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Development of a suitable rearing media for Tribolium castaneum: Poster
Get PDFTribolium castaneum is a serious pest of cereal flour and flour-based products, and thus a test insect in storedproduct research. The composition of the rearing medium affects the progeny production, their performance and handling efficacy. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable rearing media for T. castaneum. The research tested wheat flour, crushed broiler feed, crushed dog feed and corn flour alone and in different combinations. Twenty adults of T. castaneum were introduced to each medium separately, and removed after 2 weeks. The progeny adults emerged in each rearing medium was determined. The progeny produced differed with the food medium. In general, the rearing media having a combination of ingredients produced more progeny than a particular component alone. Different ratios of these food ingredients need to be tested to further increase the progeny production in T. castaneum and to determine the efficacy of these media on the progeny production in other species.Tribolium castaneum is a serious pest of cereal flour and flour-based products, and thus a test insect in storedproduct research. The composition of the rearing medium affects the progeny production, their performance and handling efficacy. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable rearing media for T. castaneum. The research tested wheat flour, crushed broiler feed, crushed dog feed and corn flour alone and in different combinations. Twenty adults of T. castaneum were introduced to each medium separately, and removed after 2 weeks. The progeny adults emerged in each rearing medium was determined. The progeny produced differed with the food medium. In general, the rearing media having a combination of ingredients produced more progeny than a particular component alone. Different ratios of these food ingredients need to be tested to further increase the progeny production in T. castaneum and to determine the efficacy of these media on the progeny production in other species
Behavioural responses of Callosobruchus maculatus to volatiles organic compounds found in the headspace of dried green pea seeds: Poster
Get PDFTesting wheat for internal infesting insects with an electrically conductive roller mill: Presentation
Get PDFAlthough grain is always inspected for adult insects and insect damaged kernels upon shipping and receiving, immature insects living inside the kernels of grain cannot be readily detected. A laboratory roller mill was modified to measure and analyze the electrical conductance of wheat as it was crushed. The electrical conductance of normal wheat kernels is low and fairly constant. In contrast, the electrical conductance of infested wheat kernels produces a sudden change in the electrical signal. The peak height of the electrical spike depends on the size of the larvae and the resulting contact of the crushed larvae between the rolls. This instrument was designed to test wheat with moisture content of 13.5% or less. The laboratory mill can test a kilogram of wheat in less than 2 min. Hard red winter and soft red winter wheat samples were used in experiments. Known numbers of infested kernels were added to the wheat samples. The infested kernels contained larvae of rice weevils and lesser grain borers sorted into large, medium, and small size groups. The instrument detected ~8 of 10 infested kernels per 100 g of wheat with large-larvae (fourth instar or pupae). It detected ~7 of 10 infested kernels with medium-larvae (second or third instar) and ~5 of 10 infested kernels infested with the small-larvae (first or second instar). Under reasonable grain moisture and careful sample handling, there were no non-infested kernels classified as insect infested. The mill can lead to rapid and automated detection of infested wheat.Although grain is always inspected for adult insects and insect damaged kernels upon shipping and receiving, immature insects living inside the kernels of grain cannot be readily detected. A laboratory roller mill was modified to measure and analyze the electrical conductance of wheat as it was crushed. The electrical conductance of normal wheat kernels is low and fairly constant. In contrast, the electrical conductance of infested wheat kernels produces a sudden change in the electrical signal. The peak height of the electrical spike depends on the size of the larvae and the resulting contact of the crushed larvae between the rolls. This instrument was designed to test wheat with moisture content of 13.5% or less. The laboratory mill can test a kilogram of wheat in less than 2 min. Hard red winter and soft red winter wheat samples were used in experiments. Known numbers of infested kernels were added to the wheat samples. The infested kernels contained larvae of rice weevils and lesser grain borers sorted into large, medium, and small size groups. The instrument detected ~8 of 10 infested kernels per 100 g of wheat with large-larvae (fourth instar or pupae). It detected ~7 of 10 infested kernels with medium-larvae (second or third instar) and ~5 of 10 infested kernels infested with the small-larvae (first or second instar). Under reasonable grain moisture and careful sample handling, there were no non-infested kernels classified as insect infested. The mill can lead to rapid and automated detection of infested wheat
Field trials on attractiveness of the synthetic sex pheromone of the four-spotted bean weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).: Poster
Get PDFQuarantine pests of legumes pose a threat to many countries of the world including Russia. Pests that can enter the country as a result of the transportation of regulated articles (by sea, air, road, rail, etc.) pose a particular danger (Shutova, 1970; Dankvert et al., 2009). Monitoring and identification of legume pests is complicated by the fact that small beetles have a hidden mode of life. One of the most dangerous quarantine pest is the fourspotted bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which is widespread throughout the world and can cause serious economic losses in agriculture of Russia. Research work on the identification, synthesis and laboratory evaluation of the synthetic sex pheromone of Callosobruchus maculatus was carried out at the All-Russia Plant Quarantine Center (Bykovo, Moscow region). Tests have shown that synthesized sex pheromone of C. maculatus has a high attractiveness for males. An effective dose of pheromone that attracts males of the four-spotted bean weevil has been found at the laboratory and is equal to 0.5 µg per dispenser. Thereafter tests have shown that the concentration of pheromone above 2 µg does not cause behavioral response in beetles and doesn’t result in contact with the stimulus. Dispensers with doses of pheromone from 4 to 8 mg have been used with a Delta trap in storage. The use of pheromone traps can help in pest identification, decreasing or complete avoidance of repeated treatments with chemicals at low pest population. The results of this study will be presented and discussed on the basis of laboratory and literature data.Quarantine pests of legumes pose a threat to many countries of the world including Russia. Pests that can enter the country as a result of the transportation of regulated articles (by sea, air, road, rail, etc.) pose a particular danger (Shutova, 1970; Dankvert et al., 2009). Monitoring and identification of legume pests is complicated by the fact that small beetles have a hidden mode of life. One of the most dangerous quarantine pest is the fourspotted bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which is widespread throughout the world and can cause serious economic losses in agriculture of Russia. Research work on the identification, synthesis and laboratory evaluation of the synthetic sex pheromone of Callosobruchus maculatus was carried out at the All-Russia Plant Quarantine Center (Bykovo, Moscow region). Tests have shown that synthesized sex pheromone of C. maculatus has a high attractiveness for males. An effective dose of pheromone that attracts males of the four-spotted bean weevil has been found at the laboratory and is equal to 0.5 µg per dispenser. Thereafter tests have shown that the concentration of pheromone above 2 µg does not cause behavioral response in beetles and doesn’t result in contact with the stimulus. Dispensers with doses of pheromone from 4 to 8 mg have been used with a Delta trap in storage. The use of pheromone traps can help in pest identification, decreasing or complete avoidance of repeated treatments with chemicals at low pest population. The results of this study will be presented and discussed on the basis of laboratory and literature data
Olfactory host location and host preference of Holepyris sylvanidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and Cephalonomia waterstoni (Bethylidae), two natural enemies of Tribolium and Cryptolestes species: Poster
Get PDFParasitoids can suppress populations of their host and thus play a primary role in Integrated Pest Management. In the stored product environment, stimuli deriving from plant products, damaged plant products and hosts might be important for host location by the parasitoids. We studied foraging cues in Holepyris sylvanidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a larval parasitoid of Tribolium species and Cephalonomia waterstoni (Bethylidae), a natural enemy of the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Our studies in a fourchamber olfactometer revealed that the host complexes of both Tribolium species and different living host stages attract naive H. sylvanidis females, whereas no reaction was observed to uninfested substrates. The olfactory response of C. waterstoni was found to be strongly elicited both by chemicals emitted by the dust, adult C. ferrugineus and C. ferrugineus third and fourth instar larvae. Our findings may contribute to the development of biological control strategies of T. castaneum, T. confusum and C. ferrugineus with parasitoids.Parasitoids can suppress populations of their host and thus play a primary role in Integrated Pest Management. In the stored product environment, stimuli deriving from plant products, damaged plant products and hosts might be important for host location by the parasitoids. We studied foraging cues in Holepyris sylvanidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a larval parasitoid of Tribolium species and Cephalonomia waterstoni (Bethylidae), a natural enemy of the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Our studies in a fourchamber olfactometer revealed that the host complexes of both Tribolium species and different living host stages attract naive H. sylvanidis females, whereas no reaction was observed to uninfested substrates. The olfactory response of C. waterstoni was found to be strongly elicited both by chemicals emitted by the dust, adult C. ferrugineus and C. ferrugineus third and fourth instar larvae. Our findings may contribute to the development of biological control strategies of T. castaneum, T. confusum and C. ferrugineus with parasitoids
Quantifying grain storage structure leakage by testing effects of environmental conditions on pressure loss: Presentation
No full textA major concern in grain storage and management facilities is the effective control of insects and pests that reside in stored grain. Currently, the best studied method of subduing these insects is fumigating the grain bins with phosphine. However, many grain storage insects have developed a resistance to phosphine due to its misuse over the years, partially due to bin leakage, leading to minimum pest control in grain and increased product damage. The first step in managing the issue of fumigant leakage is by identifying environmental conditions that may impact the bins’ total air loss, and ultimately, fumigant loss. One way to quantify the leakage potential of a structure is to perform pressure tests. Data collected from these tests statistically quantify the significance of atmospheric conditions on bin leakage, as well as quantify leakage area in the bin. These tests were performed on a 500 bushel grain bin filled with canola seed, sealed with plastic sheeting and Gorilla duct tape. A PVC pipe “arm” and shop vacuum (Shop-Vac® 5-gallon 6-Peak HP) contraption was designed for pressure application. Constant pressure testing methods were performed to collect data for calculations of leakage area. Tests were repeated in varying environmental conditions. Data analysis included performing single sample ttests to determine significance of environmental conditions, as well as using previously established relationships to quantify predicted leakage area in each scenario. It was concluded that atmospheric conditions significantly affect gas leakage from structures (p < 0.001), so pressure test conditions should match fumigation conditions for an accurate initial fumigant dosage. Constant pressure tests accurately predict equivalent leakage area of bin, with areas demonstrating a variance of 3.4 x 10-5. Future tests to improve fumigating processes could include relationships between phosphine concentration and the leakiness of the bin, as well as automated constant pressure testing devices.A major concern in grain storage and management facilities is the effective control of insects and pests that reside in stored grain. Currently, the best studied method of subduing these insects is fumigating the grain bins with phosphine. However, many grain storage insects have developed a resistance to phosphine due to its misuse over the years, partially due to bin leakage, leading to minimum pest control in grain and increased product damage. The first step in managing the issue of fumigant leakage is by identifying environmental conditions that may impact the bins’ total air loss, and ultimately, fumigant loss. One way to quantify the leakage potential of a structure is to perform pressure tests. Data collected from these tests statistically quantify the significance of atmospheric conditions on bin leakage, as well as quantify leakage area in the bin. These tests were performed on a 500 bushel grain bin filled with canola seed, sealed with plastic sheeting and Gorilla duct tape. A PVC pipe “arm” and shop vacuum (Shop-Vac® 5-gallon 6-Peak HP) contraption was designed for pressure application. Constant pressure testing methods were performed to collect data for calculations of leakage area. Tests were repeated in varying environmental conditions. Data analysis included performing single sample ttests to determine significance of environmental conditions, as well as using previously established relationships to quantify predicted leakage area in each scenario. It was concluded that atmospheric conditions significantly affect gas leakage from structures (p < 0.001), so pressure test conditions should match fumigation conditions for an accurate initial fumigant dosage. Constant pressure tests accurately predict equivalent leakage area of bin, with areas demonstrating a variance of 3.4 x 10-5. Future tests to improve fumigating processes could include relationships between phosphine concentration and the leakiness of the bin, as well as automated constant pressure testing devices
“Remote sensing, predictable storage of agricultural commodities and advances in hermetic storage”: Poster
Get PDFModified atmosphere hermetic storage, now used in over 115 countries for fumigant-free storage of dry commodities from coffee to rice and maize, has been available for almost three decades. This paper describes the progress in the field use of hermetic postharvest storage systems and of recent innovations in this technology which include the introduction of remote monitoring of temperature, humidity and O2 or CO2 levels in large, sealed hermetic containers. Also, introduced in 2018, is the Cocoon Lite™, a 2nd generation multi-tonne container with major improvements in the permeability, weight and cost of high performance, large hermetic storage systems. Early examples of the uses of these innovations and data obtained from their study is expected by year end. The GrainPro EcoWiSe™ is a remote sensing system that enables monitoring of temperature, moisture and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, thus providing real-time data on the conditions of the stored commodity involved without manual intervention. One (or more) low-cost, remote, wireless sensors/transmitters placed inside sealed. Postharvest hermetic storage units can be read remotely on laptops or cellphones. Data collected and accumulated over time enables development of an “algorithm” for a stored commodity to define an alarm, where the user can be notified immediately of any unsafe humidity or oxygen storage conditions. A substantial advance in large hermetic storage containers known as Cocoons™ is the new Cocoon Lite, a 500:1 improvement in permeability to oxygen as well as a unit weight only 28% of existing Cocoons with the same capacity and a significantly lower cost. The paper also discusses prevention of the public health hazard of exponential growth of aflatoxin levels in conventional postharvest storage such as in rice, maize, and groundnuts; field data is provided on the control achieved through hermetic storage.Modified atmosphere hermetic storage, now used in over 115 countries for fumigant-free storage of dry commodities from coffee to rice and maize, has been available for almost three decades. This paper describes the progress in the field use of hermetic postharvest storage systems and of recent innovations in this technology which include the introduction of remote monitoring of temperature, humidity and O2 or CO2 levels in large, sealed hermetic containers. Also, introduced in 2018, is the Cocoon Lite™, a 2nd generation multi-tonne container with major improvements in the permeability, weight and cost of high performance, large hermetic storage systems. Early examples of the uses of these innovations and data obtained from their study is expected by year end. The GrainPro EcoWiSe™ is a remote sensing system that enables monitoring of temperature, moisture and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, thus providing real-time data on the conditions of the stored commodity involved without manual intervention. One (or more) low-cost, remote, wireless sensors/transmitters placed inside sealed. Postharvest hermetic storage units can be read remotely on laptops or cellphones. Data collected and accumulated over time enables development of an “algorithm” for a stored commodity to define an alarm, where the user can be notified immediately of any unsafe humidity or oxygen storage conditions. A substantial advance in large hermetic storage containers known as Cocoons™ is the new Cocoon Lite, a 500:1 improvement in permeability to oxygen as well as a unit weight only 28% of existing Cocoons with the same capacity and a significantly lower cost. The paper also discusses prevention of the public health hazard of exponential growth of aflatoxin levels in conventional postharvest storage such as in rice, maize, and groundnuts; field data is provided on the control achieved through hermetic storage
Fumigant toxicity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Rutaceae) and Nepeta crispa (Lamiaceae) on the Indian meal moth: Poster
No full textThe insecticidal activity of essential oil vapors of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Sapindales: Rutaceae) and Nepeta crispa (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) were evaluated on third instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as one of the major insect pests of stored products. Essential oils of the plants were obtained using Clevenger-type water distillation. GC-MS analyses of the oils demonstrated that the main compounds of H. tuberculatum were ρ-menth-2-en-1-ol-cis (20.15 %), ρ-menth-2-en-1-ol-trans (16.92 %), trans-Piperitol (13.23 %), Piperitone (7.34 %) and cis-Piperitol (6.72 %). It is an important plant that has many medicinal properties. 1,8- Cineole (32.98 %), ß-Pinene (8.70 %), 4aa,7a,7aa-Nepetalactone (8.08 %) and 4aß,7a,7aß-Nepetalactone (6.1 %) were detected as the predominant component in N. crispa. The aerial parts of that are used in traditional medicine. The LC50 values were estimated after 24 hours for H. tuberculatum and N. crispa as 4.301 and 5.579 µl L-1 air, respectively. LC50 values were projected using probit analysis. Results on H. tuberculatum showed more toxicity against the Indian meal moth compared to the N. crispa. In conclusion, the essential oil of the two plants could have potential for application to stored grain and agricultural commodities to control of stored crop pests in IPM programs.The insecticidal activity of essential oil vapors of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Sapindales: Rutaceae) and Nepeta crispa (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) were evaluated on third instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as one of the major insect pests of stored products. Essential oils of the plants were obtained using Clevenger-type water distillation. GC-MS analyses of the oils demonstrated that the main compounds of H. tuberculatum were ρ-menth-2-en-1-ol-cis (20.15 %), ρ-menth-2-en-1-ol-trans (16.92 %), trans-Piperitol (13.23 %), Piperitone (7.34 %) and cis-Piperitol (6.72 %). It is an important plant that has many medicinal properties. 1,8- Cineole (32.98 %), ß-Pinene (8.70 %), 4aa,7a,7aa-Nepetalactone (8.08 %) and 4aß,7a,7aß-Nepetalactone (6.1 %) were detected as the predominant component in N. crispa. The aerial parts of that are used in traditional medicine. The LC50 values were estimated after 24 hours for H. tuberculatum and N. crispa as 4.301 and 5.579 µl L-1 air, respectively. LC50 values were projected using probit analysis. Results on H. tuberculatum showed more toxicity against the Indian meal moth compared to the N. crispa. In conclusion, the essential oil of the two plants could have potential for application to stored grain and agricultural commodities to control of stored crop pests in IPM programs
