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Genetic and molecular characterization of breeding-relevant traits of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
No full textDie Blaue Süßlupine kann aufgrund ihrer wertvollen Eigenschaften als auch durch ihr vielfältiges Nutzungspotential einen wichtigen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft leisten, jedoch schmälert ihre geringe Ertragsstabilität und -leistung diese Vorzüge. Züchtungserfolg ist jedoch aktuell durch eine geringe genetische Basis limitiert.
Die Ertragsstabilität im Lupinenanbau wird maßgeblich durch die Pilzkrankheit Anthraknose (Erreger Colletotrichum lupini), beeinträchtigt. Ökologisch als auch ökonomisch sinnvoll ist es, gezielt nach Resistenzen gegen das Pathogen zu forschen und diese näher zu charakterisieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte ein funktionaler Resistenzlocus, LanrBo, genetisch und molekularbiologisch charakterisiert werden, der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Colletotrichum lupini vermittelt. Mit Hilfe neuer genomischer Ressourcen sind mittlerweile eng gekoppelte Marker für LanrBo identifiziert worden. Die molekularen Selektionsmarker machen es jetzt möglich, LanrBo in Kreuzungsprogrammen gezielt zu verfolgen.
Im Hinblick auf die Ertragsleistung ist in dieser Arbeit im Rahmen eines Mutageneseprogramms ein Set an vielversprechenden Mutantenlinien untersucht worden. Diese Linien zeigten ein diverses phänotypisches Spektrum hinsichtlich des Verzweigungsgrades. Bezüglich einzelner Ertragskomponenten konnten signifikante Veränderungen im Vergleich zur Ausgangssorte nachgewiesen werden. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass über die Selektion aberranter Phänotypen indirekt auch auf Ertragsmerkmale selektiert wurde. Der postulierte monogenisch-rezessive Vererbungsmodus erlaubt es, die angestrebten Phänotypen im Züchtungsprozess weiter zu verfolgen und verbesserte, ertragreiche Sorten zu züchten.
Zusammengefasst konnte gezeigt werden, dass der genetische Flaschenhals bei der Süßlupine durch (i) die Nutzung genetischer Ressourcen erweitert und damit ein positiver Effekt auf die Ertragsstabilität durch verbesserte Nutzung der Anthraknoseresistenz erzielt werden konnte und (ii) mit Blick auf die Ertragsleistung die genetische Variabilität mit der chemischen Mutagenese erfolgreich erhöht werden konnte.Narrow-leafed lupin is considered to be a legume with great future potential because of its high and valuable protein content. Cultivated lupins appear in agricultural production in diverse forms and for very different purposes: grain production and forage in crop rotation, green manure, and as a relatively new area the production of healthy food products. Therefore, novel cultivars for these particular applications are needed. Successful breeding of varieties requires genetic variability with a broad spectrum of agronomic traits. But genetic variation of narrow-leafed lupin, a self-pollinator, is limited due to the bottleneck of former selection for sweetness.
These days overriding goals in lupin breeding are yield stability and yield increase.
Yield stability may be achieved by breeding for anthracnose resistance as it is the most severe disease in lupin cultivation worldwide. Therefore, a screening for anthracnose resistance of a set of plant genetic resources of NLL identified the breeding line Bo7212 as being highly resistant to anthracnose (C. lupini). Segregation analysis of experimental mapping populations indicated that the resistance of Bo7212 is inherited by one single dominant locus. Published molecular anchor markers as well as further sequence information obtained from the model genome Lotus japonicus, RNASeq data and genome sequence information of NLL allowed us (i) to locate the locus LanrBo on linkage group NLL-11 and (ii) to identify closely linked markers that allow for precise marker-assisted selection for LanrBo in narrow-leafed lupin breeding programs.
In an EMS-based mutagenesis program 40,000 seeds of cv. \u27Boruta\u27 were treated and a variety of phenotypic mutant lines expressing novel growth types with altered plant height and branching were obtained. These lines promise a potential yield increase. In field trials at two locations for three years, three of a subset of these lines exhibited significantly improved grain yield components compared to the wild type cv. \u27Boruta\u27, indicating a successful yield increase by indirect selection for novel branching behaviour. Growth types of these promising lines were shown to be inherited in a monogenic recessive manner and should, hence, be easily fixable in breeding programs.
To conclude, this work demonstrates (i) the successful exploitation of plant genetic resources regarding yield stability and (ii) the increase of genetic variability by chemical mutagenesis. This may result in anthracnose-resistant lines and high-yielding growth types. The combination of both factors in targeted breeding programs by using novel molecular selection tools is a promising and efficient basis for the development of powerful lupin varieties
Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soild by Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Terminalia arjuna and Salix tetrasperma
Get PDFRising levels of arsenic in ground water posing threats to millions of people residing in Indus plains whereas the magnitude of the risk is alarming need to control arsenic from leaching down into ground water becomes essential. The study was designed to assess the potential of three native tree seedlings to reclaim the arsenic affected soils in Pakistan. The study aimed at determining the impact of arsenic application on growth parameters of tree seedlings and accumulation of arsenic in plant parts. The laboratory experiment conducted at the Botanical Garden, University of the Punjab, Lahore revealed that E. camaldulensis, T. arjuna and S. tetrasperma have demonstrated varying adaptability to survive under the arsenic stress environment, establishing them as strong candidates to be exploited for arsenic remediation process. Arsenic treated plants showed reduced growth in terms of stem height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, root length, total plant length and biomass production as compared to plants grown without arsenic treatment. Arsenic accumulated in all vegetative parts of the plants, however, maximum arsenic accumulation was recorded in roots of E. camaldulensis (37.25 µg kg-1) followed by S. tetrasperma (35.76 µg kg-1) and T. arjuna (24.13 µg kg-1) when arsenic was applied @ 4.0 mg L-1. The study has shown that these trees can be grown on arsenic contaminated fields to reclaim the soil from arsenic content resulting in its substantial reduction leaching in groundwater
The study of palm and rapeseed oil stability during frying
Get PDFPalm oil is characterized by high oxidation stability, high smoke point, low foam making properties, limited penetration into the product, what makes it ideal for processes requiring thermal treatment such as frying. The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and thermooxidative stability of red palm olein, rapeseed oil and their mixtures during deep-frying of French fries. Analysis of fatty acids composition and basic parameters of fresh oils (acid number, peroxide value, polar compounds content, induction time) were performed. During frying, changes in acid number, polar compounds in oils as well as consumers’ acceptance of the fries fried in these oils were investigated. During the 32-hour of frying, the lowest chemical changes occurred in palm olein, what was confirmed by low acid values (0.99 mg KOH/g) and low polar content (14.4%). At the end of the experiment, the oil mixture had the highest polar fraction value of 25.0%. In the opinion of consumers, fries fried in rapeseed oil were “the best”, while French fries fried on palm oil were considered “artificial”, “chemical” and “disgusting”. The reason for this opinion was the addition of β-carotene to this oil. On the other hand β-carotene from palm olein had a great positive effect on the colour of the fries, but at the same time had a negative effect on the taste
A novel estimation method of total flavonoids in an edible medicinal mulberry leaves by ultrasound-assisted hydroalcohol-acid extraction and HPLC-DAD
Get PDFMulberry leaves have been widely used to produce various health products. In this paper, an efficient procedure of ultrasound-assisted hydroalcohol-acid extraction (UAHAE) was established to estimate the total flavonoids content in mulberry leaves by quantifying their resulting aglycones (quercetin and kaempferol) using HPLC-DAD. Effective hydrolysis of glycosides to aglycones was achieved in an ethanol-HCl-water (7/2/1, v/v/v) solution at 75°C by ultrasound (40 kHz) for 60 min. The average contents of quercetin and kaempferol were 7.12 mg/g and 2.13 mg/g, respectively, in the variety of cultivar MC308, and their recoveries were 105.48% and 105.81%, respectively. The total flavonoid content of most varieties was between 4-10 mg/g, accounting for 80% in 86 species of mulberry leaves. With the increase in leaf maturity, the general trend of the change in flavonoid content was a decrease at first and then an increase. The highest total flavonoid content in commercial mulberry tea (CT 2) is 4.76 mg/g, and the DPPH radical scavenging activities were similar to the distribution of total flavonoids measured by UAHAE in three types of mulberry tea. These finding provide a basis for industrial-scale manufacturing of edible medicinal mulberry leaf products
Agricultural contamination: Effect of copper excess on physiological parameters of potato genotypes and food chain security
Get PDFAreas with a history of cupric fungicide application accumulate copper (Cu), which may be toxic to plants and might result in food chain contamination. This work aimed to study the effects of Cu contaminated vineyard soils (2.2, 5, 36.3, 67, 95.7, 270.5 and 320.70 mg Cu kg-1 soil) on potato physiology and it´s potential risk to human health, during the fall and spring growing seasons. The increase of Cu concentration in leaves was dependent on external Cu concentrations and development stage of the leaves. There were genotypic differences for both growth and biochemical parameters including high accumulation of Cu in tubers among the genotypes. Therefore, Cu stress triggered a defense mechanism against oxidative stress in potato plants; and the magnitude of Cu stress was depended on the genotype and the plant physiological status. In addition, these results provide evidence that potato antioxidants are not sufficient to prevent biological damage caused by Cu toxicity, and that popato cultivation in areas with high Cu levels is not recommended due to low production and potential risk to human health
Quantitative effects of soil salinity on the symbiosis of wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and Bradyrhizobium in Costa Rica: Effects of Salinity on Rhizobial Symbiosis
No full textGlobal climate change and local anthropogenic activities are increasing soil salinization with permanent negative effects on agricultural and ecosystem productivity. While salt stress is known to affect plant performance, its effects on the association with key microbial plant symbionts, such as legume-associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, are less understood. In this field study conducted in Costa Rica (Puntarenas), we used sympatrically-occurring wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and Bradyrhizobium to quantify biomass production of unfertilized rhizobial (R+) and fertilized rhizobia-free (R-) plants at different levels of experimentally manipulated salinity in native soil. In response to salt stress, nodulation was significantly reduced even at slightly increased salt levels. Plants growing at soil salinity levels of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mS/cm showed a mean reduction of nodules by 60.22, 76.52, 83.98, and 92.5% compared to the controls. Similarly, we also observed a significant decline in plant biomass at elevated salinity. However, biomass accumulation of R- plants was significantly less impacted compared to R+ plants, suggesting that the plant-microbe symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than the plant host itself. We suggest that the search for more salt-tolerant, crop plant-compatible rhizobial strains may provide a sustainable approach to maintain agricultural productivity on low to moderately saline soils
The influence of Effective Microorganisms and number of buds per cane in viticulture on chemical composition in fruits
Get PDFAs a result of climate warming, wine-growing zones have moved to the north, where conditions exist may result in poor fruit quality. Fruits may develop significant amounts of tannin compounds, which are not acceptable to all consumers. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the influence of selected factors on the quality and content of polyphenols in grapevine fruits. The differentiating factors were as follows: two grapevine cultivars, varied number of buds per cane, and treatment with Effective Microorganisms (EM). To determine the total content of polyphenols and individual polyphenolic compounds in the tested fruits, the UPLC-PDA-MS method was used. The results indicated that the studied factors had no effect on total soluble solids and titratable acidity in grapes. The experiment revealed that polyphenol content was most dependent on the cultivar, followed by the number of buds per cane; EM treatment had the least effect. The fruit of the ‘Regent’ cultivar was characterised by higher polyphenol content. ‘Cabernet Cortis’ berries had higher levels of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols, while ‘Regent’ berries were higher in anthocyanins and flavonols. EM treatment had a large impact on the reduction of tannic acid compounds. Fruits from untreated plants with four buds per cane had a significantly increased content of polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols
Assessment of ‘hen and chicken’ disorder for marketable yield estimates of table grape using the ‘Berry Analysis Tool’
Get PDFBunch and berry size are important quality criteria for table grapes, and bunch weight is used in estimation of vine yield. The Berry Analysis Tool (BAT), a machine vision technique, was trialled for use in estimation of berry count, diameter and weight, to support estimates of ‘hen and chicken’ disorder and vineyard yield. Berries were spread on a plate for imaging. BAT estimates achieved a r2 = 0.99 on berry number per bunch, r2 = 0.98 on average berry minor axis and r2 = 0.99 on bunch weight. Based on an allometric relationship between lineal dimensions and weight, these attributes were used to estimate the proportion of under-size (‘chicken’) berries per bunch, and bunch weight. The estimated bunch weight multiplied by a number bunches per vine provides an estimation of vine yield. Use of the BAT as a decision support tool in table grape farm management is described