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Chilling temperature and low content to keep soybean grain quality during storage: Presentation
No full textSoybeans are used as food, feed, oil and fuel. Losses may happen at harvesting, transportation, and mainly during storage. Moisture content (MC %) and temperature (T °C) of the soybean grain mass during storage are the main factors affecting quality, quantity and value of the product by favoring the development of microorganisms and insects. Large grain chillers have been used to maintain soybean quality and reduce insect infestation during storage. To evaluate the effect of MC and temperature on the quality parameters of soybean seeds, samples were stored at 58±2% RH, with five different MCs, at 15 °C (chilling temperature) and 30 °C (average temperature inside silos in Brazil) for 180 days. The following was observed: reduction in the MC at higher temperature; the weight of soybeans was maintained at either temperature when the MC was at about 12%; MC above 14% reduced the weight value independent of storage temperature; at 15°C the weight of 1,000 seeds was maintained during storage; low MC and temperature kept germination and vigor of the seeds at high rates; low MC and temperature reduced electrical conductivity; there was no noticeable influence of the storage temperature, regardless of the MC of the beans, on the free fatty acid content. In general, quality attributes tend to be reduced during storage, being more remarkable at higher temperature and MC of the seeds. In conclusion, the temperature of 15ºC, which simulates grain cooling conditions, favors the maintenance of quality, quantity and value of soybean for long-term storage.Soybeans are used as food, feed, oil and fuel. Losses may happen at harvesting, transportation, and mainly during storage. Moisture content (MC %) and temperature (T °C) of the soybean grain mass during storage are the main factors affecting quality, quantity and value of the product by favoring the development of microorganisms and insects. Large grain chillers have been used to maintain soybean quality and reduce insect infestation during storage. To evaluate the effect of MC and temperature on the quality parameters of soybean seeds, samples were stored at 58±2% RH, with five different MCs, at 15 °C (chilling temperature) and 30 °C (average temperature inside silos in Brazil) for 180 days. The following was observed: reduction in the MC at higher temperature; the weight of soybeans was maintained at either temperature when the MC was at about 12%; MC above 14% reduced the weight value independent of storage temperature; at 15°C the weight of 1,000 seeds was maintained during storage; low MC and temperature kept germination and vigor of the seeds at high rates; low MC and temperature reduced electrical conductivity; there was no noticeable influence of the storage temperature, regardless of the MC of the beans, on the free fatty acid content. In general, quality attributes tend to be reduced during storage, being more remarkable at higher temperature and MC of the seeds. In conclusion, the temperature of 15ºC, which simulates grain cooling conditions, favors the maintenance of quality, quantity and value of soybean for long-term storage
Assessment of a mobile solar biomass hybrid dryer for insect disinfestation in dried maize grains: Presentation
No full textConsiderable losses of stored food grains occur through insect infestation in tropical countries because climatic conditions are conducive for insect activity throughout the year. Studies have shown that in order to kill stored grain insects of all life stages temperatures above 50°C are required. However, grain simply laid in the sun or placed in a solar dryer does not reach such high temperatures. This study describes the use of a 1 tonne batch capacity mobile solar biomass hybrid dryer for disinfestation of infested maize and prevention of F1 progeny emergence in stored maize grains. To assess the effect of temperature and exposure period on mortality of maize weevils, infested maize in experimental cages were exposed for 3 and 6 hours of thermal disinfestation treatment in the dryer. Comparing the heat generated in the dryer under hybrid mode operation where additional heat is generated by a biomass furnace in addition to solar, a mean temperature of 67°C was recorded compared to a mean ambient temperature of 36°C. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in mortality of maize weevils during disinfestation treatment for 3 and 6-hour exposure periods. Mortality of 100% was obtained for samples disinfested in the highest tray (level 4) in the dryer. After 30 days of storage of disinfested maize grains, there was no emergence of F1 progeny from the maize grains exposed for 3 and 6 hours. Effect of ambient temperature and open sun exposure periods in the control set-up resulted in low mean percent mortality. Also, samples from the control set-up at both 3 and 6-hour exposure periods showed emergence of F1 progeny after storage. From this study, it can be concluded that an exposure period of 3 hours (or perhaps even less) in the solar biomass hybrid dryer could prevent damage by Sitophilus zeamais to stored maize grains after thermal disinfestation at a mean temperature of 67°C.Considerable losses of stored food grains occur through insect infestation in tropical countries because climatic conditions are conducive for insect activity throughout the year. Studies have shown that in order to kill stored grain insects of all life stages temperatures above 50°C are required. However, grain simply laid in the sun or placed in a solar dryer does not reach such high temperatures. This study describes the use of a 1 tonne batch capacity mobile solar biomass hybrid dryer for disinfestation of infested maize and prevention of F1 progeny emergence in stored maize grains. To assess the effect of temperature and exposure period on mortality of maize weevils, infested maize in experimental cages were exposed for 3 and 6 hours of thermal disinfestation treatment in the dryer. Comparing the heat generated in the dryer under hybrid mode operation where additional heat is generated by a biomass furnace in addition to solar, a mean temperature of 67°C was recorded compared to a mean ambient temperature of 36°C. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in mortality of maize weevils during disinfestation treatment for 3 and 6-hour exposure periods. Mortality of 100% was obtained for samples disinfested in the highest tray (level 4) in the dryer. After 30 days of storage of disinfested maize grains, there was no emergence of F1 progeny from the maize grains exposed for 3 and 6 hours. Effect of ambient temperature and open sun exposure periods in the control set-up resulted in low mean percent mortality. Also, samples from the control set-up at both 3 and 6-hour exposure periods showed emergence of F1 progeny after storage. From this study, it can be concluded that an exposure period of 3 hours (or perhaps even less) in the solar biomass hybrid dryer could prevent damage by Sitophilus zeamais to stored maize grains after thermal disinfestation at a mean temperature of 67°C
Combination of mating disruption and parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor against Plodia interpunctella in a chocolate factory: Presentation
Get PDFA field experiment of 4 years’ duration was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of combining the mating disruption (MD) formulation Dismate ZETA (9Z,12E-tetradecadienyl acetate), with the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor against the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella in a chocolate factory. The experimental period began early in 2011 and ended in late 2014. Begane Dismate dispensers were placed in the facility from 2011 to 2014 and H. hebetor was released in 2014. Pheromone-baited traps were used to monitor the flight activity of the male moths and oviposition Petri dish cups were placed to assess the progeny production of P. interpunctella females. Following the start of MD, a decrease in the number of P. interpunctella males caught in monitoring traps was observed from 2011 to 2013. A further decline in the moth population was noted in 2014, when MD was combined with the release of parasitoids. The presence of larvae in the oviposition cups was occasionally observed throughout the monitoring period, from 2011 to 2014. This study demonstrates that the combined system of MD and parasitoids is an effective and reliable technique that can be used to successfully control P. interpunctella.A field experiment of 4 years’ duration was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of combining the mating disruption (MD) formulation Dismate ZETA (9Z,12E-tetradecadienyl acetate), with the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor against the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella in a chocolate factory. The experimental period began early in 2011 and ended in late 2014. Begane Dismate dispensers were placed in the facility from 2011 to 2014 and H. hebetor was released in 2014. Pheromone-baited traps were used to monitor the flight activity of the male moths and oviposition Petri dish cups were placed to assess the progeny production of P. interpunctella females. Following the start of MD, a decrease in the number of P. interpunctella males caught in monitoring traps was observed from 2011 to 2013. A further decline in the moth population was noted in 2014, when MD was combined with the release of parasitoids. The presence of larvae in the oviposition cups was occasionally observed throughout the monitoring period, from 2011 to 2014. This study demonstrates that the combined system of MD and parasitoids is an effective and reliable technique that can be used to successfully control P. interpunctella
Bio-nanosilver synthesized by the entomopathogenic nematode-symbiotic bacterium as bio-insecticide for the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum): Poster
Get PDFBiological control can be another important way to manage post-harvest insect pests. Some organisms that showed biological control activity against some soil pests are insect-parasitic nematodes. There are two different species of nematodes, steinernematids and heterorhabditids, who carry within their bodies insect-pathogenic bacteria. Xenorhabdus spp are bacteria which infest steinernematids and Photorhabdus spp. bacteria infect heterorhabditids. The study aimed to develop pesticide alternatives by synthesizing silver bio-nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Xenorhabdus indica bacterial filtrate. The nanoparticles synthesized by the bacterial strains were purified and its cytotoxicity and bioactivity was examined against the larvae of the Tribolium castaneum. AgNPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis, and the results revealed that the obtained nanoparticles are nanosilver with sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm, with spherical shape and nonsmoothed surface. Insect larvae were initially exposed to descending concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10 and 5 µg/ml) of the biosynthesized nanosilver for 48 hours. Results of the bioassay showed that mortality of treated larvae was concentration-dependent with LC50 of 25 µg/ml. Higher mortality percentage (89%) was observed with the concentration 100 ug/ml and the lower one was obtained by the concentration 5 µg/ml (60%). Subsequently, data of the present study suggest these bio-AgNPs-bacterial filtrate complexes could be used as potentially effective eco-friend bio-control candidates. However, testing other types of bio-synthesized nanomaterials, and its vital effect as bio-insecticide for storage insect species are still under investigation.Biological control can be another important way to manage post-harvest insect pests. Some organisms that showed biological control activity against some soil pests are insect-parasitic nematodes. There are two different species of nematodes, steinernematids and heterorhabditids, who carry within their bodies insect-pathogenic bacteria. Xenorhabdus spp are bacteria which infest steinernematids and Photorhabdus spp. bacteria infect heterorhabditids. The study aimed to develop pesticide alternatives by synthesizing silver bio-nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Xenorhabdus indica bacterial filtrate. The nanoparticles synthesized by the bacterial strains were purified and its cytotoxicity and bioactivity was examined against the larvae of the Tribolium castaneum. AgNPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis, and the results revealed that the obtained nanoparticles are nanosilver with sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm, with spherical shape and nonsmoothed surface. Insect larvae were initially exposed to descending concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10 and 5 µg/ml) of the biosynthesized nanosilver for 48 hours. Results of the bioassay showed that mortality of treated larvae was concentration-dependent with LC50 of 25 µg/ml. Higher mortality percentage (89%) was observed with the concentration 100 ug/ml and the lower one was obtained by the concentration 5 µg/ml (60%). Subsequently, data of the present study suggest these bio-AgNPs-bacterial filtrate complexes could be used as potentially effective eco-friend bio-control candidates. However, testing other types of bio-synthesized nanomaterials, and its vital effect as bio-insecticide for storage insect species are still under investigation
Safe and high efficient method for application of liquid ethyl formate (FumateTM) to replace methyl bromide for treatment of imported nursery plants: Poster
Get PDFThere have been significantly increased reports of finding invasive quarantine pests with increasing import plants into Korea. Moreover, the efficacy and work safety issues have been reported regarding use of methyl bromide (MeBr) for fumigation of imported nursery plants. For replacement of MeBr use on imported plants, a new technology of using liquid ethyl formate has been registered in South Korea as FumateTM. The technology involved to mix ethyl format with nitrogen gas to form non-flamable ethyl format formulation. It has been evaluated on various imported plants. The FumateTM is recently developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia for quarantine treatments on fresh fruits, grains etc. Fumigation with FumateTM offers environmental-friendly and practically safe use of liquid ethyl formate. We have extended the use of liquid EF application technology to quarantine treatment of imported nursery plants.There have been significantly increased reports of finding invasive quarantine pests with increasing import plants into Korea. Moreover, the efficacy and work safety issues have been reported regarding use of methyl bromide (MeBr) for fumigation of imported nursery plants. For replacement of MeBr use on imported plants, a new technology of using liquid ethyl formate has been registered in South Korea as FumateTM. The technology involved to mix ethyl format with nitrogen gas to form non-flamable ethyl format formulation. It has been evaluated on various imported plants. The FumateTM is recently developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia for quarantine treatments on fresh fruits, grains etc. Fumigation with FumateTM offers environmental-friendly and practically safe use of liquid ethyl formate. We have extended the use of liquid EF application technology to quarantine treatment of imported nursery plants
Toxicity of four Cuban botanical derivatives against two stored-products coleopteran pests: Poster
Get PDFPlants are a source of substances for protection of stored products. The Cuban flora has not yet been fully studied as a source of pesticides for postharvest protection, partly due to its great diversity. The toxicity of four Cuban plant derivatives against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was investigated. The anti-insect activity of the powders and the essential oil from plants belonging to Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Piperaceae was tested. Mortality and emergence of adult insects and the repellent effect of products were evaluated. Two products derived from Piper aduncum subsp. ossanum, caused high mortality (81,6 and 100%), reduced emergence (27,9 and 0,4%) and exhibited strong repellent activity on L. serricorne. Against S. zeamais, treatments with the highest mortality values were stems of Lonchocarpus punctatus (72,4%), seeds and stems of Canavalia ensiformis (64,9 and 69,9%), and leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (67,2%). The progeny production of S. zeamais was inhibited by powders of L. punctatus stems (31,8%), C. ensiformis seeds (40,5%), leaves (43,7%) and stems (30,6%), and T. diversifolia leaves (38,7%). The stems of C. ensiformis, leaves of T. diversifolia and L. punctatus had the highest repellent effect. These products have potential for small-scale treatments of grains for protection against both insects, and P. aduncum subsp. ossanum-based products to control L. serricorne infestation in tobacco. Identification of local candidates to develop effective and safe pesticides offers new alternatives to the Cuban agriculture in the control of storage pests.Plants are a source of substances for protection of stored products. The Cuban flora has not yet been fully studied as a source of pesticides for postharvest protection, partly due to its great diversity. The toxicity of four Cuban plant derivatives against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was investigated. The anti-insect activity of the powders and the essential oil from plants belonging to Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Piperaceae was tested. Mortality and emergence of adult insects and the repellent effect of products were evaluated. Two products derived from Piper aduncum subsp. ossanum, caused high mortality (81,6 and 100%), reduced emergence (27,9 and 0,4%) and exhibited strong repellent activity on L. serricorne. Against S. zeamais, treatments with the highest mortality values were stems of Lonchocarpus punctatus (72,4%), seeds and stems of Canavalia ensiformis (64,9 and 69,9%), and leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (67,2%). The progeny production of S. zeamais was inhibited by powders of L. punctatus stems (31,8%), C. ensiformis seeds (40,5%), leaves (43,7%) and stems (30,6%), and T. diversifolia leaves (38,7%). The stems of C. ensiformis, leaves of T. diversifolia and L. punctatus had the highest repellent effect. These products have potential for small-scale treatments of grains for protection against both insects, and P. aduncum subsp. ossanum-based products to control L. serricorne infestation in tobacco. Identification of local candidates to develop effective and safe pesticides offers new alternatives to the Cuban agriculture in the control of storage pests
Effects of Myristica fragrans and Alpinia conchigera oils against Callosobruchus maculatus: Presentation
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Response of Callosobruchus chinensis L. to plant extracts and to the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae: Poster
Get PDFPresent investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed.Present investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed
Detection of hidden insect Sitophilus oryzae in wheat by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance: Poster
Get PDFInsects, either adults or larvae, living inside grains are difficlut to detect but can cause enormous loss of grain. Therefore, we explored the use of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) techniques to detect Sitophilus oryzae hidden inside wheat. Significant difference in transverse relaxation times (T2/ms) and the T2 components proportion (P2/%) was observed between wheat and S. oryzae at its four different growth stages (small larvae, large larve stage, pupal stage and adult stage). The transverse relaxation signals on the infested wheat kernels varied with S. oryzae developmental stages. LF-NMR image of uninfested wheat were very different than infested wheat with the hidden insects at its four growth stages. Therefore, LF-NMR, as a novel non-destructive method, could be used to detect insects hidden in grains to take necessary management against pest damage to grains during storage.Insects, either adults or larvae, living inside grains are difficlut to detect but can cause enormous loss of grain. Therefore, we explored the use of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) techniques to detect Sitophilus oryzae hidden inside wheat. Significant difference in transverse relaxation times (T2/ms) and the T2 components proportion (P2/%) was observed between wheat and S. oryzae at its four different growth stages (small larvae, large larve stage, pupal stage and adult stage). The transverse relaxation signals on the infested wheat kernels varied with S. oryzae developmental stages. LF-NMR image of uninfested wheat were very different than infested wheat with the hidden insects at its four growth stages. Therefore, LF-NMR, as a novel non-destructive method, could be used to detect insects hidden in grains to take necessary management against pest damage to grains during storage