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The challenge of targeted and effective insecticide treatment of flowering oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) avoiding non–target effects on pollinators and ichneumon parasitic wasps by using dropleg technique
No full textRaps (Brassica napus L.) wird von einer Vielzahl an Schadinsekten befallen und als Folge regelmäßig mit Insektiziden behandelt. Ab der Blüte treten der Kohlschotenrüssler (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)) und die Kohlschotenmücke (Dasineura brassicae (Winnertz)) in Erscheinung, deren Larvenstadien gemeinsam bis zu 30% Ertragsverluste verursachen können. Dabei gilt der Kohlschotenrüssler als Wegbereiter für einen starken Befall durch die Kohlschotenmücke. Aus diesem Grund richtet sich die Schadschwelle für eine Insektizid Behandlung nach dem Auftreten des Rüsslers zur Vollblüte. Es gibt jedoch kein integriertes Schädlingsmanagement, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Kohlschotenmücke. Die Applikation von Insektiziden während der Rapsblüte gefährdet potentiell Blütenbesucher und eine Vielzahl parasitoider Schlupfwespen, die zu dieser Zeit im Bestand aktiv sind. Rückstände von Pflanzenschutzmitteln können durch Honigbienen (Apis mellifera L.) aufgenommen werden und zu einer Belastung von Imkereiprodukten wie Honig oder Pollen führen. Mit der sogenannten Dropleg-Technik können Pflanzenschutzmittel räumlich platziert unter den Blütenhorizont ausgebracht werden. Dadurch können Pflanzenschutzmittelrückstände in Nektar und Pollen minimiert werden. Die innovative Applikationstechnik wird daher seitens der Imkereiverbände begrüßt. Bislang fehlen aber Daten zur Wirksamkeit von Insektiziden nach Applikation mit Dropleg-Technik auf die Schotenschädlinge. Auch Nebeneffekte auf Nicht-Zielarten wie beispielsweise Parasitoide des Rapsglanzkäfers sowie des Kohlschotenrüsslers müssen untersucht werden.
In mehrjährigen Feldversuchen (2016–2020) wurde die Dropleg-Technik in der Umgebung von Braunschweig unter praxisüblichen Bedingungen in Großparzellen getestet und mit konventioneller Applikation von oben in den blühenden Pflanzenbestand verglichen. Dabei wurden Insektizide aus der Gruppe der Neonikotinoide (Biscaya (a.i. Thiacloprid, 72 g ha-1) und Mospilan SG/SL (a.i. Acetamiprid, 40/42 g ha-1)) und ein Pyrethroid (Mavrik (a.i. tau-Fluvalinat 48 g ha-1)) jeweils zum Hauptflug der Kohlschotenmücke (BBCH 65–67) appliziert. Die Wirksamkeit der Insektizide auf Schotenschädlinge wurde mittels Auffangschalen untersucht, in denen von den Pflanzen fallende Adulte und Larvenstadien gefangen wurden. Zusätzlich wurden zweimal je Saison Schotenbonituren an ganzen Pflanzen durchgeführt. Effekte auf die Jungkäfergeneration wurden mit Hilfe von Photoeklektoren erhoben. Um mögliche Nebeneffekte der Dropleg-Applikation auf Parasitoide abzuleiten, wurde die vertikale Verteilung der Rapsschädlinge und ihrer Parasitoide mithilfe eines tragbaren Saugers während der Blütezeit in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 untersucht. Parallel wurden in den Jahren 2016–2019 die Parasitierungsraten der Rapsglanzkäferlarven (Brassicogethes aeneus Fabricius) aus den Feldversuchen mit Dropleg-Technik ermittelt. In den Jahren 2019 und 2020 wurden zusätzlich die Parasitierungsraten der Kohlschotenrüsslerlarven erhoben.
Die Ergebnisse der Feldversuche haben gezeigt, dass die Wirksamkeit von Insektiziden nach einer Applikation mit Dropleg-Technik im Vergleich zu konventioneller Applikationstechnik etwas geringer war. Dies deckt sich mit den Untersuchungen zur vertikalen Verteilung der Schotenschädlinge, die zu 80% im Blütenhorizont gefangen wurden. Die vertikale Verteilung der Parasitoide war nicht unabhängig von der Pflanzenschicht und unterschied sich artspezifisch. In Bezug auf die Larvenparasitoide des Rapsglanzkäfers deutet sich eine Separierung der Arten Phradis interstitialis (Thomson) und Tersilochus heterocerus (Thomson) anhand räumlich getrennter Nischen an. Während T. heterocerus zu 84% im Blütenhorizont gefangen wurde, hielt sich P. interstitialis meist unterhalb des Blütenhorizonts auf. Die Parasitierungsraten der Rapsglanzkäferlarven durch T. heterocerus waren nach konventioneller Applikation in drei von vier Jahren in mindestens einer Variante des Feldversuches reduziert. Der Einsatz der Dropleg-Technik führte dagegen nur im Jahr 2019 einmalig zu einer Reduktion der Parasitierung im Vergleich zur Kontrolle. Die Stärke der Effekte lässt sich mit der Koinzidenz zwischen dem Zuflug der Parasitoide und dem Applikationstermin begründen. Bezüglich der Larvenparasitierung des Kohlschotenrüsslers wurden durchschnittliche Parasitierungsraten von 60% festgestellt. Nur im Jahr 2019 traten Behandlungseffekte nach der Applikation von Biscaya auf, wobei schwache, positive Effekte der Dropleg Applikation auf die Art Mesopolobus morys (Walker), nicht jedoch auf Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) gefunden wurden.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es bezüglich des Einsatzes der Dropleg-Technik in blühendem Raps einen Trade-off zwischen einer abfallenden Wirkung der Insektizide auf Schotenschädlinge einerseits und der Schonung bestimmter Parasitoide andererseits vorliegt. Grundsätzlich kann die Applikation von Insektiziden zur Rapsblüte notwendig sein, um Ertragsausfälle zu verhindern. Es besteht jedoch der Bedarf an verbesserten Monitoring Methoden für die Kohlschotenmücke. Dies würde die Entwicklung von Schadschwellen ermöglichen und helfen nicht notwendige Behandlungen im Vorfeld zu unterlassen.Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is damaged by plenty of insect pests and is therefore regularly treated with insecticides. During the flowering period, the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)) and the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae (Winnertz)) migrate into the crop. Their larvae can cause crop damages of up to 30%. In this context, the cabbage seedpod weevil serves as a precursor for a strong infestation by the brassica pod midge. Therefore, the threshold for an application of insecticides is based on the extent of the cabbage seedpod weevil infestation at full flowering stage. Yet, there is a lack of integrated pest management strategies, especially regarding the brassica pod midge. The application of insecticides during the flowering of oilseed rape potentially endangers pollinators and many parasitoid ichneumon flies, which are present in the crop during this time. Residues of pesticides can be ingested by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and may result in contamination of bee products such as honey or pollen. With the so-called dropleg technique, pesticides can be applied spatially targeted below the flowering canopy of the crop. Thereby, pesticide residues in nectar and pollen can be minimized and beekeepers’ associations promote this innovative application technique. However, there has been a lack of data on the effectiveness of insecticides applied using the dropleg technique on pod damaging insect pests. In addition, non-target effects on important parasitoids of the pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus Fabricius) and the cabbage seedpod weevil need to be studied.
In five years of field trials (2016–2020), the dropleg technique was tested near Braunschweig, Germany, under standard practical conditions in large-scale plots and compared with conventional application from above into the flowering plant stand. The applications of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids (Biscaya (a.i. thiacloprid, 72 g ha-1) and Mospilan SG/SL (a.i. acetamiprid, 40/42 g ha-1)) and a pyrethroid (Mavrik (a i. tau-fluvalinate 48 g ha-1)) were carried out at the peak flight of the brassica pod midge (BBCH 65–67). The efficacy of the applied insecticides on pod damaging insect pests was investigated using water trays to collect larvae and adults dropping from the plants. Additionally, full plants were examined twice in each season for damaged pods. Effects on the new generations of insect pests were examined using photoeclectors. In order to derive possible side effects of the dropleg application on parasitoids, the vertical distribution of the oilseed rape insect pests and their parasitoids was investigated with the aid of a portable aspirator during the flowering period in 2018 and 2019. In parallel, the parasitisation rates of pollen beetle larvae in the dropleg field trials were assessed from 2016–2019. Additionally, in 2019 and 2020, the parasitisation rates of cabbage seedpod weevil larvae were determined.
The results showed, that the effectiveness of insecticides applied with dropleg technique in the field trials was slightly reduced compared to conventional application technique. This is in accordance with the investigations on the vertical distribution of pod damaging insect pests, which were present in the flowering canopy at 80% of all cases. The vertical distribution of parasitoid species was not independent from the crop layers and differed species-specific. With regard to the larval parasitoids of the pollen beetle, hints for a niche separation of key species Phradis interstitialis (Thomson) and Tersilochus heterocerus (Thomson) was found. The latter was abundant at 84% of all cases in the flowering canopy, whereas P. interstitialis was collected mostly below the horizon of pods and open flowers. In the field trials, parasitisation rates of pollen beetle larvae by T. heterocerus were significantly reduced after conventional application in three out of four years. The use of dropleg-technique resulted in reduced parasitisation rates compared to the untreated control only in the year 2019. The strength of the observed effects can be explained by the coincidence between the immigration of the parasitoids into the crop and the date of application. Regarding the cabbage seedpod weevil, average parasitisation rates of the larvae were about 60%. Only in 2019, treatment effects occurred after the application of Biscaya and a weak, positive effect of dropleg application on the species Mesopolobus morys (Walker), but not on Trichomalus perfectus (Walker), was found. The evaluation shows, that there is a trade-off between a slightly reduced efficacy on pod damaging insect pests on the one hand and benefits for certain parasitoid species on the other using dropleg technique for the application of insecticides in flowering oilseed rape. In general, insecticides applied during the flowering period of oilseed rape can be crucial in preventing yield losses. However, there is a need of improved monitoring methods for the brassica pod midge. This would help to develop damage thresholds and to prevent superfluous applications in advance
Neues aus der Deutschen Genbank Obst (DGO):: Die Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau Weinsberg als Partner der Genbank Obst
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Yield performance of 14 hazelnut cultivars grown for 12 years in a spindle system
Get PDFDie Ertragsleistung von 14 Haselnusssorten verschiedener Herkunft wurde vom zweiten bis zwölften Standjahr miteinander verglichen. Die wurzelechten Bäume wurden als Spindel, mit einem Pflanzabstand von 4,5 m × 2,5 m, erzogen. Ab dem vierten Standjahr wurden Erträge >1 kg Baum-1, ab dem sechsten Standjahr >3 kg Baum-1 erzielt. Es wurden große Ertragsunterschiede zwischen Sorten und Jahren festgestellt. Im Mittel der Sorten wurden in den Vollertragsjahren Erträge von 2,2 t ha-1 realisiert, bei den ertragsstärksten Sorten \u27Eckige Barceloner\u27, \u27Webbs Preisnuss\u27 und \u27Emoa 1\u27 3,2 t ha-1, 2,9 t ha-1, bzw. 2,6 t ha-1. Die Sorten unterscheiden sich deutlich in der Masse der Früchte und der Kerne. Die größte Nussmasse hatten die Sorten \u27Wunder aus Bollweiler\u27 (4,0 g) und \u27Corabel\u27 (3,8 g). Die Kerne der kleinfrüchtigen Sorten \u27Pauetet\u27 und \u27Rotblättrige Lambertsnuss\u27 hatten den höchsten Masseanteil an der Frucht mit 52 % bzw. 49 %. Dieser lag im Mittel der Sorten und Jahre bei 42 %. Der Anteil an leeren Nüssen lag im Mittel der Sorten und Jahre bei 2.6 %, jedoch wiesen einzelne Sorten in manchen Jahren bis zu 16 % leere Nüsse auf. \u27Corabel\u27 und \u27Eckige Barceloner\u27 hatten im Mittel der Jahre <1 % leere Nüsse. Im 4., 6. und 11. Standjahr wurden im Mittel der Sorten 16, 9, bzw. 16 Wurzelschosser je Baum festgestellt. Der Schnittaufwand im 6. und 7. Standjahr betrug im Durchschnitt aller Sorten 22 h ha-1 und 62 h ha-1. Die in dieser Arbeit gezeigten Versuchsergebnisse belegen, dass es in Mitteldeutschland möglich ist, Haselnüsse im Spindelsystem anzubauen.The yield performance of 14 hazelnut cultivars of different origin was compared from the second to the twelfth year after planting. The trees were trained as spindles with a planting distance of 4.5 m × 2.5 m, leading to a tree density of 800 trees per hectare. Yields >1 kg tree-1 were achieved from the fourth year after planting, and >3 kg tree-1 from the sixth year after planting. Substantial yield fluctuations between cultivars and years were observed. After reaching maturity a mean yield of 2.2 t ha-1 was achieved in the whole experimental plot, whereas the highest yielding cultivars, \u27Barcelona, \u27Webbs Price Cob\u27 and \u27Emoa 1\u27 achieved average yields of 3.2 t ha-1, 2.9 t ha-1, and 2.6 t -1, respectively. The cultivars differed significantly in fruit mass and kernel mass. The varieties \u27Merveille de Bollwiller\u27 (4.0 g) and \u27Corabel\u27 (3.8 g) had the highest fruit mass. The small-fruited cultivars \u27Pauetet\u27 and \u27purple-leaved filbert\u27 had the highest mass proportion of kernel to fruit of 52% and 49%, respectively. This relation was 42% when taking into consideration the average of all cultivars and years. The mean proportion of empty nuts was 2.6% in the whole experiment, but individual cultivars reached up to 16% empty nuts in some years. \u27Corabel\u27 and \u27Barcelona\u27 had <1% empty nuts. In the 4th, 6th and 11th year after planting, averages numbers of 16, 9, or 16 root suckers per tree were counted. The time required for winter pruning in the 6th and 7th year after planting was 22 h ha-1 and 62 h ha-1, respectively. The experimental data shown in this paper demonstrate that it is possible to grow hazelnuts in a spindle system in the Central German region
Propagule and soil type affects the pathogenicity of Ilyonectria and Dactylonectria spp., the causal agents of black foot disease of grapevines
Get PDFBlack foot disease of grapevines is a significant economic issue for the viticulture industry worldwide. The disease is mainly associated with soil borne pathogen species within the genera Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria. The aim of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of different pathogen propagules, including chlamydospores, conidia and mycelium, to grapevine rootstocks grown in soil. A combination of nine isolates belonging to Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria genera, representative of the fungal species associated with black foot disease in New Zealand were used to inoculate grapevines in a field experiment. In the second experiment, the pathogenicity of the different propagules was assessed in different soil types, clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam soils. In the field experiment, chlamydospores and conidia resulted in higher disease incidence and severity at 0 cm above the grapevine stem base compared with mycelium. At 5 cm above the stem base, chlamydospores caused the greatest disease incidence compared with the other two propagules. Propagule type had no effect on shoot and root dry weights. In the pot experiment, soil type affected disease incidence and severity, with clay loam soil resulting in significantly greater disease incidence and severity than silt loam or sandy loam soils. Disease severity at 0 cm above the stem base was significantly higher with conidial inoculations compared with chlamydospore inoculations irrespective of soil type. Root dry weights were also affected with heavier roots from plants grown in sandy loam compared with silt loam and clay loam soils, however, shoot dry weight was greater in clay loam and sandy loam compared with silt loam soils. The results of the study confirmed that all propagule types were able to infect grapevine rootstocks when planted in inoculated soil and showed that although the pathogens were capable of infecting the rootstocks in all soil types, disease level was higher in the heavier clay loam soil. It is therefore recommended that growers either avoid planting in such soils or apply strategies to improve drainage and soil aeration
Comparative study of anthocyanin extraction methods in Dahlia pinnata petals
Get PDFAnthocyanins are phenolic compounds responsible for the color of numerous plant sources. In literature, there is little information about the dahlia flower as a potential source of anthocyanins. This study aimed to develop a procedure for anthocyanins extraction from black dahlia petals using fresh and dehydrated material. A three-stages nested design was used to develop the methodology, 3 solid-liquid-ratios and 6 dissolvents nested in 3 methods. The highest yields were obtained with the homogenization assisted maceration technique, citric acid solvent (2, 4, 6%), and a ratio of 1:30 with dry petals. The results of this study show the opportunity to obtain a high anthocyanin content from black dahlia and open the possibility to use it as another important source of this pigment
Isolation and Characterization of fungal causal agents of black bark disease of apple using the “apple test”
Get PDFIn den letzten, häufig von Trockenheit geprägten Jahren hat sich der Schwarze Rindenbrand an Apfel- und Birnenbäumen in verschiedenen Teilen Deutschlands zunehmend zu einem Problem entwickelt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, methodische Grundlagen zur Isolierung der Erreger aus Apfelbäumen und ihrer Charakterisierung im Labor zu erarbeiten. Die Experimente beinhalteten die klassische Isolierung durch Auslegen von erkranktem Gewebe auf Agarmedien sowie ein in der Literatur als „Apfeltest“ beschriebenes Verfahren, bei dem befallene Rinde in Apfelfrüchte gesteckt wird. In der Folge reichern sich Pathogene im Gewebe an und können aus den entstehenden Faulstellen isoliert werden.Aus dem Stammholz eines im Wipfelbereich welkenden Baumes wurden nach Auslegen auf Agarmedium Trametes versicolor, Diaporthe eres sowie Diplodia seriata (bekannt als einer von mehreren Erregern des Schwarzen Rindenbrandes) isoliert. Diese Art wurde auch nach Auslegen befallener Rinde auf Kartoffel-Dextrose-Agar erhalten, ebenso wie Diplodia malorum. Durch Einstecken befallener Rindenstücke in Apfelfrüchte wurden weitere Isolate von D. malorum, drei Isolate von Diplodia bulgarica sowie Lambertella corni-maris, Penicillium sp. und Sclerotinia sclerotiorum gewonnen. Im Biotest mit künstlicher Inokulation mit Reinkulturen riefen die drei letztgenannten Isolate, alle Diplodia-Isolate sowie Diaporthe eres Fruchtfäulen hervor. Die Diplodia-Arten wurden darüber hinaus hinsichtlich der Geschwindigkeit des Hyphenwachstums und der Sporenmorphologie charakterisiert.During the previous years characterized by summer-drought, black canker disease of apple and pear has become a problem in different parts of Germany. The aim of the current work was therefore to develop basic techniques for isolation of the inciting pathogens from apple trees and their characterization in the laboratory. The experiments included the standard isolation of putative pathogens by placing symptomatic tissue on agar media as well as a method described in the literature as „apple test”. For the latter, symptomatic bark pieces are inserted into apple fruits and colonization of the apple tissue is visible as rotting spots. Candidate pathogens can be easily isolated from the colonized apple tissue.After placement of tissue from the trunk of the top of an apple tree expressing wilt symptoms, Trametes versicolor, Diaporthe eres and Diplodia seriata (one of several agents known to cause black canker disease) were isolated. Together with Diplodia malorum, the latter species was also obtained after placement of symptomatic bark pieces on potato dextrose agar. Insertion of diseased bark into apple fruits led to the isolation of further isolates of D. malorum, three isolates of Diplodia bulgarica, Lambertella corni-maris, Penicillium sp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. After inoculation with pure cultures into apple fruits, the latter three, all Diplodia-isolates and Diaporthe eres were pathogenic and caused fruit rots. The Diplodia isolates were further characterised regarding speed of hyphal growth and spore morphology
Bacillus megaterium BMJBN02 induces the resistance of grapevine against downy mildew
Get PDFGrape downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is one of the most destructive diseases of grapes. All grape cultivars are susceptible to P. viticola. However, the resistance of grape plants could be induced in plant defense with some help of microbes. In this study, Bacillus megaterium BMJBN02 obtained from farmland soil was shown to regulate the resistance of grapevine against downy mildew. The salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of grapes under different treatments were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and it was found that SA content and the expression of PR genes could play a role in regulating the resistance of grapevine against downy mildew. The five-year plot experiment showed that the resistance effectiveness of isolate BMJBN02 was approximately equal to that of 0.1 % nicotinyl morpholine (commercial fungicide). Therefore, this study provides a valuable candidate method that uses B. megaterium BMJBN02 by regulating the resistance of grape against downy mildew for quality and yield of grape in commercial productivity
From the garden to the table: so much grows in a small space! : Report on the VII. Urban Plant Conference, Julius Kühn Institute, Braunschweig, 28-29. October 2021
No full textDie Selbstversorgung mit Gemüse, Obst und Kräutern erfreut sich zunehmender Beliebtheit. Haus– und Kleingärten, Balkone, Straßenzüge und Parks werden zum Experimentierraum für neue Wege der Pflanzenerzeugung und Pflanzenwahl. Ein wichtiger Aspekt bei der Entwicklung urbaner Landwirtschaft ist, die Menge, die in der Stadt von nicht-professionellen Gärtnern produziert wird, im Hinblick auf den Nahrungsbedarf der Stadt einzuschätzen zu lernen. In diesem Kontext wurde die VII. Urbane Pflanzen Conference (UPC) durchgeführt. Dieser Frage widmeten sich die Teilnehmer in Vorträgen, Workshops und Gartenbesichtigungen.The self-sufficiency with vegetables, fruits and herbs is enjoying increasing popularity. House and allotment gardens, balconies, streets and parks become space for experimentation for new ways of producing and choosing plants. An important aspect of the development of urban agriculture is to learn to estimate the amount that is produced in the city by non-professional gardeners in terms of the city’s food needs. The VII Urban Plants Conference (UPC) was held in this context. The participants addressed this question in lectures, workshops and garden tours
Cannabis – Ein Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis [Book Review]
No full textAlthough cannabis was already widely used in various Traditional Medical Systems in ancient times, it is only in recent years that themedicinal drug has advanced to become one of the most exciting medical-pharmaceutical topics of the present day. In hardly any otherfield of pharmacotherapy has the state of knowledge developed with comparable dynamism in recent times.
In the book, renowned experts from various scientific disciplines describe the current scientific evidence for various therapeutic applications of cannabis or cannabinoids and promote quality-assured care of patients assisted by cannabis medicines. In the individual chapters of the handbook, reference is made to all relevant disciplines that are important for a sound understanding of the use of cannabis as a medicinal product: history, botany, biosynthesis, breeding and cultivation, import, supply chain, quality assurance and quality control, pharmacology, biopharmacy and pharmacokinetics, indications and evidence of pharmacotherapy, risks and side effects, driving safety, legal status of cannabinoid-containing medicinal products and non-medicinal products, dosage forms and modes of administration, forms of consumption in recreational use, identityverification of starting materials, production of prescription and defecture medicines, supply of cannabis prescriptions, reimbursement and taxation, narcotic documentation, legal framework of supply, and patient counseling. The individual scientists, who have provided their specific knowledge from the various fields in a representative manner, have understood very well how to combine their respective expertise into a holistic overall picture. In addition, the book offers a scientifically sound source of information as an alternative to the sometimes targeted disinformation on dubious websites or half-truths circulating in social media. Thanks to this concentrated expertise, a unique overall picture emerged that summarizes the current legal and scientific framework of medical cannabis application in a larger context for the first time. The appendix contains an extensive subject index that allows the reader to quickly research the points covered in each chapter on specific topics.
This book can be recommended without any reservation as an exciting and instructive information to a broad range of readers. Not only does it provide valuable support to professional groups such as plant breeders, farmers, plant physiologists, botanists, pharmacists, medical doctors as well as students of the mentioned faculties, but the book also offers an excellent opportunity for interested laypeople to obtain comprehensive information on the current state of knowledge of this important pharmaceutical drug. A number of scientific articles are listed in each annex of the 17 chapters, allowing readers to obtain more detailed information on the individual topics.
Bibliography:Andreas S. Ziegler, Cannabis – Ein Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, with contributions from renowned experts from various scientific fields, 1st edition 2022, 527 pages, 275 mostly color illustrations, 83 tables, price: 98,- €, ISBN: 978-3-8047-4152-