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Plural practical knowledge
Full text linkhe paper examines the thesis that participants in shared intentional activities have first-person plural ‘practical knowledge’ of what they are jointly doing, in the sense of ‘practical knowledge’ articulated by G.E.M Anscombe. Who is supposed to be the subject of such knowledge? The group, or members of the group, or both? It is argued that progress with this issue requires conceiving of collective activities (of the kind affording ‘plural practical knowledge’)as instances, not of supra-personal agency, but of interpersonal agency; specifically: as involving communication. There is a sense, it is suggested, in which the basic form of plural practical knowledge is relational: ‘I am doing x with you.
Connected learning communities : a model for transnational education
No full textThis article reports on the first results of the educational model piloted in EUTOPIA, a transnational university alliance established under the European University initiative. We discuss the theoretical underpinnings and core principles of our model which seeks to enable students, academics and societal partners to form Connected Learning Communities (CLCs) through enhancing existing learning activities and practices in teaching and learning. We elaborate on the value added of our model for developing a diverse portfolio of activities and a dynamic structure that has the potential to offer international learning opportunities to large and diverse group of students, academic staff and societal partners. We close the article with recommendations for the results of European University Alliance pilots to reach their full innovation potential
Racial discrimination and anti-discrimination : the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Chinese restaurants in North America
Full text linkThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an increase in cases of racial discrimination against Asians, especially Chinese people. Despite an emerging stream of studies investigating various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on the behavioral consequences of racial discrimination during the pandemic remains scarce. In this work, we examined how racial discrimination stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent anti-discrimination were manifested on online platforms. By combining difference-in-differences analyses on two large-scale panel data sets from Yelp.com and SafeGraph and two controlled experiments, we explored the impact of COVID-19 on Chinese restaurants relative to non-Chinese restaurants at different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the COVID-19 pandemic led to an immediate increase in racial discrimination, which was reflected in a significant drop in the customer patronage frequency of Chinese restaurants as compared with that of non-Chinese restaurants. Furthermore, analyses using multiple behavioral indicators generated by text mining and machine learning techniques consistently suggested that increased discrimination triggered anti-discrimination actions of customers on online platforms after the COVID-19 outbreak. This study contributes to the literature on racial discrimination by investigating a subtle but more factual form of racial discrimination evidenced by the customer patronage of Chinese restaurants as well as user-generated content by demonstrating that consumers can fight discrimination on online platforms
Followers of financial advisors favor risky advice
No full textRisk-taking is critical to decisions. Unfortunately, information about risk is not always available, and that the lack of information prompts people to use advice. A crucial question about using advice to deal with risk and uncertainty is how advice influences risk-taking, yet little research has investigated whether the effect of advice-following on risk-taking is unbiased. In two experimental studies in a financial investment context, we investigate whether investors are biased in following advice and how biased advice-following influences risk-taking. Furthermore, we investigate whether advice quality, decision environment, and justification moderate advice-following bias on risk-taking. We find that individual decision-makers follow advice across risk domains and advice quality when explained to the investors. However, we identify asymmetry in advice-following, with a bias for risk-seeking over risk-averse advice. This asymmetric effect is robust irrespective of the decision environment but limited to high-quality advice and explanations
Antibody, not cellular, immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination outperform infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients
No full textFollowing the successful development of the first vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) recommended full vaccination of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) already early in the pandemic.1 Subsequent studies have reported the effects of immunosuppressive medications on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients with IBD. The most consistent findings are of reduced serological responses in patients on infliximab and an uncoupling of cellular and humoral responses.2–5 Although previous studies assessed aspects of the immune response in IBD, a direct longitudinal comparison of immunity induced by primary SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with vaccination in patients with IBD has not been reported. As part of the ICARUS-IBD study at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, patients with IBD were followed from early in the pandemic (May 2020) prior to vaccine development through March 2022 when full vaccination schedules, including booster doses, were available. We prospectively obtained clinical data, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; Supplementary Figure 1). This biobank allows the first detailed examination of the relative immune response to naturally acquired infection compared with vaccination-induced immunity
Dynamic contrastive learning guided by class confidence and confusion degree for medical image segmentation
No full textThis work proposes an intra-Class-confidence and inter-Class-confusion guided Dynamic Contrastive (CCDC) learning framework for medical image segmentation. A core contribution is to dynamically select the most expressive pixels to build positive and negative pairs for contrastive learning at different training phases. For the positive pairs, dynamically adaptive sampling strategies are introduced for sampling different sets of pixels based on their hardness (namely the easiest, easy, and hard pixels). For the negative pairs, to efficiently learn from the classes with high confusion degree w.r.t a query class (i.e., a class containing the query pixels), a new hard class mining strategy is presented. Furthermore, pixel-level representations are extended to the neighbourhood region to leverage the spatial consistency of adjacent pixels. Extensive experiments on the three public datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly surpasses the state-of-the-art
Improving damage resistance of solid-state battery cathodes with block copolymers : a non-linear diffusion-mechanics study at the microscale
Full text linkMinimizing interfacial failure in the composite cathode remains a crucial challenge to unravel the full potential of all solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Polymer-based ASSBs offer promising means of minimizing those damage effects due to their high ductility. However, multicomponent polymers such as block copolymers (BCPs) are needed to meet requirements for both ionic conductivity and mechanical resistance. This study aims to provide a new insight into the combined effects of block copolymer composition (soft-to-hard phase ratio) and interfacial strength on the coupled diffusion-mechanics response of an ASSB cathode, achieved by proposing a non-linear computational micromechanics approach. The approach combines a pressure-dependent diffusion process, interfacial gap-dependent diffusivity, and advanced elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model for a BCP, and it is implemented numerically within a non-linear finite element framework. Two cathode design concepts are explored here, with and without the BCP coating. Results from these case studies suggest that there is a strong interplay between the interface strength (between active particles and the BCP matrix), the BCP material composition, and the interfacial diffusivity. It is found that interfacial damage can be minimized by increasing both the interfacial strength and the amount of the soft component in the BCP system. If the diffusivity across the interface is damage-dependent, the latter is reduced when the BCP is predominantly made of the hard phase. Ultimately, a simple sensitivity analysis reveals that interfacial strength plays a vital role in minimizing interfacial damage, while the coating thickness is the least influential design parameter