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The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: a novel approach to developing treatment
Get PDFHypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of abnormal blood vessels supplying the tumor. It has been reported that tumor hypoxia can: activate angiogenesis, thereby enhancing invasiveness and risk of metastasis; increase survival of tumor, as well as suppress anti-tumor immunity and hamper the therapeutic response. Hypoxia mediates these effects by several potential mechanisms: altering gene expression, the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of suppressor genes, reducing genomic stability and clonal selection. We have reviewed the effects of hypoxia on tumor biology and the possible strategiesto manage the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting the potential use of cancer stem cells in tumor treatment. © 2021, The Author(s)
Cigarette smoke-induced toxicity consequences of intracellular iron dysregulation and ferroptosis
No full textDespite numerous studies on the mechanisms of cigarette smoking toxicity over the past three decades, some aspects remain obscure. Recent developments have drawn attention to some hopeful indicators that allow us to advance our awareness of cigarette-induced cell death. Ferroptosis is considered a type of governed death of cells distinguished by the iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide deposition to fatal concentrations. Ferroptosis has been linked with pathological settings such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart attack, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and renal dysfunction. This review tries to explain the causal role of ferroptosis cascade in cigarette smoke-mediated toxicity and cell death, highlighting associations on potential action mechanisms and proposing suggestions for its detoxifying and therapeutic interventions. © 202
Remote site hemorrhage mechanism, management and outcome? Case report and literature review
Get PDFBackground: Remote site hemorrhage (RSH) is a rare neurosurgical condition that occurs supra or infratentorial, away from the operation site after sudden decompression of high intracranial pressure (ICP) patients. Many surgeons have experienced such cases. Reviewing the literature shows that this kind of hemorrhage were mostly occurred in the cerebellum, has been named remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH). Case description: Herein, we present a patient with remnant olfactory groove meningioma, in whom RSH was happened in the left temporal lobe just post-operation and subsequently RCH was occurred 48 h later. Finally, the patient was discharged without any neurologic deficit, after several days of conservative management. Conclusion: Although no confirmed mechanism has been reported for RSH yet, excessive sudden cerebrospinal fluid drainage, whether intra-operative or post-operative, and consequently intracranial hypotension can be assumed as a major risk factor for it. © 2021 The Author
Matrigel enhances differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells into dopaminergic neuron
No full textBackground: Therapy based stem cells have offered a novel therapeutic approach for the improvement of neurodegenerative diseases, specially Parkinson. Hence, developing a well-established culture model with appropriate stem cells is extremely crucial in regenerative engineering to provide efficient targeted cells. Human adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (hADSCs) have emerged as a promising source of stem cells due to their unique potentials of self-renewal and differentiation into other stem cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differentiation capacity of hADSCs into dopaminergic and neuron-like cells in the 3D culture plate (Matrigel). Methods and materials: hADSCs were obtained from adipose tissues of patients and then characterized morphologically with flowcytometry. Isolated cells were harvested to perform differentiation on Matrigel and tissue culture plate (TCP) supplemented with induction factors. The survival rate of cells during neural induction was monitored by MTT. The expression of specific cell markers was analyzed by QRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry on days 2, 8 and 14. The level of released dopamine was measured using HPLC technique. Results: Matrigel had a positive effect on maintaining cell growth compared to those on TCP. Moreover, the number of TH and MAPII positive cells is substantially higher in Matrigel than in TCP. Sox2 and Nestin had a prominent expression in hADSCs within the first days of differentiation. The gene expression of neural markers such as TH, Nurr1, LMX1A and DAT was detected and increased after day 8. Moreover, the dopamine released in the cell harvested on Matrigel was greater than those seeded on TCP. Conclusions: Overall, hADSCs could generate dopaminergic cells, which suggest its strong capability to serve as a tool for Parkinson disease model in the regenerative medicine. © 2021 Elsevier B.V
Oncogenic viruses and chemoresistance: What do we know?
No full textChemoresistance is often referred to as a major leading reason for cancer therapy failure, causing cancer relapse and further metastasis. As a result, an urgent need has been raised to reach a full comprehension of chemoresistance-associated molecular pathways, thereby designing new therapy methods. Many of metastatic tumor masses are found to be related with a viral cause. Although combined therapy is perceived as the model role therapy in such cases, chemoresistant features, which is more common in viral carcinogenesis, often get into way of this kind of therapy, minimizing the chance of survival. Some investigations indicate that the infecting virus dominates other leading factors, i.e., genetic alternations and tumor microenvironment, in development of cancer cell chemoresistance. Herein, we have gathered the available evidence on the mechanisms under which oncogenic viruses cause drug-resistance in chemotherapy. © 2021 Elsevier Lt
Immunological response of fallopian tube epithelial cells to spermatozoa through modulating cytokines and chemokines
No full textBackground: Spermatozoa interactions with fallopian tubes may influence fertilization. The purpose was to investigate cytokines, chemokines and growth factors expression from human fallopian tube epithelial cells (OE-E6/E7) exposed to spermatozoa. Methods: Fresh semen samples were obtained from 10 healthy normozoospermic men. Sperms were prepared and co-cultured with OE-E6/E7. The cell line without spermatozoa was considered as the control group. Afterwards, Expression of 84 cytokines from OE-E6/E7 cell line in the presence and absence of spermatozoa were measured using PCR-array. Quantitative PCR was performed on seven genes to confirm the results of PCR-array analysis. Differentially expressed genes were subjected to www.geneontology.org and www.pantherdb.org to perform GO enrichment and panther pathway analysis. The concentration of IL-8, IL-10, IL-1B and BMP-4 in culture medium were analyzed by ELISA. Results: Sperm interaction with the epithelial cells resulted in a significant increase in expression of TGF-β2, BMP-4, IL-10, IL-9, and CD40LG markers. Moreover, expression of IL-16, IL-17F, SPP-1, CXCL-13, MSTN, IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-8, BMP-7, CSF-2, CSF-3, VEGF-A, OSM, LTA, TNF, TNFRSF11B, TNFSF11, CCL-11, CCL-20, CCL-24, CCL-3, CCL-8, CX3CL1 and CXCL-9 were considerably reduced in presence of spermatozoa. Panther pathway analysis discovered 3 pathways for upregulated genes including gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, TGF-beta and interleukin signaling pathways. Furthermore, 9 pathways were detected for down-regulated genes. Inflammation signaling pathway which is mediated by chemokine and cytokine contains the most number of genes. Conclusion: This study indicates that sperm modifies expression of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors from OE-E6/E7. Moreover, altered genes expression are toward higher survival chance of the spermatozoa. © 202
A possible pathogenic role of Syndecan-1 in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Get PDFA cell-surface heparan proteoglycan called Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) has multiple roles in healthy and pathogenic conditions, including respiratory viral infection. In this study, we explore the dynamic alternation in the levels of SDC-1 in cases with COVID-19. A total of 120 cases definitely diagnosed with COVID-19 were admitted to the Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from December 1, 2020, to January 29, 2021, and included in our study. Also, 58 healthy subjects (HS) were chosen as the control group. Patients were classified into two groups: 1) ICU patients and (63 cases) 2) non-ICU patients (57 cases). The dynamic changes of serum SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and Vit D levels a well as the disease activity were investigated in three-time points (T1-T3). Our results indicated that the COVID-19 patients had significantly increased SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels than in HS, while the Vit D levels in COVID-19 patients were significantly lower than HS. Further analysis demonstrated that the SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels in ICU patients were significantly higher than in non-ICU patients. Tracking dynamic changes in the above markers indicated that on the day of admission, the SCD-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels were gradually increased on day 5 (T2) and then gradually decreased on day 10 (T3). ROC curve analysis suggests that markers mentioned above, SDC-1, IL-6, and IL-18 are valuable indicators in evaluating the activity of COVID-19. All in all, it seems that the serum SDC-1 levels alone or combined with other markers might be a good candidate for disease activity monitoring. © 2021 Elsevier B.V
The Relationship Between Living Environment and Life Satisfaction in Residents of Rasht City, North of Iran
Get PDFIntroduction: Life satisfaction reflects an individual�s overall feelings about life, influenced by various factors. Objective: This study aimed to identify and introduce the indices related to the living environment that affect life satisfaction. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 1000 residents of 55 neighborhoods of Rasht City (north of Iran) by an analytical cross-sectional method. The participants were chosen with a multistage cluster sampling method. The study data were collected using questionnaires, including the residents� characteristics, indicators of the living environment, and the satisfaction with life scale. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics, including the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t test, analysis of variance, and linear regression. Results: Based on the present study results, the Mean±SD age of the subjects in the study was 43.73±15.55 years. The analysis showed that their level of life satisfaction was average Mean±SD: 19.41±7.63, range: 5-35). The regression analysis identified dissatisfaction of facilities (B=-0.366; 95CI: -0.434, -0.298; P=0.001), satisfaction with living in the local area (B=0.248; Cl: 0.123, 0.373; P=0.001), duration of residence (B: -0.364; 95CI: -0.625, -0.102; P=0.006) and gender (women compared to men) (B: 0.896; Cl: 0.011, 1.781; P=0.047) as the predictors of life satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results, the life satisfaction of our study participants was at a moderate level and was affected by living environment indicators, especially facilities. © 2021, Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery. All Rights Reserved
Revisiting Anchor Epicanthoplasty in Mild to Moderate Asian Epicanthal Folds: A Clinicopathological Study
No full textBackground: To assess the epicanthal fold (EF), eyelid, eyebrow, scar, and patients� satisfaction after anchor epicanthoplasty and upper blepharoplasty and histopathologically compare Asian epicanthal fold skin with non-Asian counterpart. Methods: Asian Iranians with grade 2 and 3 EF were included. Photographs were taken before and at least 12 months after the surgery. Photoanalysis included EF grade, inter-canthal distance (ICD), margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1), tarsal plate show (TPS), brow fat span (BFS), and eyebrow height. Manchester scar scale score (5�28) and patients' satisfaction score (0�100) were documented. The most medial skin of 5 Asian and 5 non-Asian subjects was histologically compared for the thickness and elastic fiber density and morphology. Results: Included were 89 patients (178 eyelids) with a mean age of 31.6 years and follow-up of 13.1 months. Mean ICD significantly decreased by 3.5 mm (shortening ratio of 9.7). All grade 2 and almost half of the grade 3 EF disappeared. Significant postoperative increase in mean MRD1 (0.3 mm) and TPS (1.1�1.4 mm) and decrease in BFS (3.3�3.6 mm) and eyebrow height (1.7�3.4 mm) were observed. Revision rate of epicanthoplasty was 7.3. Mean satisfaction and scar scores were 97.1 and 5.4, respectively. Histopathologically, Asian and non-Asian medial upper eyelid skin was not significantly different. Conclusion: Anchor epicanthoplasty eliminated grade 2 and improved grade 3 EF with a high satisfaction and negligible scar. Simultaneous upper blepharoplasty significantly increased MRD1 and TPS and decreased eyebrow height. EF skin was not histologically different from non-Asians. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Nutritional adequacy in critically ill patients: Result of PNSI study
No full textBackground & aims: Critically ill patients are provided with the intensive care medicine to prevent further complications, including malnutrition, disease progression, and even death. This study was intended to assess nutritional support and its' efficacy in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 50 ICU's patients out of 25 hospitals in the 10 major regions of Iran's health system and was performed using the multistage cluster sampling design. The data were collected from patient's medical records, ICU nursing sheets, patients or their relatives from 2017 to 2018. Nutritional status was investigated by modified NUTRIC score and food frequency checklist. Results: This study included 1321 ICU patients with the mean age of 54.8 ± 19.97 years, mean mNUTRIC score of 3.4 ± 2.14, and malnutrition rate of 32.6. The mean time of first feeding was the second day and most of patients (66) received nutrition support, mainly through enteral (57.2) or oral (37) route during ICU stay. The patients received 59.2 ± 37.78 percent of required calorie and 55.5 ± 30.04 percent of required protein. Adequate intake of energy and protein was provided for 16.2 and 10.7 of the patients, respectively. The result of regression analysis showed that the odds ratio of mNUTRIC score was 0.85 (95 confidence interval CI = 0.74�0.98) and APACHE II was 0.92 (95%CI = 0.89�0.95) for the prediction of energy deficiency. Nutrition intake was significantly different from patient's nutritional requirements both in terms of energy (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.001). Also, mean mNUTRIC score varied notably (p = 0.011) with changing in energy intake, defined as underfeeding, adequate feeding, and overfeeding. Conclusion: The present findings shown that, provided nutritional care for ICU patients is not adequate for their requirements and nutritional status. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolis