College of Coastal Georgia: Coastal Scholar Repository

This poster was presented during the Spring 2025 Endeavor Conference at the College of Coastal Georgia

Garner, Natalie

Empowering the Next Generation
Natalie Garner 
Professor: Dr. Jessica Melilli-Hand 
Course: English 1102 
Community Partner: The Boys and Girls Club 
Partner Description 
● The Boys and Girls Club is a nonprofit 
organization that is dedicated to enabling 
all young people to reach their full 
potential. Through afterschool programs, 
mentorship, and also catering to a safe 
supportive environment. They provide 
opportunities for academic success, 
character development, and a healthy 
lifestyle. 
Project Description 
● I tutored and helped set up recreational 
activities. 
● Using the library databases I found scholarly and 
reputable sources to help write two research 
papers about how the Boys and Girls Club helps 
not only the participants but the community as a 
whole. 
Making a craft 
Reflection 
● My service learning project provided an 
incredibly rewarding experience. 
Seeing the growth, confidence, and 
enthusiasm of the young participants 
reaffirmed that having a safe 
environment to learn is the only way a 
community can grow. 
Background Research 
● Notably, 75% of Club members aged 
12-17 from low income families report 
receiving A’s and B’s. 
● Club members are also more engaged 
with their communities. 68% of 
12-grade club members volunteer at 
least once a month. 
Core Values 


Empowering the Next Generation

Mosher, Tara

Community Partner: Boys and Girls Club Teen Center
Pictured Left to Right: Lexie Cribbs, Gianni 
Holguin, Emily Schultz, Grace Rowell, Deanna 
Green, Cheyenne Lowther, Sarah Toth
Facts about Vaping: 
• 12.7% (58,500) of HS students in Georgia 
currently smoke e-cigarettes
o Male HS students were twice as (15.9%, 
36,00) likely to smoke e-cigarettes than 
females (8.4%; 19,100)
• Vaping can irritate the lungs, throat, and eyes, 
and make it more likely to catch colds or other 
upper respiratory infections and/or diseases.
OUR MISSION: 
To enable all young people, 
especially the ones that need us 
most, to reach their full potential as 
productive, caring, responsible 
citizens.
What is vaping?
Electronic cigarettes and other 
vapor products are used to heat and 
aerosolize liquid known as e-juice 
containing highly addictive nicotine 
and other substances that a person 
can inhale into their lungs. Vaping 
can slow brain development in kids 
and teens. It can affect memory, 
concentration, learning, self-control, 
attention, and mood
Mapping 
Assignment
Community Assessment:
Boys and Girls Club is  fenced in 
with an outside playground. 
The teen center is surrounded by 
multiple resources including a 
hospital, public school, 
pharmacy, and a fire station that 
delivers fire and EMS services. 
All these resources can be 
found within a 5-mile radius. 
Don't Inhale, Set Your Sail!
Nursing Diagnosis:  
Risk – prone health behavior related to 
vaping as evidence by, repeated use of e-
cigarettes or exposure to environmental 
cues that encourage vaping.
Short-Term Goal: 
The teens were able to identify the risk and 
behavior that leads to and identify reasons 
for wanting to quit vaping by end of our 
presentation.
Interventions:
Provide health education:
Educate the individuals about the harmful 
effects of vaping, including the risks of 
respiratory problems, poor oral hygiene, 
addiction, and the effects of short-term and 
long-term health consequences.
Evaluation:
After our presentation we had several 
students come up and ask several 
questions  regarding vaping and they were 
engaged and seemed to receive the 
information well.
Ways to  manage stress instead of grabbing a vape:
Stop and breathe; learn your anxiety triggers; steady 
your breathing; move your body (go for a walk); care for 
yourself; be present; decaffeinate; reach out to loved 
ones; accept life's ups and downs
For teens facing a crisis or needing 
immediate support, the 988 Suicide & 
Crisis Lifeline is available 24/7 by 
calling or texting 988, or chatting at 
988lifeline.org
Faculty Sponsor: Tara Mosher
Spring 2025


Don't Inhale, Set Your Sail

Wegman, Brooke

Mansfield, Lauren

Felix, David

Sloan, Gabriela

AFFILIATIONS
We're also proud of the institutions that we are with
and support our research. Let's let them know by
adding their names and logos here.
05. Fruits and Vegetable Matching
Living with Dementia 
Project Presented By: 
Brooke Wegman, Lauren Mansfield, David Felix, and Gabriela Sloan
Faculty Supervisor: Dr. Aurora Ramos Nuñez 
Community Partner: Memory Matters Center
01. Client Background
02. Everyday Memory Questionnaire
03. Road Sign
Trivia
04. Perry Mason
Matching
Project Description & Research Explained 06. Reflection
Was diagnosed with Dementia in 2020 and has since experienced a
decline in memory
Is originally from Michigan but has found that the warmer weather
here, has a positive effect on their mood
Is able to remember important things such as financial issues,
birthdays, and even certain scenes of the Perry Mason Show
Uses calenders as a way to remember dates and events
Scenarios that happen once or more in a day
Having to check whether you have done something that you should
have done 
Finding that a word is “on the tip of your tongue
Forgetting important details of what you did or what happened to
you the day before 
when talking to someone, forgetting what you have just said 
Forgetting where things are normally kept ot looking for them in
the wrong place
Repeating to someone what you have just told them or asking
someone the same question twice
We tested Client C using 10 road sign
images, those including:
No left turn, Traffic light ahead, Merge
left, No parking, Yield ahead,
Pedestrian crossing, Curvy road ahead,
Railroad, Stop sign, and No u-turn 
Client C had trouble identifying:
Traffic light ahead
Pedestrians crossing
Railroad 
Client C was able to identify all fruits and vegetables
quickly
     Although Client C claimed this was the most difficult 
Our project aims to further research on
dementia, the memory problems associated
with it and ways to strengthen memory
By relating these tasks to our knowledge
learned in class, we were able to assess Client
C with activities to help them with memory
Memory is the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using
information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the
original information is no longer present (Goldstein 2003). 
Our group of researchers took a visit to the Memory Matters center to
observe and collect data on patients with memory disabilities. Memory
Matters is a community center in Glynn County, GA that provides support,
education, and resources to individuals who experience memory problems. 
We met with patient C who has dementia. We gathered background
information on diagnosis, emotional state, life events, ability to accomplish
activities of daily living, and the care that is provided to them within the
facility, Memory Matters, they visit.
Patient C was presented with three tasks. The caregiver mentioned to us
that our patient was still able to drive, so we created a game that showed
images of different traffic signs and the patient had to name them " The
next game presented was a matching game with fruits and vegetables
where the patient had to match the name to the image of the fruit or
vegetable. The last game was another matching game where the patient
had to name the characters of the Perry Mason show which was their
favorite show. We also present patient C with an Everyday Memory
Questionnaire
We tested Client C with various
images of characters from the
Perry Mason Show 
Client C struggled to identify
3 out of the 5 characters 
But was able to identify the
roles each character plays  


Living with Dementia

Lundy, Gracie

4
/3
/2
0
2
5
 Coast Fest Service 
Learning
Community partner 
description:
The Department of Natural Resources 
is an organization that uses multiple 
divisions to protect Georgias vast 
ecosystem.
Project Description:
Impact:
Background Research:
Gracie Lundy. 
Professor; Jessica Melilli-Hand, ENGL 1102
 Spring 2025
Department of Natural Resources
Coast Fest Logo
An inside look of the Coastal Resources 
Exhibit
According to the World Ocean Review, 
around 6.4 million tonnes of litter 
enter the world’s oceans each year. 
This effects the worlds 
coasts, Georgias coasts are no 
exception with our biggest problem 
being cigarette buds. 
For my project I did my service learning 
at the DNR's annual Coast Fest event. I 
spent most of my time in the Coastal 
Resources Exhibit where I distributed 
free materials and informed people on 
fishing licenses. This allowed me to 
gather the required information that I 
needed for my paper.
Coast Fest has a big impact on the 
community. Not only is a fun event to 
fill your Saturday with but it is also 
educational. Plus, it helps spread 
awareness of how conserving 
Georgia's natural resources is 
important. 


English

Coast Fest Service Learning

Cantrell, Alala

Air temperature effects on Appalachian Brook 
Trout Populations in the Southeast
Alala Cantrell, Robin McLachlan
College of Coastal Georgia, Department of Natural Sciences, Environmental Sciences Program
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHODS
RESULTS
Results (Cont.)
REFERENCES
• Brook Trout Populations in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee (Figure 1) were gathered from the 
U.S. Geological Survey dataset titled Brook Trout Abundance in Streams Across Southern Appalachia 
from 1958–2021.
• One stream from each state was selected based on the availability of the most comprehensive data.
• NOAA National Weather Service data were collected from the Monthly Mean Average Temperature 
records for Blairsville, GA; Waynesville, NC; and Sevierville, TN. The year range was selected to match 
the available time frame of the population data.
• Monthly temperature values were matched with the corresponding brook trout sampling month. The 
median value was calculated for each population sample.
• Microsoft Excel was used to create scatter plots (Figures 2, 3, and 4) and to run correlation analyses 
between temperature and both yearling and adult populations (Table 1).
Figure 1.Sample sites: Bunches Creek, North Carolina, Le 
Conte Creek, Tennessee, and Board Camp Creek, Georgia
Argent, David G., and William G. Kimmel. "Potential impacts of climate 
change on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations in streams 
draining the Laurel Hill in Pennsylvania." Journal of Freshwater 
Ecology 28.4 (2013): 489-502.
Beer, Stephanie Dowell, et al. "Genetic diversity, admixture, and hatchery 
influence in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) throughout western New 
York State." Ecology and Evolution 9.13 (2019): 7455-7479. Haxton 
Tim, Helen Ball, and Kim Armstrong. "Expert opinion on the status and 
stressors of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, in Ontario." Fisheries 
Management and Ecology 27.2 (2020): 111-122.
Mohseni, Omid, and Heinz G. Stefan. "Stream temperature/air temperature 
relationship: a physical interpretation." Journal of hydrology 218.3-4 
(1999): 128-141.
Woodward, Guy, Daniel M. Perkins, and Lee E. Brown. "Climate change 
and freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels of 
organization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: 
Biological Sciences 365.1549 (2010): 2093-2106.
The objectives of this study are to determine:
1) Does air temperature affect yearling or adult Brook Trout 
populations in Georgia?
2) Does air temperature affect yearling or adult Brook Trout 
populations in North Carolina?
3) Does air temperature affect yearling or adult Brook Trout 
populations in Tennessee?
. 
The Brook Trout, also known as Salvelinus fontinalis, is the 
only native trout species in the eastern United States. Its 
range extends from Canada to Georgia, and it is highly 
sought after within the fishing community (Haxton et al., 
2020). Brook Trout are considered a keystone species in 
healthy stream ecosystems, as they are top predators within 
the aquatic food web (Beer et al., 2019). These fish are 
typically found in well-oxygenated streams with temperatures 
around 20°C, particularly in the Appalachian Mountains. 
Climate change poses a significant threat to freshwater 
ecosystems, as species in these habitats often have limited 
dispersal capabilities and are highly temperature-dependent 
(Woodward, 2010). A study on Brook Trout in Laurel Hill, 
Pennsylvania, found a 65% population decline in 2011 in a 
stream with temperatures ranging from 18.3–18.54°C (Argent 
and Kimmel, 2013). These streams exhibited population loss 
and slowed growth, both of which were correlated with rising 
stream temperatures. As air temperature increases, water 
temperature can also rise—particularly in lower elevation 
areas (Mohseni and Stefan, 1999).
• Correlation values across all states were below 0.3.
Georgia
• Air temperature does not appear to affect yearling Brook 
Trout populations.
• Air temperature shows a slightly stronger positive 
correlation with adult Brook Trout populations; however, 
this may be due to yearlings aging into the adult category.
Tennessee
• Air temperature does not appear to affect yearling Brook 
Trout populations.
• Air temperature shows a slightly stronger positive 
correlation with adult Brook Trout populations, which could 
also be influenced by yearlings aging into adults.
North Carolina
• Air temperature shows a slightly stronger correlation with 
yearling populations than with adult populations.
• There was no strong correlation between air temperature 
and Brook Trout populations in Georgia, North Carolina, or 
Tennessee; however, all correlations were positive.
• Air temperature does not appear to be a strong factor in 
determining the effects of climate change on Brook Trout 
populations.
• Further consistent data are needed to determine which 
aspects of climate change within freshwater ecosystems 
impact Brook Trout populations.
• Water temperature data would be more useful if 
consistently collected across the sampled creeks.
Table 1. Correlation between temperature and yearling 
populations, and temperature and adult populations in 
Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina.
Figure 2. Yearling and adult Brook Trout populations 
in Board Camp Creek, GA, along with air 
temperature data from Blairsville, GA.
Figure 4. Yearling and adult Brook Trout populations 
in Bunches Creek, NC, along with air temperature data 
from Waynesville, NC.
Figure 3. Yearling and adult Brook Trout populations 
in Le Conte Creek, TN, along with air temperature 
data from Sevierville, TN.
Tennessee Georgia
North 
Carolina
Temperature VS 
Yearlings 0.192337 0.1646008 0.22518
Temperature VS 
Adult 0.23259 0.2470842 0.171396
CONCLUSIONS


Air Temperature Effects on Appalachian Brook Trout Populations in the Southeast

Johnson, Angel

Ross, Emily

Mahas, Matthew

Wright, Taylor

Hilemon, Landon

Memory Recollection

Roberson, Laura Kate

 
LauraKate Roberson  
PSYC: 4500 Human Service Agencies 
Dr. Carla Bluhm – Faculty Sponsor 
Relfection: As a volunteer at my local 
chapter of the Boys and Girls Clubs of 
America (the Altamaha Area) I realized 
just how important this organization is to 
the youth of America. I felt so much 
happiness going into the club and 
volunteering as soon as I saw the kids’ 
faces light up as soon as they saw me. 
Giving the children more education and a 
safe and loving environment for them to be 
at after school and while their parents work 
is an amzing idea that has come to fuition. 
I am proud to be just a small part in these 
children’s bright future.  
Objective: Volunteer at the Boys and Girls Clubs of 
the Altamaha Area to help provide a safe and 
educational environment for the youth of my area, 
while deepnening my understanding of community 
involvement and the effect that is has. 
SLO 1.2:  The Boys and Girls Clubs of the 
Altamaha Area creates goals and strategies to aid the 
youth of our area by providing a safe physical 
environment for them to be in as well as impleneting 
education strategies to help them further their 
education outside of the classroom. Tutoring is 
provided for homework and studying for their 
general education also.  
SLO 2.2: By volunteering with the Boys and Girls Clubs 
of the Altamaha Area, I have been able to deepen my 
education on human service agencies and adolescent 
health and well-being outside of the classroom. It has not 
only helped me further my academic education, but it has 
also deepend my education on social issues and the care, 
support, and education hat our children need at this age.  
SLO 3.2: Volunteering at the Boys and 
Girls Clubs of the Altamaha Area has 
deepened my awareness as a member of 
society as well as my civis identity. I now 
recognize that I can make an meaningful 
impact within my community and to the 
youth of my area. Being an active member 
in my community and helping those in 
need is critical to myself as well as others. 
Through volunteering, I have gained more 
knowledge on advocating and helping the 
youth in the community and furthered 
helped my decision in wanting to work 
with children to provide them a safe and 
happy environment to grow up in.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Boys and Girls Clubs of America

Darley, Kristen

Deemy, James B.

Hatchel, Jennifer

What’s in your water?
Microbes of three freshwater wetlands in Southeast, Georgia USA
Kristen Darley, James B. Deemy, Jennifer Hatchel
College of Coastal Georgia, Department of Natural Sciences, Environmental Sciences Program
INTRODUCTION
G
OBJECTIVES
METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Data Collection
A fresh sample of water was collected from each site at the beginning of the semester. Regular nutrient agar was used to grow colonies to pull samples from for testing.
Data Analysis
Testing started with running EMB and MSA plates and gram staining the colonies from each nutrient agar plate to see if the colonies were gram positive or gram negative. Next, a series of tests 
(Glucose tubes, Sucrose tubes, Lactose tubes, Gelatinase tubes, Lipase plates, and Starch plates) were conducted to narrow down what species of microbe was residing in each site. Hydrogen 
peroxide slide tests were conducted after the results of the abovementioned tests were concluded. Afterwards, SIM tube tests, MRVP tube tests, a Urea Tube test, and Simmon’s Citrate tube tests 
were also conducted. The results were finalized for the SSI and LSW Kayak sites. Lastly, an antibiotic test was conducted on the BMP and LSW Dam sites to finalize those results. A dichotomous 
key, Bacillus key, and an Antibiotics key was used to interpret the results.  See journal for details of study.
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/corynebacterium-xerosis
https://medicallabnotes.com/e-aerogenes-introduction-morphology-pathogenicity-lab-diagnosis-
treatment-prevention-and-keynotes/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4435039/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5080321/
The objectives of this study are to:
1. See what microbes reside in each freshwater wetland site.
2. See how these microbes could impact each freshwater wetland site.
▪ This research is a continuation from last summer and fall when the 
physicochemical properties of the three freshwater wetlands were 
gathered and compared between the Oglethorpe Point Elementary 
School on Saint Simon’s Island location, James Boykin Lake in Bill 
Morris Park in Jesup, Ga, and Laura S. Walker State Park in 
Waycross, Ga. 
▪ It was focused on seeing what microbes were present in comparison 
to the physicochemical properties. 
▪ Several tests were conducted to narrow down the species present in 
each site. 
Given our results, we conclude that:
1. The dominate microbe at Bill Morris Park, James Boykin Lake is Enterobacter aerogenes. This is a gram-
negative, rod-shaped bacteria that exists as a commensal microflora in aquatic environments. It is common in 
aquatic environments and considered an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
2. The dominant microbe at Oglethorpe Point Elementary School, Saint Simon’s Island is a Proteus species.   
These species are usually, an indication of fecal pollution in the environment. 
3. The dominant microbe at Laura S. Walker State Park Dam site Waycross, Ga is Corynebacterium xerosis. It  
is a gram-positive, slightly curved and rod-shaped. It is normally not infectious. The dominant species at the  
Laura S. Walker State Park Kayak site, Waycross, Ga is Bacillus cereus. It can be used as a modulator for 
water quality if the physicochemical properties are optimal for its growth.
I want to thank Dr. Hatchel for helping me conduct this study and Dr. Deemy for 
showing me how cool wetlands are. I also want to thank the Georgia Department of 
Natural Resources at Laura S. Walker State Park for allowing me to conduct the study 
and checking on me. 
Figure 1: Oglethorpe Point Elementary School, Saint Simon’s Island, Georgia
Figure 2: James Boykin Lake, Bill Morris Park, Jesup, Georgia
Figure 3: Laura S. Walker State Park, Waycross, Georgia
NO 
BUBBLES
BUBBLES BUBBLES
Nutrient agar plates for samples Laura S. Walker Site first 
gram-staining, gram-negative
Bill Morris Park first gram-
staining, gram-negative
EMB plate positive for BMP (purple) & SSI (pinkish) sites
Left side: BMP, Right side SSI
Different microbes
MSA plate positive for BMP, 
SSI, & LSW Kayak sites
Gram-stain from SSI MSA plate, mixture 
of gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria
Gram-stain from LSW Kayak MSA 
plate of gram-negative bacteria
Gram-stain from EMB BMP 
plates, mostly gram-negative
Gram-stain from MSA BMP plate, 
looks gram-negative with another 
organism
Gram-stain from MSA LSW 
Kayak plate, looks gram-
negative with another organism
Gram-stain from EMB SSI plate, 
looks like clump of gram-positive 
& gram-negative bacteria
BUBBLES
SIM Tube for indol, sulfide, & motility test; Simmon’s 
Citrate Tube for citrate as carbon source test; MR-VP Tube 
test; Urea Tube for urease test; Gelatinase Tube test;  Hydrogen peroxide test for bubble production
Glucose, sucrose, Lactose fermentation with/without CO2 production; 
Gelatinase reaction; Lipase & Starch plate with/without halo
Name of 
Antibiotic
LSW Dam Site BMP Site
Penicillin Resistant Resistant
Chloramphen
icol
Susceptible Susceptible
Tetracycline Intermediate Susceptible
Streptomycin Susceptible Susceptible
Erythromycin Susceptible Susceptible
Vancomycin Susceptible Susceptible
Gentamicin Susceptible Susceptible
Ampicillin Resistant Resistant


What’s in your water? Microbes of three freshwater wetlands in Southeast, Georgia USA

Jeffcoat, Jackson

McLachlan, Robin

Big Marco’s Battle with Accretion
Jackson Jeffcoat and Dr. Robin McLachlan  
College of Coastal Georgia, Department of Natural Sciences, Environmental Sciences Program
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
• Using Google Earth Pro I was able to analyze the 
areas threatened by accretion, that led to different 
formations of the Big Marco Pass over the years.  
• The following years of 2007, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 
2024 were used to measure the rate of land area 
growth on the Big Marco Pass. (Figure 2)  
• Several meetings with Mr. High were conducted to 
provide possible solutions to lesson the accretion of 
the Big Marco Pass 
• Helping provide how vulnerable the Pass is a 
Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) table was created.
(Table 1) 
• The usage of Microsoft Excel helped create a 
scatter plot graph showcasing the land area gained 
each year. (Figure 3) 
• To predict when the Big Marco Pass would collide 
with Marco Island, the distance between the two 
land masses was found in meters, followed by the 
amount of area gained per year.  
Figure 1. Sight map of Marco Island and the Big Marco Pass 
location in Florida along with my community partner Mr. Dan 
High
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Sea Level and Coastal 
Flooding Information. Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services
Lance Shearer. "The Big Deal About Big Marco Pass." Coastal Breeze News, 2024
Google. Google Earth: Versions. Google
Poff, Michael. 35 Years of Inlet Management in Florida. Florida Shore & Beach 
Preservation Association, 2012
The objectives of this study are to: 
1. To measure the rate of land area growth between the 
years of 2007 to 2024 on the Big Marco Pass.   
2. Predict when the pass will combine with Marco Island  
given the calculated growth rate  
• The Big Marco Pass is a water way located in the south 
western part of Florida attached to Marco Island, Florida.
(Figure 1) 
• Marco Island is currently faced with issues of Accretion from 
the Big Marco Pass that has rapidly occurred over the last 
17 years.  
• The Big Marco pass is currently used as a Critical Wildlife 
Area (CWA) for multiple bird species. (Shearer; 2024) 
• To conduct a project with such depth a community partner 
was needed to help provide data and information. My 
community partner is Mr. Dan High the General Manager of 
Rose Marina. A privately owned marina in Marco Island, 
Florida   
• Since the year 2007 to 2024 a rapid increase of land area 
accretion on the Big Marco Pass has taken place with a 
total net gain of 133,436 m^2. (Figure 3)  
• The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for the Big Marco 
pass gave an overall (CVI) of 14.14 making it moderately 
vulnerable to change due to its geomorphology of fine 
grained sand and a flat elevation profile.(Table 1)  
• The distance between the Big Marco Pass and Marco 
Island is 248m, at a rate of 5,467m^2 per year of area 
gained it will take approximately 5 years for the area to 
grow 36,624m^2 therefore having a net value of 
216,624m^2 in the year 2030, for the pass to fully inclose 
and connect with Marco Island. (Figure 4)
Given our results, we conclude that: 
1. The fine grain sand along with a low elevation profile 
has made the Big Marco pass susceptible to more 
change as time goes on with a total (CVI) of 14.14. 
2. In the 17 years between 2007 to 2024 a net gain of 
133,436 m^2 of land mass have been gained along 
the big Marco Pass accreting in the direction of Marco 
Islands Rose marina, docks, and piers. (Figures 5) 
3. By the year 2030 we will see the Big Marco pass make 
contact with Marco Island, leading to the Rose marina 
being inclosed along with docks and piers being 
covered due to the lack of sediment stability the pass 
holds. (Figure 4)  
I would like to thank Mr. Dan High for providing crucial help 
throughout this project and devoting multiple hours of his time 
to help with this project. I would also like to thank the 
ENDEAVOR center for the opportunity to present my findings. 
Table 1. Coastal Vulnerability Index table 
with a total (CVI) of 14.14
Figure 4. Scatter plot graph predicting when the 
Big Marco Pass will collide with Marco Island in 
the year of 2030 from an additional land area of 
36,624m^2 being gained over the next 5 years 
Future work planned: Work along side with my community 
partner to help look at the issues Coconut island has faced 
and conduct a hypothesis of, if we were to rebuild Coconut 
island then would it help slow the effects of Marco Island. 
• Mr. High and I have discussed how will the accretion of the 
Big Marco Pass eventually effect Marco Island and also 
asking how can we lesson the impact of accretion on the 
Big Marco Pass. 
Figure 3. Scatter plot graph showing land area gained for the 
years 2007, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2024
Figure 2. Land area outlined of the Big Marco Pass from the 
years 2007, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2024 with amount of meters 
from Marco Island 
Figure 5. Land area outlined of the Big Marco Pass from the 
years 2007 and 2024


Big Marco's Battle with Accretion

Kroken, Reid A.

King, L. Maraya

Cantrell, Alala M.

Do Southern Ocean –Clines Change by 
Location and Season?
Reid A. Kroken, L. Maraya King, Alala M. Cantrell, James B. Deemy
College of Coastal Georgia, Department of Natural Sciences, Environmental Sciences Program
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
RESULTS (cont.)RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
• We used 1 SOCCOM float from each quadrant (Figure 1) 
to gather temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen 
data that correspond with the –clines (Table 1).
• Data was taken from January (Summer), April (Fall), July 
(Winter), and October (Spring) 2024 to compare data 
between location and season. 
Figure 1. Map of SOCCOM Floats in the Southern Ocean. 
Highlighted floats are the ones that data was gathered from. 
Trathan PM, Forcada J, Murphy EJ. 2007. Environmental forcing and Southern 
Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability. 
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 
362(1488): 2351-2365. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1953. 
Mayewski PA, Meredith MP, Summerhayes CP, Turner J, Worby A, Barrett PJ, 
Casassa G, Bertler NAN, Bracegirdle T, Naveira Garabato AC, Bromwich D, 
Campbell H, Hamilton GS, Lyons WB, Maasch KA, Aoki S, Xiao C, Tas van 
Ommen. 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate System. 
Reviews of Geophysics. 47(1): RG1003. 
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000231. 
The objectives of this study are to:
1. Determine if there is a difference in –clines between 
location.
2. Determine if there is a difference in –clines between 
season.
• The Southern Ocean is a major component of the global 
climate system and is potentially the region where the 
most rapid climate change on Earth is occurring (Trathan
et al. 2007). 
• There has been rapid warming of the ocean around 
Antarctica, and changes in ocean circulation, changes in 
sea ice, and mass-balance changes in the Antarctic ice 
sheet/peninsula (Mayewski et al. 2009). 
• These changes could have an influence on water quality 
parameters such as dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, etc. 
-Cline graphs were made to show differences between temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. 
These clines show the seasonal variation between quadrants. 
Given our results, we conclude that:
1. Between location, there is visual variation based on 
the –cline graphs.
2. Between season, there is a visual variation based on 
the –cline graphs.
Future Work:
1. Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of 
fit. 
Thank you to Téa Autry, Damian Elmore, and Christian 
Pscholka for assistance with R. 
Figure 2. Thermoclines showing differences between 
location and season.
METHODS
Thermocline
• Q1 and Q4 have significant differences in temperature 
across seasons. Temperature decreases in Q2, Q3, and Q4 
but increases in Q1 as depth increases. (Figure 2).
pH profiles
• Q2 and Q4 have significant differences in pH across 
seasons. Q1 and Q3 have the lowest pH values across 
seasons, while Q4 has the highest pH values in Winter and 
Spring (Figure 3).
Halocline
• From a depth of 0-1000 decibars of pressure, Q2, Q3, and 
Q4 differ in salinity across seasons. Past 1000 decibars of 
pressure, salinity increases between quadrant and season 
(Figure 4). 
Oxycline
• Q1, Q2, Q4 have significant differences in dissolved oxygen 
across seasons (Figure 5).
Figure 3. pH profiles showing differences between 
location and season.
Figure 4. Haloclines showing differences between 
location and season.
Figure 5. Oxyclines showing differences between 
location and season. Table 1. -Cline corresponding data and units of measurement.


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