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Coupling effects of Fe(II) and CaCO3 application on cadmium uptake and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Full text linkExcessive cadmium (Cd) in rice, caused by Cd pollution of farmlands, poses a serious threat to human health. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two doses of CaCO3 (Ca1: 2 g kg-1, Ca2: 10g kg-1), two types of Fe(II) (EDTA-Fe(II) and FeSO4; 0.14 g Fe kg-1), and their combined application on the uptake and accumulation of Cd in rice plants grown in Cd-contaminated acidic soil. The results revealed that FeSO4 significantly increased rice grain biomass, whereas the other treatments had no significant effects. Further, the addition of EDTA-Fe(II) or FeSO4 significantly enhanced iron plaque formation on the root surface and increased the Fe content in the rice plants and porewater. Compared to the control, CaCO3 addition weakened the formation of iron plaque and reduced the Fe concentration in the porewater and root tissue, stems and leaves, whereas the Fe concentration in brown rice and the husks remained unaffected. Combined application of CaCO3 and Fe(II) significantly promoted the formation of iron plaque and increased the Fe concentration in brown rice. However, the Cd concentration in the iron plaque was reduced by CaCO3 addition but increased by Fe(II) treatment. Notably, all treatments reduced the Cd concentration in all rice plant tissues. The application of Ca1, Ca2, EDTA-Fe(II), FeSO4, Ca1+EDTA-Fe(II), Ca1+FeSO4, Ca2+EDTA-Fe(II) and Ca2+FeSO4 significantly reduced the Cd concentration in brown rice by 69%, 63%, 51%, 60%, 46%, 39%, 38%, and 29%, respectively. These results indicate that the application of CaCO3, EDTA-Fe(II)/FeSO4, or their combination can effectively reduce Cd accumulation and translocation in rice plants
Corrigendum: Butin H. (2018) Parasitic fungi on leaves of Black Cherry: A contribution to biological plant protection
Full text linkDer ursprüngliche Artikel wurde unter Autorenschaft von Heinz Butin am 01.12.2018 im Journal für Kulturpflanzen 70 (12) S. 342–347, 2018, ISSN 1867-0911, DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2018.12.02 publiziert. Der Pilz Paecilomyces crassipes Butin wurde als neue Art beschrieben und eingeführt. Dies war nicht konform mit Artikel F.5.1 des International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Turland et al. 2018), denn es fehlte ein Kennungszeichen, das seit dem 1. Januar 2013 obligatorisch ist. Die Art wird nun durch Angabe der unten stehenden MycoBank-Nummer validiert.The original article was published under the authorship of Heinz Butin on 01.12.2018 in Journal für Kulturpflanzen 70 (12) S. 342–347, 2018, ISSN 1867-0911, DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2018.12.02. The fungus Paecilomyces crassipes Butin was described and introduced as a new species. This was not compliant with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants article F.5.1 (Turland et al. 2018), because a registration identifier was lacking, which is compulsory since 1 January 2013. The species is now validated by providing the MycoBank number below
Potassium silicate counteracts salt-induced damage associated with changes in some growth characteristics, physiological, biochemical responses, and nutrient contents in two grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars
Full text linkThis study investigates the effects of potassium silicate on the growth characteristics, physiological parameters, biochemical parameters, and nutrient content of two grapevine cultivars, \u27Bidaneh Ghermez\u27 and \u27Sahibi Gird\u27, under NaCl stress conditions. The plants were exposed to NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0, 40, and 80 mM in a hydroponic system. Additionally, the plants were treated with potassium silicate sprays at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L-1. As NaCl levels increased, both \u27Bidaneh Ghermez\u27 and \u27Sahibi Gird\u27 cultivars exhibited reduced fresh and dry root weights. However, with potassium silicate application at 200 mg L-1, the rate of root dry weight loss was reduced to 28% and 66.4% for 40 mM and 80 mM NaCl treatments, respectively. The maximum total protein content (1.65 mg L-1 fresh weight) was detected at the 80 mM NaCl level and potassium silicate application at 50 mg L-1. The maximum ascorbate peroxidase activity was observed at a potassium silicate concentration of 50 mg L-1. Based on the results, increasing NaCl levels significantly boosted plant Na+ percentage. In treatments with 40 and 80 mM NaCl (without potassium silicate), nitrate levels decreased by 32.34% and 46.71%, respectively, compared to the control. The amount of leaf iron in the 40 mM salinity treatment increased and by 10.47% with potassium silicate at a concentration of 200 mg L-1. The findings confirmed the role of potassium silicate in modulating the negative effects of NaCl, although more investigations in different grapevine cultivars under NaCl stress are required in this field
A model to predict the fruit bearing capacity of individual apple trees and its variability within commercial orchards
Full text linkDie Einstellung des Fruchtbehangs bei Apfelanlagen unter Berücksichtigung der für die individuelle Vermarktung optimalen Fruchtqualität wird bislang anhand von einzelnen Bäumen geschätzt und anschließend einheitlich für ganze Schläge durchgeführt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, um die Fruchtertragskapazität von allen Bäumen einer Anlage in Relation zu Blattfläche, Zielfruchtgröße und saisonaler Witterung zu modellieren.
Die Ermittlung der Fruchtertragskapazität einzelner Bäume erfolgte in einer Erwerbsanlage mit Bäumen die als schlanke Spindel erzogen wurden (\u27Gala\u27/M.9, 3030 Bäume ha-1, n = 607 Versuchsbäume) im fünften Standjahr. Die Blattfläche der Bäume wurde mit einem Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) Laserscanner gemessen. Mit dem LiDAR Sensor wurden dreidimensionale Punktwolken der Baumkronen aufgezeichnet. Durch Segmentierung einzelner Punkte konnte zwischen Blattfläche, Holz und Früchten unterschieden werden. Die Blattfläche pro Baum schwankte zwischen 5 m2 und 11 m2. Die notwendige Blattfläche, um Früchte von 65 mm bis 80 mm zu erzeugen, betrug unter Berücksichtigung deren saisonalen C-Verbrauchs und der saisonalen Wetterbedingungen 274 cm2–847 cm2 Blattfläche. Aus dem Ziel Früchte in diesen Größenklassen (65 mm; 70 mm; 75 mm; 80 mm) zu erzeugen und unter Berücksichtigung der vorhandenen und benötigten Blattfläche resultierte die optimale Fruchtanzahl pro Baum. Diese schwankte innerhalb der Anlage zwischen 92 und 249 Früchten pro Baum.
Zur Validierung des Modells wurde die Fruchtanzahl an Einzelbäumen (n = 106) gezählt und die Fruchtgrößenverteilung baumweise bestimmt. Die modellierte Fruchtertragskapazität stimmte bis zu einem Blattfläche-zu-Frucht-Verhältnis von 600 cm2 pro Frucht mit den gemessenen Werten mit geringer Abweichung überein. Bei größeren Blattfläche-zu-Frucht-Verhältnissen war die Vorhersage ungenau. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Fruchtertragskapazität einzelner Bäume anhand der Blattfläche und saisonaler Wetterdaten modelliert werden kann. Das Modell kann sowohl als (i) physiologisches Modell zur Simulation der Zielfruchtzahl einzelner Bäume als auch als praxisrelevantes (ii) agronomisches Modell zur Entscheidungsfindung für eine baumindividuelle Ausdünnung eingesetzt werden.The adjustment of fruit set in apple orchards, taking into account the optimal fruit quality for different marketing purposes, has so far been estimated on the basis of individual trees and then carried out uniformly for entire orchards. In the present work, an approach was developed to model the fruit bearing capacity of all apple trees in an orchard in relation to their total leaf area, target fruit size and seasonal weather conditions.
The fruit bearing capacity of individual trees was estimated for all trees of a commercial apple orchard with spindle trained trees (\u27Gala\u27/M.9, 3030 trees ha-1, n = 607 experimental trees) in the fifth year after planting. The leaf area of the trees was measured with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner. Three-dimensional point clouds of the tree canopies were recorded with the LiDAR sensor. By segmenting individual points, it was possible to distinguish between leaf area, wood, and fruit surfaces. The leaf area per tree ranged between 5 m2 and 11 m2. The leaf area per fruit required to produce fruit of 65 mm to 80 mm varied between 274 cm2 and 847 cm2, taking into account their seasonal C consumption and seasonal weather conditions. In order to produce fruit in these size classes (65 mm; 70 mm; 75 mm; 80 mm), taking into account the actual total leaf area per tree and the required leaf area per fruit, the fruit bearing capacity was calculated. Among the trees of the same orchard, the fruit bearing capacity showed a range between 92 and 249 fruit per tree.
To validate the model, the number of fruit on individual trees (n = 106) was counted and the distribution of fruit size was recorded for each tree. The measured values matched the modeled fruit bearing capacity with little deviation up to a leaf area to fruit ratio of 600 cm2 per fruit. At larger leaf area to fruit ratios, the prediction was inaccurate. The results show that the fruit bearing capacity of individual trees can be simulated using leaf area and seasonal weather data. The model can be used both as (i) a physiological model to simulate the effect of the number of fruit on the fruit size and (ii) an agronomic model for decision making enabling tree-specific thinning
Skin spots on ‘Cripps Pink’ and ‘Elstar’ apples are identical
Full text linkBrown spots have recently been reported on the surfaces of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples, grown in Marsillargues, France. Preliminary observations suggest the symptoms on ‘Cripps Pink’ apples resemble those reported earlier on ‘Elstar’ apples and then referred to as ‘Elstar skin spots’. Elstar skin spots occur particularly in coastal production areas of northern Europe, and in rainy seasons. The objective of this study was to establish more definitively whether the skin spots observed on ‘Cripps Pink’ are identical to those reported on ‘Elstar’. Hence, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of ‘Cripps Pink’ skin spots were assessed in more detail. The skin spots on ‘Cripps Pink’ develop on the non-blush side of the fruit. High resolution scanning light microscopy revealed a network of cuticular microcracks in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic regions of an affected fruit. When fruits with microcracks were dipped in a 1:1 chloroform:methanol mixture, the width and depth of the microcracks increased, indicating that the microcracks had previously been partially filled with wax. The microcracks on a symptomatic surface were wider and deeper than those on a non-symptomatic surface. After the cuticular wax had been extracted (as above), the microcracks on the symptomatic surface were found to be partially infiltrated with the fluorescent dye acridine orange; but not so the microcracks on a non-symptomatic surface. The fruit skin of symptomatic apples had a higher rate of water loss than that of non-symptomatic apples. Microscopy revealed that the epidermal and some of the hypodermal cells beneath the microcracks within a symptomatic area were brown and their cell walls lignified. We infer from these observations that the skin spots on ‘Cripps Pink’ are identical to the well-known skin spots on ‘Elstar’ apples
‘Nebbiolo di Gubbio’ and its fellows: a time box of Piedmontese grape varieties in the region of Umbria (central Italy)
Full text linkIn the Gubbio area (Umbria region, central Italy) the cultivation of \u27Nebbiolo\u27 has been attested since the end of the 19th century and attributed to the import of cuttings from Piedmont (northwestern Italy). Morphological tests carried out in three old vineyards in Gubbio confirmed that this ‘Nebbiolo’ is in fact ‘Dolcetto’, another important cultivar from Piedmont. Plants of other Piedmontese and Umbrian varieties, often rare or at risk of extinction, were identified in the inspected old vineyards, giving evidence of the poly-varietal composition of the ancient plantings. Seven genotypes not yet inventoried or described were also discovered
Insights into seeds priming effects using a magnetic field and algal treatments on growth and productivity of faba bean under salinity stress conditions
Full text linkSoil fertility and crop productivity in the Nile Delta are severely threatened by soil salinization. Hence, the development of reliable techniques to enhance the salinity tolerance of plants is an essential prerequisite for the desirable sustainable agricultural development in Egypt. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of seeds priming using a magnetic field (MF) at different exposure times (0, 15, 30, and 45 min), either alone or combined with seeds pre-soaking or foliar spraying with seaweed extracts of Hydroclathrus clathratus and Acanthophora spicifera. The effects on soil properties, growth, yield, and seed quality of Vicia faba grown in saline soil were assessed. Results indicated that MF-treated seeds (MFTS), either alone or coupled with seaweed treatments, distinctly improved soil characterization by decreasing EC and pH niches, and also increased the availability of soil macro- and micronutrient elements, particularly at MF long exposure time (≥30 min). MFTS and/or MFTS with seaweed treatments at 30 min improved soil fertility indices (CO2 evolution and nitrogenase activity) and induced the highest increases of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in seeds, plant growth and seed quality. Additionally, enhancement of chlorophyll a and b, carbohydrates and amino acids, and decreasing proline levels were the bases of salinity stress alleviation. Conclusively, seed priming in the MF coupled with foliar spraying of seaweed extracts could be a sustainable and affordable approach for cultivating V. faba plants under salinity stress conditions
"Roots and Water – Healthy Plants in the Sponge City" Report on the VIII Urban Plants Conference "How Does Urban Greenery Work Better?" on September 25, 2023, at the University of Göttingen
Full text linkEin Weg, Städte an den Klimawandel anzupassen, ist die Umsetzung des Prinzips der „Schwammstadt“. Überflutungen durch Starkregen und Trockenheit durch Hitzeperioden soll durch phytotechnische und naturbasierte Maßnahmen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Stadt soll die Fähigkeit bekommen, große Mengen an plötzlich auftretendem Wasser aufzusaugen, dieses Wasser zu speichern und es dann durch Verdunstung und gezielte Bewässerung wieder abzugeben. Doch wie reagieren Pflanzen, wenn ihre Wurzeln überstaut werden? Wie lange darf ein solcher Zustand währen? Wie sollte die Kontaktzone zwischen Wurzelraum und gespeichertem Wasser gestaltet werden? Fördert man durch die Schwammstadt bodenbürtige Schaderreger der Wurzeln? Wie wirken sich Schadstofffrachten im Wasser auf die Pflanzengesundheit aus? Müssen wir besondere Pflanzen auswählen, die an den Wechsel von einem Zuviel zu einem Zuwenig an Wasser angepasst sind? Diesen Fragen ging die Tagung in Vorträgen und gemeinsamem Austausch nach.One way to adapt cities to climate change is to implement the "sponge city” principle. Floods caused by heavy rainfall and droughts resulting from heatwaves is intended to be mitigated through phytotechnical and nature-based measures. The city should acquire the ability to absorb large amounts of sudden water, store it, and then release it through evaporation and targeted irrigation. But how do plants react when their roots are waterlogged? How long can such a condition last? How should the contact zone between the root zone and the stored water be designed? Does the sponge city promote soil-borne root pathogens? How does water pollution affect plant health? Do we need to select specific plants that are adapted to frequent changes from excess to insufficient water? These questions were addressed during the conference through presentations and joint discussions
