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Physiological impacts of early defoliation on the cold hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) \u27Sultana\u27
Get PDFLow winter temperatures are one of the limiting factors of grape production worldwide. This study was undertaken to inquire about the effects of postharvest early defoliation on the cold hardiness of grapevine. The grapevines samples, cv. Sultana, were defoliated at two stages (10 and 25 days after harvest), and then they were compared with natural leaf fall. Cane samples were collected in December 2017 and February 2018, and analyzed in terms of water content, soluble carbohydrate, and proline concentrations in both bud and cane tissues. The samples were then subjected to freezing treatments i. e. -8, -12, -15, -18, -21, and -24 °C for evaluating the levels of cold hardiness. Based on these results, early defoliation reduced proline and soluble carbohydrate concentrations but increased the water content compared to the control. Leaf removal also decreased abscisic acid concentration in the bud samples. Investigation of cold hardiness by electrolyte leakage and tetrazolium staining examinations showed that the defoliation decreased cold hardiness. Results demonstrated that leaf removal between the growing season and the beginning of the acclimation stage decreased the metabolite concentration in buds and canes and resulted to a reduction of cold hardiness
Oxidative stability of olive oil enriched with oleaster leaves under accelerated storage conditions: Improvement of olive oil stability
No full textOlive oil is rich in natural antioxidants that conserve its quality under storage conditions. However, there is a growing need to improve the quality of olive oil under storage conditions using phenol-enriched olive oil. In the present study, olive oil from the Chemlali cultivar was enriched with wild olive tree leaves or oleaster. The oil composition was analyzed before and after accelerated storage conditions using a Schaal test. Standard oil parameters, including free acidity; peroxide value; iodine value; specific extinction K232 and K270; fatty acid profile, and polyphenolic, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content, were evaluated for the control olive oil (COO) and the enriched olive oil (EOO). Polyphenolic compounds were identified for COO, EOO, and oleaster leaf extracts (OLE) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’ azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) tests. The results showed that enriching the olive oil quantitatively and qualitatively improved the polyphenolic composition, pigment contents, and the antioxidant activity. The EOO was more resistant to oxidation under accelerated storage conditions. The addition of wild olive leaves also significantly improved the resistance of the olive oil to oxidation and can, therefore, be used as a source of natural antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of edible oils
Book Review: The Papaya – Botany, Production and Uses
Get PDFPapaya (Carica papaya L.) is well known as the third most widely produced tropical fruit worldwide after mango and pineapple. The global papaya production has grown significantly over the last few years, mainly as a result of increased production in India. Global sharing of information on papaya was advanced by the 1st International Papaya Symposium held at Genting Highlands, Malaysia, in 2005. This congress has been followed by regular symposia every 4 years in different papaya-producing countries. Since more than 100 years, numerous articles related to production and use of papaya fruits have been published in various scientific and popular journals. However, a comprehensive review that summarised these long-standing research results and findings in a suitable form has been lacking until now. So, it is a very important step that this first comprehensive book authorized by an international team of experts at the forefront of research covering all important aspects of botany, biotechnology, production, postharvest physiology and processing, is now available.
The book starts by providing a detailed overview about the origin, history, valuable ingredients and processing of papaya fruits. Subsequent sections deal mainly with the taxonomy, propagation and breeding of papayas. Further on, the fruit formation, the ripening process, various plant diseases, greenhouse cultivation, optimal storage conditions and quality characteristics are discussed in detail on a high scientific level. As mentioned by the authors, today analysis of the papaya genome promises new, faster breeding techniques to obtain improved cultivars. These and other advances are helping to tackle diseases like papaya ring spot viruses and major pests which still cause significant losses.
This book can be recommended without any reservation as an exciting and instructive information to a broad range of readers. Not only does it provide valuable support to professional groups such as plant breeders, farmers, plant physiologists, food technologists and chemists, but it also provides an excellent opportunity for interested laypeople to obtain comprehensive information on the current state of knowledge of this important tropical fruit. A number of scientific articles are listed in each annex of the 16 sections, allowing readers to obtain more detailed information on the individual topics.
Bibliography:
Sisir Mitra, The Papaya – Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International 2020, 269 pages includes bibliographical references and index, price: 113,27 €, ISBN-13: 9781789241907 (hardback), ISBN 9781789241914 (ePDF), ISBN 9781789241921 (ePub
Book Review: Strawberries (2nd Edition)
Get PDFThis new and updated edition provides a broad, balanced review of the scientific knowledge of strawberries and their cultivation. The worldwide strawberry industry has grown substantially since the first edition was published 20 years ago. Furthermore, methods of cultivation have undergone extensive modifications. Important changes have been made to the taxonomy of strawberries and there is a much better understanding today of how its ancestors evolved. New disease and pest control methods have been developed and a large amount of genomic information has been generated. This information has greatly broadened our knowledge of how flowering and fruiting is regulated and will revolutionize the breeding of strawberries.
This book covers various important aspects from taxonomy, ecology, morphology and genetics to environmental physiology, disease and pest control, fruit ripening, storage and processing.
Drawing on extensive research and practical experience, the author provides in 8 chapters a thorough review of the evolution of strawberries (chapter 1) and the history of strawberry cultivation (chapter 3). Chapter 3 and 4 summarize the major cultivation systems employed across the world and describe the physiology behind these practices. Chapter 5 addresses strawberry anatomy and developmental physiology including temperature and photoperiod control of flowering. Chapter 6 highlights research work on the fruiting and postharvest physiology. Chapter 7 deals with the diseases and pests of strawberry and describes the individual consequences that came up with the abandonment of methyl bromide.
The last chapter reviews strawberry breeding and genetic research, an area where tremendous progress continues to be made. Particularly in Mediterranean and other sub-tropical environments breeding activities increased dramatically over the last two decades. It is reported that strawberry breeders have begun to widely use molecular approaches in their programs including also marker-assisted and genomic selection.
This book provides an excellent, concise overview of strawberries and their cultivation and can be therefore recommended without any reservation as an exciting and instructive information to a broad range of readers. Not only does it provide valuable support to students of horticulture and various professional groups such as plant breeders, strawberry farmers, plant physiologists, food technologists and chemists, but it also provides an excellent opportunity for interested laypeople to obtain comprehensive information on the current state of knowledge of strawberry science and cultivation. A number of scientific articles are listed in each annex of the 8 chapters, allowing readers to obtain more detailed information on the individual topics.
Bibliography:
James F. Hancock, Strawberries 2nd edition, CAB International 2020, 275 pages includes bibliographical references and index, price: 53,29 €, ISBN-13: 9781789242270 (hardback), ISBN 9781789242287 (ePDF), ISBN 9781789242294 (ePub
CWR in situ conservation in the national and international context
Get PDFWildpflanzenarten, die mit unseren Kulturpflanzen verwandt sind, sind eine unverzichtbare genetische Ressource für die Pflanzenzüchtung. Zugleich sind sie wichtig für die Funktion von Ökosystemen und ökosystemaren Dienstleistungen. Als Teil der biologischen Vielfalt sind sie wie viele andere Arten zunehmend bedroht. Der Erhalt ihrer Vielfalt als genetische Ressource ist ein gemeinsamer Auftrag und ein gemeinsames Anliegen von Naturschutz und Landwirtschaft.
Die genetische Vielfalt der Wildpflanzen kann nur in begrenztem Umfang langfristig ex situ erhalten werden. Zudem ist eine evolutive Weiterentwicklung und genetische Anpassung an sich verändernde Umweltbedingungen nur möglich, wenn neue genetische Vielfalt im Verlauf der natürlichen Reproduktions- und Ausbreitungsprozesse entsteht. Deswegen ist es notwendig, verwandte Wildarten primär in situ, das heißt die natürlichen Lebensräume der Arten und lebensfähige Population zu erhalten, um so ihr Anpassungspotential zu bewahren. Komplementär dazu sollten Muster in Genbanken, die besonders für gefährdete Populationen ein Sicherheitsduplikat darstellen, erhalten werden. Diese Ressourcen werden so für Charakterisierung, Evaluierung und Nutzung in Forschung und Züchtung leichter zugänglich.
Die Notwendigkeit der Erhaltung der genetischen Diversität der Wildpflanzen für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (WEL) ist explizit in globalen Übereinkommen und Aktionsplänen wie der Konvention zur Biologischen Vielfalt, den nachhaltigen Entwicklungszielen der Vereinten Nationen, dem Internationalen Vertrag über Pflanzengenetische Ressourcen für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (PGREL) und dem Globalen Aktionsplan für PGREL der Welternährungsorganisation festgeschrieben. Mitgliedsländer wie Deutschland verpflichten sich, Erhaltungsstrategien für Wild- und Kulturpflanzenarten, die die Vorzüge der Erhaltung in situ im natürlichen Lebensraum mit den Vorteilen der Konservierung ex situ in Genbanken verbinden, zu entwickeln. Das Fachprogramm für pflanzengenetische Ressourcen des BMEL sieht als Handlungsbedarf besonders die Etablierung von genetischen Erhaltungsgebieten (GenEG) vor, um die Erhaltungssituation von in Deutschland als besonders wichtig angesehenen Arten und Artengruppen zu verbessern.
Mit der Einrichtung des nationalen „Netzwerk Genetische Erhaltungsgebiete Deutschland“ wird eine Rahmenstruktur geschaffen, in der sich bestehende und zukünftige WEL-Erhaltungsmaßnahmen eingliedern und koordiniert werden können. Das Netzwerk besteht aus Teilnetzwerken für prioritäre Wildarten, die von Fachstellen koordiniert werden. Teilnetzwerke bestehen aus GenEG für Populationen, die basierend auf wissenschaftlichen Kriterien ausgewählt werden. Das Gesamtnetzwerk wird vom Informations- und Koordinationszentrum für Biologische Vielfalt der Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung koordiniert.
Je nach Biologie der genetischen Ressourcen gestalten sich die Identifizierung von Populationen und die Ausweisung von GenEG unterschiedlich. Vorgehensweisen wurden in vier durch das BMEL geförderten Modellund Demonstrationsvorhaben entwickelt. Diese betreffen die letzte überlebende Population der Wildrebe, Wildselleriearten, historische Grünlandflächen und Wildobstarten. Entsprechende Teilnetzwerke befinden sich in unterschiedlichen Phasen des Aufbaus. Der Aufbau, die Ausweisung und das langfristige Management von GenEG erfordert eine ressortübergreifende Zusammenarbeit zwischen Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz.Wild plant species related to our crops (crop wild relatives, CWR) are an indispensable genetic resource for plant breeding. At the same time, they are important components for ecosystems and for ecosystem services. Like many other species, they are increasingly threatened by climate and environmental changes and preserving their diversity as a genetic resource is a common mission and concern of nature conservation and agriculture.
The genetic diversity of wild plants can only be preserved to a limited extent in ex situ conditions. In addition, evolutionary development and genetic adaptation are only possible if new genetic diversity is created through natural reproductive and dispersal processes. It is therefore recommended to preserve CWR primarily in situ, i.e. to maintain the natural habitats of species and viable populations, in order to preserve their adaptation potential. In situ conservation should be complemented by conserving samples in gene banks, which represent safety duplicates especially for endangered populations. Through ex situ conservation these resources also become more easily accessible for characterization, evaluation and use in research and breeding.
The need to preserve CWR genetic diversity is explicitly stated in global conventions and action plans such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the Food and Agriculture Organization\u27s Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Member countries, such as Germany, undertake to develop conservation strategies for wild and cultivated plant species that combine the advantages of conservation in situ in natural habitats with the advantages of conservation ex situ in gene banks. The German national programme for plant genetic resources envisages the establishment of genetic reserves, with an initial focus on improving the conservation of species and species groups that are regarded as particularly important in Germany.
The establishment of the “German Network of Genetic Reserves” provides for a framework in which existing and future CWR conservation measures are integrated and coordinated. The network consists of sub-networks for priority CWR species or species communities, which are coordinated by competent agencies. Sub-networks consist of genetic reserves for populations selected on the basis of scientific criteria. The German Network is coordinated by the Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity of the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food.
Depending on the biology of the genetic resources, the identification of populations and the designation of genetic reserves vary. Procedures were developed in four model and demonstration projects funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. These regarded the last surviving populations of wild vines, wild celery species, historical grasslands in the Swabian Alb and Alpine foothills and wild fruit species, primarily in forestry. Corresponding sub-networks are in different phases of establishment. The establishment, designation and longterm management of genetic reserves require interdepartmental cooperation between agriculture and nature conservation
Reinhard Lieberei − Die Gabe, vernetzt zu denken
Get PDFAusstellungen universitärer Museen verkörpern eine wissenschaft-lich-kuratorische Transferleistung, die mehr ist als ein „Übersetzen“ oder „Vereinfachen“ akademischen Wissens. Reinhard Lieberei hat das Loki Schmidt Haus, das Museum für Nutzpflanzen der Univer-sität Hamburg von der Neukonzeption an begleitet und systemisches Denken in den Museumsalltag eingeführt. Er erkannte in den mög-lichen Lesarten von Ausstellungen Ansatzpunkte für Wissenstransfer. Sein Vertrauen darauf, Studierende früh in den wissenschaftlichen Dialog einzubinden und an die eigenständige Entwicklung von Kom-munikationsformaten heranzuführen, hat die Basis und den Impuls für neue Herangehensweisen in der Lehre gegeben