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Chilled aeration to control pests and maintain grain quality during the summer storage of wheat in north central region of Kansas: Presentation
Get PDFChilled aeration allows to cool grain, independent of ambient conditions, to "safe" temperatures where insect, fungi, and spoilage is reduced to the minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses, compared to conventional aeration and storage strategies used during the summer storage of wheat in Central Kansas, U.S.A. The research trials were developed in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in a Farmer’s Cooperative during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. One of the silos was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the Cooperative. Variables evaluated were: grain temperature, moisture content (MC), grain quality, insect development and reproduction rate. The chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C- 39°C to a minimum of 17°C- 17.6°C in less than 250 hours. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not possible during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the MC by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of RFB and LGB were significantly reduced by chilled temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insects discovered in probe traps and insect damaged kernels (IDK). The energy cost of the grain chiller was between 0.26 US /t higher than ambient aeration.Chilled aeration allows to cool grain, independent of ambient conditions, to "safe" temperatures where insect, fungi, and spoilage is reduced to the minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses, compared to conventional aeration and storage strategies used during the summer storage of wheat in Central Kansas, U.S.A. The research trials were developed in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in a Farmer’s Cooperative during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. One of the silos was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the Cooperative. Variables evaluated were: grain temperature, moisture content (MC), grain quality, insect development and reproduction rate. The chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C- 39°C to a minimum of 17°C- 17.6°C in less than 250 hours. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not possible during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the MC by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of RFB and LGB were significantly reduced by chilled temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insects discovered in probe traps and insect damaged kernels (IDK). The energy cost of the grain chiller was between 0.26 US /t higher than ambient aeration
Does it really work? 25 years biological control in Germany: Presentation
No full textStored-product protection, museum environments as well as protection of materials are growing fields of application of macro-organisms for biological control in Central Europe during the last 25 years.Stored-product protection, museum environments as well as protection of materials are growing fields of application of macro-organisms for biological control in Central Europe during the last 25 years
Phytochemical-based nano emulsions for stored grain protection: Presentation
Get PDFStored grain losses caused by pest insects contribute significantly to the global food crisis. Currently, there are two main chemical control methods against stored product insect pests: fumigation with very toxic gases and grain protection by residual contact insecticides. Today, the global tendency is to prevent/reduce the wide use of insecticides, which have high toxicity to humans and harm the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative eco-friendly approaches for stored insect pest control. Essential oils from Micromeria fruticosa and Mentha rotundifolia (Fam. Labiatae) and their main constituent pulegone which previously were shown by us as very active against stored product insect pests, were encapsulated into coarse and nano emulsions. The insecticidal activity of the developed formulations against primary internal insect rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) and secondary external pest red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) was evaluated in laboratory and pilot experiments. It was found that the phytochemical-based nano emulsions offered significant advantages and provided powerful and prolonged biological activity compare with the coarse formulations. The developed nano emulsions could serve as a natural, effective, low-toxify for human, and environmentally preferred method for protection stored grain and dry food products from pest insects.Stored grain losses caused by pest insects contribute significantly to the global food crisis. Currently, there are two main chemical control methods against stored product insect pests: fumigation with very toxic gases and grain protection by residual contact insecticides. Today, the global tendency is to prevent/reduce the wide use of insecticides, which have high toxicity to humans and harm the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative eco-friendly approaches for stored insect pest control. Essential oils from Micromeria fruticosa and Mentha rotundifolia (Fam. Labiatae) and their main constituent pulegone which previously were shown by us as very active against stored product insect pests, were encapsulated into coarse and nano emulsions. The insecticidal activity of the developed formulations against primary internal insect rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) and secondary external pest red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) was evaluated in laboratory and pilot experiments. It was found that the phytochemical-based nano emulsions offered significant advantages and provided powerful and prolonged biological activity compare with the coarse formulations. The developed nano emulsions could serve as a natural, effective, low-toxify for human, and environmentally preferred method for protection stored grain and dry food products from pest insects
Effect of passing Beauveria bassiana through alkane based media on the adult mortalities of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae: Poster
No full textEntomopathogenic fungi have been investigated for management of stored product pests as alternatives to chemical control. Beauveria bassiana is commonly considered and thus increasing its efficacy has also been studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of passing two B. bassiana cultures (wild and singlespore cultures) through n-hexadecane and n-octocasane based media on Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae adult mortalities. For each Petri plate, 2 ml of 10% alkane was spread, let to evaporate and fungus was inoculated. After sporulation, spores for pathogenicity tests were produced by solid fermentation method on rice. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by application of 500 ppm (w/w) spores in wheat on 20 adults at 25±2oC, 65±5 r.h. in darkness with five replications. The efficacy of wild culture towards R. dominica adults was enhanced in both treatments. Mortality in 7 days increased from 35% to 55 and 69% when n-hexadecane and noctocasane were used, respectively. Similarly, these treatments increased 14-day mortalities from 65% to 77 and 87%, respectively. Treatment of single-spore culture, however, either showed no change or reduced mortality. Passing both cultures through both alkane based media did not statistically affect the activity against S. oryzae. This study illustrated that increasing the virulence of B. bassiana is possible for R. dominica and increase depends both on the starting fungus culture and alkane used. Starting with a wild fungus culture with a wider genetic diversity, and using n-octocasane can produce a better enhancement.Entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated for management of stored product pests as alternatives to chemical control. Beauveria bassiana is commonly considered and thus increasing its efficacy has also been studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of passing two B. bassiana cultures (wild and singlespore cultures) through n-hexadecane and n-octocasane based media on Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae adult mortalities. For each Petri plate, 2 ml of 10% alkane was spread, let to evaporate and fungus was inoculated. After sporulation, spores for pathogenicity tests were produced by solid fermentation method on rice. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by application of 500 ppm (w/w) spores in wheat on 20 adults at 25±2oC, 65±5 r.h. in darkness with five replications. The efficacy of wild culture towards R. dominica adults was enhanced in both treatments. Mortality in 7 days increased from 35% to 55 and 69% when n-hexadecane and noctocasane were used, respectively. Similarly, these treatments increased 14-day mortalities from 65% to 77 and 87%, respectively. Treatment of single-spore culture, however, either showed no change or reduced mortality. Passing both cultures through both alkane based media did not statistically affect the activity against S. oryzae. This study illustrated that increasing the virulence of B. bassiana is possible for R. dominica and increase depends both on the starting fungus culture and alkane used. Starting with a wild fungus culture with a wider genetic diversity, and using n-octocasane can produce a better enhancement
The effectiveness of SilicoSec, diatomaceous earth against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (L) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Poster
Get PDFHost-preference and parasitic capacity of five Trichogramma species (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) against some stored product moth pests: Poster
Get PDFMolecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance in booklice (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae): Presentation
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Safe and cost-effective method for application of liquid ethyl formate (FumateTM) as a methyl bromide alternative for perishable commodities: Poster
Get PDFThe cylinderized liquid ethyl formate (EF) formulated with CO2 is one of the great potential fumigants to replace methyl bromide (MeBr) for fresh fruit. However, it is too expensive to adapt commercial practices, and also involves work place safety issue including handling of heavy cylinders as well as restrict emission of CO2, particularly for use in large scale commercial fumigationw. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop environmental friendly, safe for workers and cost-effective alternative method for application of liquid ethyl formate as a MeBr alternative for perishable commodities. Recently, the environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practically safe use of liquid EF (FumateTM, registered name) with nitrogen gas has been developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia. The new technology for application of liquid EF is 100 times safer than MeBr in terms of threshold values (EF, TLV = 100 ppm). Ethyl formate is known as food additive and naturally occurred substances as well as a non-ozone depletion chemical. In this report, we demonstrate the liquid EF application technology that offers a clean environment (no ozone depletions and CO2 emissions), safe to fumigators and related workers and practically cost-effective technology to fumigation industry.The cylinderized liquid ethyl formate (EF) formulated with CO2 is one of the great potential fumigants to replace methyl bromide (MeBr) for fresh fruit. However, it is too expensive to adapt commercial practices, and also involves work place safety issue including handling of heavy cylinders as well as restrict emission of CO2, particularly for use in large scale commercial fumigationw. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop environmental friendly, safe for workers and cost-effective alternative method for application of liquid ethyl formate as a MeBr alternative for perishable commodities. Recently, the environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practically safe use of liquid EF (FumateTM, registered name) with nitrogen gas has been developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia. The new technology for application of liquid EF is 100 times safer than MeBr in terms of threshold values (EF, TLV = 100 ppm). Ethyl formate is known as food additive and naturally occurred substances as well as a non-ozone depletion chemical. In this report, we demonstrate the liquid EF application technology that offers a clean environment (no ozone depletions and CO2 emissions), safe to fumigators and related workers and practically cost-effective technology to fumigation industry
Effectiveness of spinosad and spinetoram against five stored-product beetle pests under high relative humidity conditions: Presentation
No full textThe objective of this study was to evaluate spinosad and spinetoram effectiveness against S. granarius, S. oryzae, T. confusum, T. castaneum and R. dominica in wheat grain under high relative humidity (75%). The insecticides were applied at the rates of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg a.i./kg. Mortality was assessed after 2, 7, 14 and 21 days, and progeny reduction and grain damage caused by the insects were also assessed. All rates of both insecticides caused 98-100% mortality of R. dominica after 7 days, and 100% mortality after 14 and 21 days of exposure. Both insecticides achieved high mortality (97-100%) after 21 days of contact of S. granarius with 1 and 2 mg/kg, and S. oryzae with 2 mg/kg rate. The highest mortality of T. confusum and T. castaneum was recorded after 21 days of contact with 2 mg/kg of both insecticides, 54-55% and 25-31%, respectively. All rates of both insecticides caused high progeny reduction of >99% of R. dominica, >90% of T. confusum and 94% of T. castaneum (only with 2 mg/kg). The highest S. granarius progeny reduction (>90%) was found in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg spinosad and 1-2 mg/kg spinetoram, while the greatest progeny reduction of S. oryzae was observed in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg spinetoram. Wheat grain damage caused by R. dominica was very low, i.e. up to 0.2% in wheat treated with all rates of spinosad and spinetoram, while S. granarius and S. oryzae caused up to 5% damage only in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg of spinetoram.The objective of this study was to evaluate spinosad and spinetoram effectiveness against S. granarius, S. oryzae, T. confusum, T. castaneum and R. dominica in wheat grain under high relative humidity (75%). The insecticides were applied at the rates of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg a.i./kg. Mortality was assessed after 2, 7, 14 and 21 days, and progeny reduction and grain damage caused by the insects were also assessed. All rates of both insecticides caused 98-100% mortality of R. dominica after 7 days, and 100% mortality after 14 and 21 days of exposure. Both insecticides achieved high mortality (97-100%) after 21 days of contact of S. granarius with 1 and 2 mg/kg, and S. oryzae with 2 mg/kg rate. The highest mortality of T. confusum and T. castaneum was recorded after 21 days of contact with 2 mg/kg of both insecticides, 54-55% and 25-31%, respectively. All rates of both insecticides caused high progeny reduction of >99% of R. dominica, >90% of T. confusum and 94% of T. castaneum (only with 2 mg/kg). The highest S. granarius progeny reduction (>90%) was found in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg spinosad and 1-2 mg/kg spinetoram, while the greatest progeny reduction of S. oryzae was observed in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg spinetoram. Wheat grain damage caused by R. dominica was very low, i.e. up to 0.2% in wheat treated with all rates of spinosad and spinetoram, while S. granarius and S. oryzae caused up to 5% damage only in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg of spinetoram