise in business planning. I also want to thank the authors of this inaugural issue for their trust in this new publishing entity, and their patience and persistence. We put them through the wringer as we worked out our processes as well as tampered at length with their manuscripts in our search to find the elusive balance between the needs and interests professionals and academics in food systems and agriculture development — what we refer to as accessible scholarship. Finally, I want to express my deep gratitude to managing editor Amy Christian, whose mark has been made on each and every paper in this inaugural issue. She is a remarkable talent and partner in running JAFSCD, as authors and reviewers are getting to know.Enjoy the inaugural issue and please feel free to contact me with suggestions and constructive criticisms: [email protected] and Editor in Chie
Why Aren’t There Any Turkeys at the Danville Turkey Festival?
No full textFirst paragraphs:Twenty-five years ago, my in-laws came to visit us in central Ohio. They were city folks from Philadelphia who couldn’t understand why my wife, Judy, and I had moved to the country.We timed their visit to coincide with Knox County’s Heart of Ohio tour. Each fall, this selfguided driving tour along the area’s scenic back roads features stops at farms, grange halls, and other sites that offer a glimpse into local rural life. This particular tour included a local turkey farm outside the town of Danville. Danville was well known for its many turkey operations; we were always thankful that it was easy to get a fresh bird for the Thanksgiving table.It remains a family story to this day of how Grandpop Irv felt compelled to let out a gobble during our visit, only to generate a vocal response from what seemed like thousands of birds in the adjacent field.A quarter century later there’s barely a gobble to be heard around Danville, and the only talk of turkeys is at the annual Danville Turkey Festival. Why aren’t there any turkeys at the Danville Turkey Festival? The answer is simple enough. The local processing plant moved 200 miles north into Michigan, in keeping with the trend toward centralization so characteristic of the current global food system. For local farmers, 200 extra miles was the difference between profit and loss, and so turkey farming disappeared...