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The interrelatedness of cognitive abilities in very preterm and full‐term born children at 5.5 years of age : a psychometric network analysis approach
Get PDFBackground
Very preterm (VP) birth is associated with a considerable risk for cognitive impairment, putting children at a disadvantage in academic and everyday life. Despite lower cognitive ability on the group level, there are large individual differences among VP born children. Contemporary theories define intelligence as a network of reciprocally connected cognitive abilities. Therefore, intelligence was studied as a network of interrelated abilities to provide insight into interindividual differences. We described and compared the network of cognitive abilities, including strength of interrelations between and the relative importance of abilities, of VP and full-term (FT) born children and VP children with below-average and average-high intelligence at 5.5 years.
Methods
A total of 2,253 VP children from the EPIPAGE-2 cohort and 578 FT controls who participated in the 5.5-year-follow-up were eligible for inclusion. The WPPSI-IV was used to measure verbal comprehension, visuospatial abilities, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Psychometric network analysis was applied to analyse the data.
Results
Cognitive abilities were densely and positively interconnected in all networks, but the strength of connections differed between networks. The cognitive network of VP children was more strongly interconnected than that of FT children. Furthermore, VP children with below average IQ had a more strongly connected network than VP children with average-high IQ. Contrary to our expectations, working memory had the least central role in all networks.
Conclusions
In line with the ability differentiation hypothesis, children with higher levels of cognitive ability had a less interconnected and more specialised cognitive structure. Composite intelligence scores may therefore mask domain-specific deficits, particularly in children at risk for cognitive impairments (e.g., VP born children), even when general intelligence is unimpaired. In children with strongly and densely connected networks, domain-specific deficits may have a larger overall impact, resulting in lower intelligence levels
Martial law and smuggling of goods : the search for the optimal model of legal liability
No full textPurpose:
The purpose of this study is the characteristics of the issue of legal responsibility for the smuggling of goods under the conditions of martial lawin Ukraine.
Design/methodology/approach:
In the paper’s writing, the authors used an interdisciplinary approach, combining legal science and economics methods.
Findings:
The detection and cessation of smuggling is currently a vital activity of customs authorities in the sphere of ensuring the financial and economic security of the state and a prerequisite for the stable development of market relations in Ukraine. At the same time, the lack of adequate legal responsibility for smuggling goods and the limited powers of customs authorities increased the facts of the smuggling of goods. This determines the importance of finding innovative principles of legal responsibility for smuggling goods under martial law conditions in Ukraine.
Originality/value:
The paper aims to develop innovative principles of legal responsibility for smuggling goods under martial law in Ukraine
The role of explicit memory across L2 syntactic development : a structural priming study
No full textWe tested whether second language (L2) learners rely more on explicit memory during structural priming at lower than at higher proficiency levels (Hartsuiker & Bernolet, 2017). We compared within-L2 priming with lexical overlap in 100 low and 100 high proficiency French L2 speakers under low versus high working memory load conditions induced with a letter series recall task presented between primes and targets. The high load condition would prevent explicit recall of primes during target production. Both groups primed more under low than high load. The effect of load was similar across groups, but exploratory analyses with proficiency as a continuous variable suggested that, with increasing proficiency, participants primed less under high load. We discuss how these findings support the idea that learners exploit explicit memory more during priming in early versus later stages of acquisition. Overall, this study showed that explicit memory influences syntactic processing across the L2 learning trajectory
Nonstandard errors
Get PDFIn statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants
Gas microfilms in droplet dynamics : when do drops bounce
Get PDFIn the last ten years, advances in experimental techniques have enabled remarkable discoveries of how the dynamics of thin gas films can profoundly influence the behavior of liquid droplets. Drops impacting onto solids can skate on a film of air so that they bounce off solids. For drop–drop collisions, this effect, which prevents coalescence, has been long recognized. Notably, the precise physical mechanisms governing these phenomena have been a topic of intense debate, leading to a synergistic interplay of experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches. This review attempts to synthesize our knowledge of when and how drops bounce, with a focus on (a) the unconventional microscale and nanoscale physics required to predict transitions to/from merging and (b) the development of computational models. This naturally leads to the exploration of an array of other topics, such as the Leidenfrost effect and dynamic wetting, in which gas films also play a prominent role
Past and future : backward and forward discounting
No full textWe study a model of time preference in which both current consumption and the memory of past consumption enter “experienced utility”—or the felicity—of an individual. An individual derives overall utility from her own felicity and the anticipated felicities of future selves. These postulates permit an agent to anticipate future regret in current decisions, and generate a set of novel testable implications in line with empirical evidence. The model can be applied to disparate phenomena, including present bias, equilibrium savings behavior, anticipation of regret, and career concerns
Investigations of microstructure and mechanical properties of post-weld heat-treated DP780 steel TIG welds
No full textThis study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of DP780 steel that has been tungsten inert gas welded and post weld heat treated. Microscopy studies revealed that the weldment’s microstructure varied from martensite in the fusion zone to a mixture of martensite and ferrite in the heat affected zone (HAZ). This heterogeneity in the microstructure resulted in the formation of hardened and softened zones in the cross section of the weldment. The DP780 as-welded joint exhibited lower strength and ductility [yield strength (YS): 492 ± 5 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS): 668 ± 8 MPa, and percent elongation (%El): 8 ± 1] compared to the base metal (BM) (YS: 538 ± 2 MPa, UTS: 794 ± 5 MPa, and %El: 27 ± 2) due to strain localization in the subcritical HAZ. The weldments subjected to post weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 500°C exhibited lower strength and higher ductility (YS: 471 ± 3 MPa, UTS: 624 ± 5 MPa, and %El: 13 ± 1) than the weldments subjected to PWHT at other conditions: 300°C (YS: 501 ± 7MPa, UTS: 658 ± 6 MPa, and %El: 9 ± 1) and 400°C (YS: 492 ± 3 MPa, UTS: 649 ± 5 MPa, and %El: 11 ± 1). The decrease in strength and ductility after PWHT can be attributed to the tempering of martensite present in the weldment. Erichsen cupping tests indicated a reduction in the formability of the as-welded joint due to the presence of a softened zone. While a significant increase in formability is observed in the weldments subjected to PWHT with an increase in temperature, the formability is still inferior to that of the BM due to the inhomogeneity in the microstructures across the weldment
How (not) to win a medal : military professionalism, gallantry awards and the problem of fraud
Get PDFGallantry medals are invested with deep significance not only by the armed forces but also by civilian society. In the last decade, there has been a debate in sociology about whether the medallic regime has become post-heroic or whether it has professionalized. This article contributes to these debates by focusing on the topic of fraudulent medals. Fake medals are very rare; there has been one proven case in the United Kingdom in the last 20 years. However, precisely because fake medals are the exception, their pathologies illustrate the processes by which medals are actually awarded with particular clarity. This analysis of the fake medal shows that gallantry awards have professionalized; in the UK medals have become more meritocratic, recognizing skill not status. The awarding process is also more objective. Yet, its very professionalism is ironically vulnerable to a specific type of fraud by skilful but cynical citation writers
Predictors of access to early support in families of children with suspected or diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United Kingdom
Get PDFThis study examined predictors of access to early support amongst families of 0-6-year-old children with suspected or diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United Kingdom. Using survey data from 673 families, multiple regression models were fitted for three outcomes: interventions access, access to early support sources, and unmet need for early support sources. Developmental disability diagnosis and caregiver educational level were associated with intervention access and early support access. Early support access was also associated with child physical health, adaptive skills, caregiver ethnicity, informal support, and statutory statement of special educational needs. Unmet need for early support was associated with economic deprivation, the number of household caregivers, and informal support. Multiple factors influence access to early support. Key implications include enhancing processes for formal identification of need, addressing socioeconomic disparities (e.g., reducing inequalities, increasing funding for services), and providing more accessible services (e.g., coordinating support across services, flexible service provision)
