Coffee Science (E-Journal)
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Decomposition and nutrients released from forest and perennial crops associated with organic coffee
Get PDFAgroforestry consortia increase organic matter and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems. For this reason, the objective of this work was to study the release rate of nutrients and the decomposition of different organic residues, two times of the year, obtained from four cultures intercropped with conilon coffee, aiming to relate the released nutrients to the coffee needs. The decomposition of organic matter residues and the release of nutrients from Inga edulis, Musa spp, Gliricidia sepium, and Bactris gasipaes were evaluated in two different periods. I. edulis residues with a higher amount of polyphenols, and those of Musa spp, with a higher C/N ratio, showed slow decomposition. The decomposition rates were lower in experiments started in March and higher in August. Inga and banana have high residual values of nutrients at 270 days in the decomposition started in March.
Key words: Agroforestry system; Organic coffee; SAF synchrony; Consortium; Lo
Development of coffee seedlings with biostimulants
Get PDFThe production of sustainable coffee (Coffea sp.) has become an alternative to add value to coffee production, reaching new world markets and increasing the farmer's profitability. Biostimulants have been presented as a tool to increase coffee production. The hypothesis is that the use of biostimulants improves the germination rate and the development of coffee seedlings. This study aims to compare and evaluate the application of biostimulants in the initial development of coffee seedlings. An experiment was carried out in Monte Carmelo, Minas Geras. Applications of biostimulants (i) 4-indole-3-ylbutyric acid + gibberellic acid + cinetina, AIA+AG+C; (ii) foliar fertilizer + algae, F+A; (iii) vegetal extracts + gibberellic acid, EV+AA were carried out on coffee seedlings. After 94 days of applying the biostimulants, monitored the length of the aerial part, the number of leaves, stem diameter, root biomass (pivoting, auxiliary and total). Results showed that the application of F+A promoted the greatest length of the aerial part, the number of leaves, and biomass of the roots. The application of AIA+AG+C showed the same performance as F+A in the number of leaves of the coffee seedlings. Given the results, we concluded that the application of biostimulants based on mixed foliar fertilizer + algae demonstrated to be a better alternative to increase the development of the aerial and root part of coffee seedlings.
Key words: Coffea sp.; Organomineral; Root system; Phytohormones.
Cold coffee beverages extracted by cold and hot methods: Composition and sensory acceptance by youngers
Get PDFBrazil is the second largest coffee consumer in the world, however, the participation of the young public in this market is not very expressive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of non-sensory (packaging color, information, and images) and brewing methods (hot or cold extraction) on the acceptance of cold coffee beverages by young consumers. A coffee:water ratio of 1:10 (w:v) and infusion during 4 min and 24 h was used for both hot and cold extractions, respectively. Hot extraction was performed at 95 °C, then cooled in a refrigerator and served at 6 to 10 °C, the same temperature that the cold extraction was performed and served. The beverages were characterized by composition and extraction yield. The packaging of the beverages was designed aiming to appeal to the young Brazilian public (15 to 24 years old), and it was used for the Expectation Evaluation. The type of extraction (hotor cold) produced beverages with differences in composition but with similar acceptance. Except for pH (average value of 5.1), the beverages differed in all the studied parameters. Hot-extracted beverages (iced coffees) had higher contents of caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and melanoidins (92.9, 258.2, and 360.8∙10-6 kg 100 mL-1, respectively); they also presented higher acidity (3.4 mL of NaOH 20 mL-1) as well as higher yield compared to the cold-extracted beverages (cold brews). The use on product labels of brown and black colors, coffee bean images, and the inclusion of information regarding the beverages (extraction method, consumption temperature, non-addition of sugar) generated a positive expectation that was assimilated by the young public. In conclusion, both proposals of cold coffee beverages (by hot or cold extraction) were well accepted considering their sensory and non-sensory aspects.
Key words: Caffeine; CGA; Coffea arabica; melanoidins; packaging
Environmental stratification and performance of Coffea canephora clones grown in the Western Amazon
Get PDFChange in the performance of clones grown in different environments is an important question for Coffea canephora breeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental stratification and the performance of C. canephora clones grown in the Western Amazon. For that purpose the mean yield of three crop seasons was considered to evaluate the performance of 20 genotypes grown in 6 clonal competition trials in the environments of: E1: Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO; E2: Porto Velho-RO; E3: Ariquemes-RO; E4: Rio Branco-AC; E5: Rio Branco-AC; and E6: Alta Floresta do Oeste-RO. The trials were conducted with a plant spacing of 3 m × 1.5 m in a complete block experimental design, with three replications of eight plants per plot. Combined analysis indicated significance of the genotype × environment (G×E) interaction and favorable conditions to obtain gains from selection. Reduction in the dimensionality estimated from climate and soil characteristics indicated that the environments of Porto Velho-RO, Rio Branco-AC and Ariquemes-RO are more similar to each other than the environments of Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO and Alta Floresta-RO of greater natural soil fertility and higher altitude. The AMMI1 biplot shows that genotypes 16, 10, and 13 had the highest mean yields, together with greater stability. In the AMMI2 scatterplot (IPCA1×IPCA2), the environments E4 and E5 were clustered in the same sector. Clustering based on the complex fraction of the G×E interaction coincided with the AMMI2 scatterplot that clustered the E4 and E5 environments in a single mega-environment. Except for these environments, all the others clustered as locations of different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This result shows the importance of maintaining evaluations in those locations, which represent the conditions of the coffee fields in the region.
Key words: AMMI; Genotype × environment; Plant breeding
The impacts of climate variability on coffee yield in five indonesian coffee production centers
Get PDFCoffee is an annual crop sensitive to climate variability. Most Indonesian coffee is cultivated on marginal lands that are vulnerable to environmental changes, including climate. Indonesia's climate variability is influenced by several factors, including the monsoon, local aspects, and global climate oscillations such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). It is crucial to identify the impacts of climate variability on both the production and the economy to develop adaptative measures. This study aims to determine the effects of global climate variability, namely ENSO and IOD, on coffee production in several Indonesian production centers. It uses annual coffee production data in the five major production centers in Indonesia. The ENSO indicators used in this study were the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) in the Nino 3.4 region and the IOD indicator in the Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The production anomaly analysis approach in neutral years and the extreme ENSO and IOD phases were applied in this study. The results showed that the effects of ENSO and IOD were different in each region. The highest decline in production occurred in the La-Nina year in almost all production centers. The decline in output in the La-Nina year ranged from 6 to 22%. Meanwhile, the IOD that had a decreasing effect on production was positive IOD with a decrease ranging from 1 to 15%.
Key words: ENSO; IOD; Economy; Climate change
Efficiency of Metarhizium anisopliae in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in banana and coffee crops
Get PDFBanana and coffee are crops damaged by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Thus, the objective of this research was to study the efficiency of biological products in the control of M. incognita in both crops. Four experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, inoculating banana and coffee plants with 2000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. incognita. In experiment 1, each plot was constituted of a banana seedling cv. Prata Anã. The treatments, applied around each seedling, contained the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, from the collection kept in the Biological Control/CAPSA, IB, and Pochonia chlamydosporia (the commercial product Rizotec). In experiment 2, coffee seedlings cv. Arara were treated in a single dose with M. anisopliae and P. chlamydosporia. In experiments 3 and 4, coffee seedlings cv. Mundo Novo were treated alone or mixed with M. anisopliae and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Based on the results obtained after 150 days of inoculation, it was concluded that M. anisopliae and P. chlamydosporia have usage potential for biological control of M. incognita in bananas and coffee. In the coffee crop, P. chlamydosporia showed 81% efficiency in reducing the population of M. incognita, whereas for M. anisopliae, the efficiency was up to 76.9%. However, there was no difference between treatments with biological control agents in relation to fresh root weight and dry weight of the aerial part of the coffee plants.
Key words: Biological control; Fungi; Nematodes
Effect of roast degree, preparation method, and variety in the sensory and chemical characteristics of coffee (coffea arabica): A mid-infrared spectrum analysis
Get PDFIn coffee beverages, there are several factors that affect the final compounds and generate sensory variations. This study evaluated the effect of five preparation methods, three roast degrees, and three different varieties (coffea arabica) on the physicochemical compounds of coffee (coffea arabica) before and after preparation by using information obtained from the mid-infrared spectrum. The effect on some sensory attributes was assessed by means of a panel of 54 habitual coffee consumers. Spectrum data were processed using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA), while a mixed general linear model was applied for sensory analysis. The results showed that each factor behaves independently, showing a significant effect (p <0.05) on a greater number of attributes. The preparation method and the roast degree are attributed to the changes generated in the chemical characteristicsof coffee during these processes. Through the analysis of the infrared spectrum (IR) by hierarchical cluster, it was found that, before the preparation of the coffee drinks, the samples are grouped by roast degree, regardless of the type of variety. Spectrum analysis by PCA after brewing indicated that there is a greater effect of the roast degree and variety of coffee (coffea arabica) on the chemical markers of the IR spectra. Finally, wavelengths 1,800, 1,740, 1,650, 1,550, 1,480, 1,150, and 710 cm-1, which had a greater contribution in the PCA and allowed the evaluated samples to be grouped differently, are those related to non-volatile compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and trigonelline, which provide sensory characteristics to the final drink.
Key words: Coffee beverage; Food processing; FTIR; Sensory evaluation
Influência do acúmulo de cromo nos índices de compostos secundários em mudas de café conilon
No full textAll plants have some kind of secondary metabolism that is, for many times, defensive mechanism or alternatives for survival in stressful environments. Tannery sludge can be potentially used as a component of substrate for plants, however, high amounts of chromium present in this residue may cause physiological disturbance as well as the stress in plants. The aim of this experiment was to identify and correlate the presence of stress in plants caused by the successive increase of tannery sludge doses in substrate for Conilon coffee seedlings. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments (10, 20 and 40% clay) and twelve replicates, and a conventional substrate of Conilon coffee seedlings production. We evaluated the chromium levels in different parts of seedlings, flavonoid content and the coloration of the leaves. With the increasing of the doses on substrate, there was a higher accumulation of chromium by the plants, both on the top and in the roots. The flavonoid content was positively affected by sludge application on the substrate. The leaf color parameters were not affected by sludge application on the substrate.Todas as plantas possuem algum tipo de metabolismo secundário, sendo estes, muitas vezes mecanismos de defesa ou alternativas de sobrevivência em ambientes estressantes. O lodo de curtume possui potencial de uso como componente de substratos de plantas, no entanto, a elevada quantidade de cromo presente nesse resíduo pode proporcionar distúrbios fisiológicos causando o estresse em plantas. O objetivo nesse experimento foi identificar e correlacionar à presença de estresse em plantas, devido o aumento sucessivo de doses do lodo de curtume em substrato de mudas de café conilon. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (10, 20 e 40% de lodo) e doze repetições e um substrato convencional de produção de mudas de café conilon. Foram avaliados os níveis de cromo nas diferentes partes das mudas, índice de flavonoides e de coloração das folhas. Com o incremento de doses de lodo no substrato, houve maior acúmulo de cromo pelas mudas, tanto na parte aérea quanto nas raízes. O índice de flavonoides foi afetado positivamente pela adição de lodo no substrato. Os parâmetros de coloração das folhas não foram afetados pela adição de lodo no substrato
Isolation and identification of a native microbial consortium for the coffee pulp degradation above 2000 masl
Get PDFPulp and mucilage constitute the most abundant by-products of the processing of coffee and inadequate handling produces high-rates of pollution. Considering that in nature there is a large number of cellulolytic microorganisms which can intervene in the degradation of coffee pulp, the inclusion of a native microbial cellulolytic consortium was assessed. The sample for insulation consisted of coffee pulp and soil from a humid forest at more than 2,000 m.a.s.l. Nutrient agar was used as a means of insulation for bacteria, and malt agar for fungi, supplemented with 50% soil extract and 1% carboxylmethylcellulose. This achieved the isolation of 118 strains of bacteria and 114 of fungi. Cellulolytic activity was established using the filter paper test, assessing and selecting only those that presented higher glucose production, among them 12 strains of fungi and 11 strains of bacteria. To attain the microbial consortium, randomized blends were performed for both fungi and bacteria, again assessing the production of glucose. The bacterial consortium was made up of Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense, Paenibacillus lauruscon and Bacillus xiamenensis and the fungal consortium by Fusarium sp., Penicillum sp., Cylindrocarpon sp. The optimal treatment achieved a complete degradation of the pulp in 28 days, that would contribute to the recovery and conservation of the coffee ecosystem. Main interpretation was wet environment at more 2,000 m.a.s.l. is still good for coffee compost but different bacterial and fungi consortium were found supporting other recent work done with one type of consortium.
Key words: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); Cellulose; Coffee pulp; Degradation; Microbial consortium; Meters above sea level (masl)
Planococcus spp.: behavior and monitoring in conilon coffee crops
Get PDFThe damage caused by the citrus mealybug attack on Coffea canephora crops is becoming more and more frequent, and may cause losses close to 100%. Knowledge of aspects related to pest behavior and adoption of methods to monitor crop incidence are important tools for integrated pest management. Thus, the objective was to study the behavior of citrus mealybug along the phenological stages of C. canephora and to propose methods to monitor its occurrence in the crops. The study was carried out in an area consisting of adult C. canephora plants of the variety Diamante ES 8112. The study was carried out using four sampling methods: 1) soil and root sampling with a probe; 2) opening small trenches; 3) plagiotropic branches and 4) weed sampling. Evaluations were carried out monthly by checking and confirming the presence of citrus mealybug in the sampled regions. The information obtained was used to describe the behavior of citrus mealybug and to analyze the applicability of the monitoring methods studied. In the absence of the reproductive phase, citrus mealybug lodges in the root system of coffee and weeds, in the region close to the colon, moving to the aerial part of the plants (rosettes) at the beginning of the flowering of the crop. Probe sampling was not efficient, while opening small trenches is a difficult procedure and causes damage to the root system of the coffee tree. The sampling of plagiotropic branches and weeds allows the monitoring of citrus cochineal during all the phenological phases of C. canephora.
Key words: Coffea canephora; Integrated pest management; Citrus mealybugs; Sampling; Weeds