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Identifikation von Austriebs- und Blühloci im Genom der Weinrebe, zugrunde liegender Kandidatengene sowie genetischer Marker zur Marker-gestützten Selektion
Get PDFPhänologische Merkmale wie Austriebs- und Blühzeitpunkt sind durch die Aktivität einer Vielzahl an Genen innerhalb eines komplexen Kontrollnetzwerks bedingt. Die Ausprägung des Phänotyps wird zusätzlich stark durch Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst, was die genetische Untersuchung dieser Merkmale erschwert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) für den Austriebszeitpunkt auf den Chromosomen 3, 4, 7 und für den Blühzeitpunkt auf den Chromosomen 1, 4, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18 und 19 in einer biparentalen Kreuzungspopulation der Weinrebe identifiziert werden. Additive Effekte zwischen den einzelnen Loci für den Blühzeitpunkt waren erkennbar. Der QTL auf Chromosom 14 zeigt den größten Einfluss auf die Merkmalsausprägung, er wird als Haupt-QTL für den Blühzeitpunkt in der untersuchten Population angesehen. Durch eine Vergrößerung der biparentalen Kreuzungspopulation, Erstellen einer verbesserten genetischen Karte und QTL-Analyse konnten die Blüh-QTLs im Rebengenom exakter positioniert werden. Bisher sind keine genetischen Marker für die Marker-gestützte Selektion des Blühzeitpunktes in der Rebenzüchtung etabliert. Die Verfügbarkeit solcher Marker würde die zielgerichtete Züchtung später blühender Sorten im Angesicht des Klimawandels, der zu einer Verfrühung der Phänologie führt, ermöglichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob SSR-Marker aus den QTL-Bereichen übertragbar sind auf Rebsorten mit verschiedenen genetischen Hintergründen. Als Ergebnis können Marker vorgeschlagen werden, die das Potential zeigen, eine Gegenselektion von früher blühenden Genotypen in Zuchtprogrammen zu ermöglichen. Kandidatengene aus den QTL-Bereichen auf den Chromosomen 7 und 14 wurden genauer untersucht. Sie spielen möglicherweise bei (i) der Regulierung der Blühinduktion und Infloreszenzverzweigung in den Winterknospen, (ii) der Initiierung des Austriebs und der damit verbundenen Differenzierung und korrekten morphologischen Entwicklung von Blättern sowie (iii) der Hemmung des Austriebs durch Aufrechterhaltung der Dormanz im Winter und bei (iv) der Einzelblütenentwicklung nach dem Austrieb eine Rolle.Phenological traits such as the timing of bud break and flowering are regulated by the activity of various genes within an intricate control network. Besides this polygenic nature, the strong impact of environmental cues complicates the study of these traits additionally. In the present work, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for time of bud break on the linkage groups 3, 4, 7 and for time of full bloom on the linkage groups 1, 4, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18 and 19 of a biparental grapevine cross population were identified. Additive effects of the flowering time QTLs could be demonstrated. The QTL on linkage group 14 has the greatest influence on flowering time and is regarded as the main QTL for this trait in the investigated cross population. By increasing the number of F1-individuals and creating an improved genetic map, the positions of the QTLs in the grapevine genome could be refined. So far, no genetic markers for marker assisted selection (MAS) of flowering time are available. The availability of such markers would allow the targeted breeding of later flowering varieties in the face of climate change leading to accelerated phenology. The transferability of SSR markers from the identified QTL regions to a set of genetically diverse grapevine varieties was examined. As a result, several SSR markers can be proposed, which show the potential to enable a counter selection of earlier flowering genotypes in breeding programs. The seasonal expression profiles of candidate genes within the QTL regions on linkage groups 7 and 14 were examined. They play potential roles (i) in the regulation of floral induction and inflorescence branching within the winter buds, (ii) in the initiation of bud break and the associated differentiation and correct morphological development of leaves, (iii) in inhibition of bud break by maintaining dormancy in winter and (iv) in single flower development after bud burst
Metabolomic study of volatile compounds in the pigmented fruit from Mexico Crataegus genotypes
Get PDFCrataegus is distributed worldwide and presents a phenotypic diversity in size, shape, color and aroma of the fruit. The objective of this study was to identify genotypes of Crataegus with a similar profile of volatile compounds by means of a metabolomic study. In addition, the content of pigment was evaluated to contribute to the agronomic, medicinal and chemotaxonomic value. Color determination, total carotenoids (TC) and total anthocyanins (TA) were determined in the exocarp and mesocarp of fresh fruits by means of spectrophotometry. The volatile compounds were determined by Low Temperature Plasma coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS). A total of 75 volatile compounds were detected, according to abundance and mass-to-charge ratio, which by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and selection of variables; genotypes were grouped according to size and origin. The pigment content was related to the physical color of the fruit. The highest concentration of carotenoids was 42.35 μg·g-1 FW. in the genotype PO5, and 992.34 μg·g-1 FW for anthocyanins in the genotype CH18, concentrations of both compounds found in the exocarp of the fruit
Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on pineapple micropropagant growth and biochemical profile within temporary immersion bioreactors
Get PDFSodium azide (NaN3) is widely used to induce mutagenesis within in vitro plant systems. However, since this mutagenesis is undirected, its unintended effects demand characterization. This study investigated the mutagenic effects of sodium azide (0-0.45 mM) on selected growth (shoot multiplication rate and shoot cluster fresh weight) and biochemical (aldehydes, chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenolics) parameters in pineapple micropropagants within temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs). The content of soluble phenolics in the culture medium was also evaluated. Irrespective of the concentration NaN3 decreased shoot multiplication rate (by 87% relative to the control at 0.45 mM) and fresh weight (by 66% relative to the control at 0.45 mM). Levels of chlorophyll a and b, and soluble phenolics in the culture medium were also negatively correlated with NaN3 concentration. Interestingly, NaN3 application increased shoot carotenoid and soluble phenolic levels but had no significant effect on a range of established plant stress biomarkers: cell wall-linked phenolic levels, malondialdehyde and other aldehydes. Given that 0.19 mM NaN3 decreased shoot multiplication rate by 50% and resulted in propagants that displayed no morphologically abnormalities, increased levels of photoprotective pigments (relative to the control) and no significant increase in lipid peroxidation products, the mutagen can be used at this concentration to induce pineapple mutagenesis in TIB based studies aimed at producing agriculturally-useful mutants
Phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and fatty acid composition of dried Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars
Get PDFThis study reports the main phenolic compounds, as well as phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in nine sun-dried fig cultivars with different skin color, originating from South-Eastern and Middle-Eastern Tunisia. For all evaluated parameters, a considerable variability with high significant differences was observed among the cultivars studied. Dark fruits exhibited a higher total polyphenol contents (201.77 mg GAE/100g DM in cultivar Saoudi Douiret) compared to green fruits (73.74 mg GAE/100g DM in cultivar Bayoudhi Douiret). Fatty acid methyl esters, identified by GC-MS, distinguished the presence of (C16: 0), (C18: 1), ((C18: 2) 9, 12), ((C18: 3) 9, 12, 15) and (C20: 0). Strong correlations between the amounts of total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and antioxidant capacity were found. A principal component analysis showed three groups of cultivars regarding their similarity level
Die Zukunft des Pflanzenschutzes in Deutschland
Get PDFVortrag, gehalten bei der Hauptversammlung der Vereinigung für angewandte Botanik am 24. September 1918 in Hamburg
Book review on "Gewürze und Küchenkräuter – Gewinnung, Inhaltsstoffe, Wirkungen, Verwendung" (Eberhard Teuscher mit Beiträgen von Monika Werner, 2018, 2nd edition) [in German]
No full textIn der 2. Auflage seines naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Standardwerks nimmt der Autor den Leser wieder mit auf eine faszinierende Entdeckungsreise durch die Welt der Gewürze und Kräuter. In 84 reich bebilderten Portraits erfährt er Vieles über Botanik, Anbau und Ernte, Gewinnung und Handelsformen, Inhaltsstoffe, Qualitätsmerkmale und Wirkungen der bekanntesten Gewürzpflanzen sowie deren Verwendung in Küche und Hausmedizin. In Anhängen werden 200 weitere, in Europa seltener genutzte Gewürze sowie 150 Gewürzmischungen beschrieben. Vom stinkenden Asant über den kostbaren Safran bis zum duftenden Zimt stellt der Autor insgesamt 300 Pflanzen sowie die daraus gewonnenen Gewürze vor allem aus naturwissenschaftlicher, pharmazeutischer und medizinischer Sicht vor. Dabei wird auch auf die jeweilige Kultivierung, die Gewinnung der Gewürzdrogen, deren unterschiedliche Handelsformen, sowie auf die Chemie und Analytik der wichtigsten Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe näher eingegangen. Darüber hinaus finden sich ..
Influence of ripening stages on phytochemical composition and bioavailability of ginseng berry (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)
Get PDFThe presence of large amounts of bioactive compounds such as saponins and flavonoids in ginseng (Panax ginseng) berry suggests its potential as a functional resource for the food and medical industries, despite the fact that been considered a useless by-products of P. ginseng. In this study, we examined the variations in the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic potential of ginseng berry during the ripening process. We found that fully ripe berry extracts (Go-S3) contained the highest level of antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities. Phytochemical screening suggested that alterations in polyphenol contents correlated with the variation in bioactive principles of ginseng berry during the ripening process. Furthermore, results obtained by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, tyrosinase inhibition assay and molecular docking analysis suggested that Go-S3 probably inhibits tyrosinase activity by interacting with copper-coordinating histidines and second shell residues of tyrosinase, resulting in the reduction of melanin production in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Taken together, these finding suggest the potential of ginseng berry as a resource for functional applications in the cosmetic industries and demonstrate that fruit ripening stages have profound effects on the pharmaceutical value of ginseng berry
Calcium availability regulates antioxidant system, physio-biochemical activities and alleviates salinity stress mediated oxidative damage in soybean seedlings
Get PDFSalinity is considered as one of the devastating abiotic stress factors and global climate change has further worsened the situation. Present experiments were aimed to evaluate the role of calcium (Ca) availability on growth and salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean. Seedlings were grown with (2 mM Ca) and without Ca supplementation and modulation in key physiological and biochemical parameters were studied. Salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress resulted in growth reduction in terms of height and biomass accumulation, which was more pronounced in Ca-deficient plants. Relative to control (Ca deficient) and NaCl stressed plants, Ca supplemented seedlings exhibited higher relative water content, pigment synthesis and the photosynthetic efficiency. Ca availability affected the synthesis of proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars under normal and saline growth conditions. Optimal Ca supplementation up-regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes assayed and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and tocopherol) thereby reflecting in amelioration of NaCl induced oxidative damage. Moreover, increased accumulation of phenols due to Ca supplementation and the amelioration of NaCl mediated decline if nitrate reductase activity was observed. More importantly, Ca availability reduced the accumulation of Na under control and NaCl stressed conditions restricting the damging effects on metabolism. Availability of optimal Ca potentially regulates the salinity tolerance mechanisms in soybean by maintaining osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism
Obituary of Professor Dr. Reinhard Lieberei
No full textOn March 5th, 2019 Professor Reinhard Lieberei, one of the leading scientists in the field of Applied Botany, passed away in Gorleben, Germany, at the age of 70. As former president of the German Society of Applied Botany (1996-2005), he has made many efforts to modernise the society. In 2008 he became Editor-in-Chief of the newly renamed Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, which had just been joined by the German Society for Quality Research on Plant Foods. Together with his co-Editor-in-Chief Hartwig Schulz, he furthered the journal\u27s development until its conversion to an open access online journal in 2013. After his retirement in 2013, Hans-Joachim Weigel succeeded him as Editor-in-Chief.
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Watercress – cultivation methods and health effects
Get PDFWatercress, Nasturtium officinale R. Br., is a native water or semiaquatic plant that has a high nutrient density. Physiologically relevant are the various glucosinolates, which possess positive health effects in form of their thio- and isothiocyanates. In an interdisciplinary project, we aim to develop a hydroponic, and finally an aquaponic, circulatory cultivation system and to study the health effects of watercress. In humans, there is a lack of data-based knowledge on potential beneficial health effects of watercress. Growth of watercresswas followed during one season in an open-door hydroponic system. Watercress was also cultivated in the greenhouse in different substrates with different concentrations of nutrients and salt. The biomass production is strongly dependent on the temperature. The glucosinolate contents differ significantly during the growing season, especially during flowering. Watercress naturally grows in nutrient rich fresh waters, however, when cultivated at NaCl concentrations of up to 120 mM the gain in biomass is still high. In a human proof of-concept study, indications for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of fresh watercress were observed already after a single dose intake of fresh watercress (85 g). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are planned to study health beneficial effects of watercress and its metabolic activity