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Biocidal efficacy of nitrogen (anoxic atmosphere) applied in operational condition to stored hazelnuts against pest insects at different stages of development.: Poster
Get PDFRecently, a test was conducted in Italy for the evaluation of the biocidal efficacy of Nitrogen saturation (anoxic conditions). One application was carried out in a controlled atmosphere cell of a logistic center specialized in receiving, storing and shipping foodstuffs. The cell, circa 3682 m3 volume, with capacity of 752 big bags of fresh shelled hazelnuts on 4 height levels was saturated with Nitrogen (99,9%) and maintained at 15-18°C for 21 days. Five test species of insects Plodia interpunctella, Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis were observed at different development stages (egg, larva, adult). The target species were sorted in special biotest and inserted in the big bags to simulate an infestation. At the end of the exposure period the biotests were collected and analyzed. The treatment resulted sufficient to achieve a total control on eggs of Lepidoptera test species only. This result confirmed and integrates the available information in literature that showed the need of a longer minimum exposure period for total control of common stored pest insects.Recently, a test was conducted in Italy for the evaluation of the biocidal efficacy of Nitrogen saturation (anoxic conditions). One application was carried out in a controlled atmosphere cell of a logistic center specialized in receiving, storing and shipping foodstuffs. The cell, circa 3682 m3 volume, with capacity of 752 big bags of fresh shelled hazelnuts on 4 height levels was saturated with Nitrogen (99,9%) and maintained at 15-18°C for 21 days. Five test species of insects Plodia interpunctella, Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis were observed at different development stages (egg, larva, adult). The target species were sorted in special biotest and inserted in the big bags to simulate an infestation. At the end of the exposure period the biotests were collected and analyzed. The treatment resulted sufficient to achieve a total control on eggs of Lepidoptera test species only. This result confirmed and integrates the available information in literature that showed the need of a longer minimum exposure period for total control of common stored pest insects
A new concept for controlling tiny-scale insect pest in green house – noval technology to apply liquid ethyl formate: Poster
Get PDFAs increased agricultural insecticide uses and trends in insecticide resistance, increased labor cost to apply insecticide and limited its application to fertility season in green house. There is a need of a safe, labor-saving and confined space application concept to manage control tiny-scale insect pest such as thrips and whitefly. Fumigation with ethyl formate (EF), which is considered as effective to various insect pest and safely use in quarantine treatment, was evaluated in the confined space (glass house) and semi-confined space (vinyl house). The new application technology for application of liquid EF could be the one of the key options for control of tiny flying insects in greenhouses that would save labor and operation costs. It could be connected to smartfarm technologies in the near future.As increased agricultural insecticide uses and trends in insecticide resistance, increased labor cost to apply insecticide and limited its application to fertility season in green house. There is a need of a safe, labor-saving and confined space application concept to manage control tiny-scale insect pest such as thrips and whitefly. Fumigation with ethyl formate (EF), which is considered as effective to various insect pest and safely use in quarantine treatment, was evaluated in the confined space (glass house) and semi-confined space (vinyl house). The new application technology for application of liquid EF could be the one of the key options for control of tiny flying insects in greenhouses that would save labor and operation costs. It could be connected to smartfarm technologies in the near future
Fumigation of apples and sunflower seeds with phosphine – desorption behavior and aroma profiles: Poster
No full textApplication of phosphine fumigant for controlling rice storage insect pests in foundation seeds: Poster
Get PDFThe development of phosphine resistance in storage insect pests is now problematic, so the increase of rate and frequency of phosphine fumigation in a storage room is needed. However, an adverse effect on seed germination, and human hazard needs to be tested. This experiment was aimed to find the most suitable methods used in combination with phosphine fumigation to reduce the risk of phosphine exposure. The treatments were (1) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and then open a plastic cloth (2) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and continue to cover a plastic cloth (3) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and spray pirimiphos methyl on sack (4) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and use a light trap (5) treat seeds with sweet flag powder before phosphine fumigation for 7 days (6) no phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth opening and (7) no phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth covering. In each treatment, seeds were sampled every month for 12 months to determine seed quality and insect populations. The results showed that seeds treated with sweet flag powder and fumed with phosphine for 7 days can significantly control storage rice insect pests in the first and the second year of experiments. The seed moisture content in each treatment changed in a similar pattern throughout 12 months storage in both years (13.4 – 13.7%). The seed germination showed similar results (more than 80% after 6 months storage), except the treatment of 7 days phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth covering which resulted in a slowly decline in germination. Seed weight losses and numbers of insect pests in the treatment with sweet flag powder were significantly less than the others.The development of phosphine resistance in storage insect pests is now problematic, so the increase of rate and frequency of phosphine fumigation in a storage room is needed. However, an adverse effect on seed germination, and human hazard needs to be tested. This experiment was aimed to find the most suitable methods used in combination with phosphine fumigation to reduce the risk of phosphine exposure. The treatments were (1) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and then open a plastic cloth (2) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and continue to cover a plastic cloth (3) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and spray pirimiphos methyl on sack (4) phosphine fumigation for 7 days and use a light trap (5) treat seeds with sweet flag powder before phosphine fumigation for 7 days (6) no phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth opening and (7) no phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth covering. In each treatment, seeds were sampled every month for 12 months to determine seed quality and insect populations. The results showed that seeds treated with sweet flag powder and fumed with phosphine for 7 days can significantly control storage rice insect pests in the first and the second year of experiments. The seed moisture content in each treatment changed in a similar pattern throughout 12 months storage in both years (13.4 – 13.7%). The seed germination showed similar results (more than 80% after 6 months storage), except the treatment of 7 days phosphine fumigation with plastic cloth covering which resulted in a slowly decline in germination. Seed weight losses and numbers of insect pests in the treatment with sweet flag powder were significantly less than the others
Toxicity and repellence of Citrus jambhiri Lush rind essential oil against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Poster
No full textRind of matured fruits of Citrus jambhiri Lush was hydro-distilled to obtain essential oil (EO) which was subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The EO was evaluated for fumigant toxicity (at 27- 107µL/L air) and repellence against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). Area preference methodology was used to evaluate the repellence of the EO at 0.15-0.9 µL/cm2, while isopropanol served as control for both bioassays. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized design and data were subjected to analysis of variance and probit analysis. Fifty-two compounds were identified in the EO with the predominant compounds being a-terpineol (8.03%), citral (7.00%), 4-terpineol (6.52%), caryophellene (4.58%), cis-geraniol (4.44%), citronellal (4.38%), ß-bisabolene (4.01%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (4.70%). Others were a- bergamotene (3.74%), lemonol (3.23%), precocene I (3.33%) and ß-copaene (3.09%). Toxicity progressed with EO dose and exposure period and application of EO at 80 and 107µL/L air caused significantly higher mortality (33.75-100.00%) than isopropanol (0.00-22.50%). Lethal time for 50% assayed weevil (LT50) for the EO application at 107 µL/L air {7.51 (6.95-8.13) h} was significantly lower than the values obtained for 27 and 53 µL/L air {44.78 (27.49-312.61) and 21.87 (11.91-45.96) h, respectively}. EO caused significantly higher repellence (75.00-90.00%) than control (15.00%) at 24 hours after treatment. The results indicate that C. jambhiri rind EO has prospects as effective biorational formulation for control of maize weevil.Rind of matured fruits of Citrus jambhiri Lush was hydro-distilled to obtain essential oil (EO) which was subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The EO was evaluated for fumigant toxicity (at 27- 107µL/L air) and repellence against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). Area preference methodology was used to evaluate the repellence of the EO at 0.15-0.9 µL/cm2, while isopropanol served as control for both bioassays. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized design and data were subjected to analysis of variance and probit analysis. Fifty-two compounds were identified in the EO with the predominant compounds being a-terpineol (8.03%), citral (7.00%), 4-terpineol (6.52%), caryophellene (4.58%), cis-geraniol (4.44%), citronellal (4.38%), ß-bisabolene (4.01%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (4.70%). Others were a- bergamotene (3.74%), lemonol (3.23%), precocene I (3.33%) and ß-copaene (3.09%). Toxicity progressed with EO dose and exposure period and application of EO at 80 and 107µL/L air caused significantly higher mortality (33.75-100.00%) than isopropanol (0.00-22.50%). Lethal time for 50% assayed weevil (LT50) for the EO application at 107 µL/L air {7.51 (6.95-8.13) h} was significantly lower than the values obtained for 27 and 53 µL/L air {44.78 (27.49-312.61) and 21.87 (11.91-45.96) h, respectively}. EO caused significantly higher repellence (75.00-90.00%) than control (15.00%) at 24 hours after treatment. The results indicate that C. jambhiri rind EO has prospects as effective biorational formulation for control of maize weevil
The effectiveness of Spinetoram against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): influence of dose, exposure interval, and temperature: Poster
Get PDFColour changes in pulses fumigated with different metal phosphide formulations: Poster
Get PDFMany phosphine-emitting products are used globally to control insect pests in dried vegetables, grains and pulses. However, variation in phosphide formulations is associated with colour change in many pulses. This study evaluated the effect of fumigation using Mg3P2 containing ammonium carbamate; AlP containing no ammonium carbamate and pure ammonium carbamate on colour of diferrent pulses. Different pulses showed different reactions towards fumigation with phosphine. A distinctly darker discolouration was observed in broad beans and lentils when fumigated with ammonium carbamate containing Mg3P2 and pure ammonium carbamate, whereas there were no apparent colour changes in white kidney beans, soybeans and green peas. The use of ammonium carbamate-free AlP resulted in no changes in any of the pulses. Therefore, formulation type of the phosphine product plays a major role in the visible colour change of the pulses.Many phosphine-emitting products are used globally to control insect pests in dried vegetables, grains and pulses. However, variation in phosphide formulations is associated with colour change in many pulses. This study evaluated the effect of fumigation using Mg3P2 containing ammonium carbamate; AlP containing no ammonium carbamate and pure ammonium carbamate on colour of diferrent pulses. Different pulses showed different reactions towards fumigation with phosphine. A distinctly darker discolouration was observed in broad beans and lentils when fumigated with ammonium carbamate containing Mg3P2 and pure ammonium carbamate, whereas there were no apparent colour changes in white kidney beans, soybeans and green peas. The use of ammonium carbamate-free AlP resulted in no changes in any of the pulses. Therefore, formulation type of the phosphine product plays a major role in the visible colour change of the pulses
Mycotoxin prevalence in stored animal feeds and ingredients in Rwanda: Presentation
No full textAflatoxins and fumonisins are fungi metabolites produced when climate conditions are favorable. They contaminate feed ingredients when storage conditions are unfavorable. Aflatoxins and fumonisins have a negative impact on animal health and productivity. Humans are indirectly exposed to mycotoxins when they consume contaminated animal source foods from livestock fed contaminated feeds. A total of 3328 feed samples were collected in all 30 district of Rwanda between March and October 2017. Four categories of participants participated in the study (dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed processors/grain millers, and feed vendors). Feed samples were highly contaminated with aflatoxins but not fumonisins. Average aflatoxin levels were highest in dairy feeds (108.3 µg/kg) followed by poultry feed (103.81 µg/kg). Average aflatoxin levels were lowest in samples from feed vendors (88.64 µg/kg) compared to samples from feed processors (94.95 µg/kg). This study documents high levels of aflatoxin contamination in feed samples, and recommends year-round surveillance of feed ingredients and mixed feeds for mycotoxin presence. Additionally, more awareness through communication and education needs to be raised among stakeholders in the evolving feed value chain in Rwanda to mitigate the consequences of mycotoxin contamination on public health and animal produtivity.Aflatoxins and fumonisins are fungi metabolites produced when climate conditions are favorable. They contaminate feed ingredients when storage conditions are unfavorable. Aflatoxins and fumonisins have a negative impact on animal health and productivity. Humans are indirectly exposed to mycotoxins when they consume contaminated animal source foods from livestock fed contaminated feeds. A total of 3328 feed samples were collected in all 30 district of Rwanda between March and October 2017. Four categories of participants participated in the study (dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed processors/grain millers, and feed vendors). Feed samples were highly contaminated with aflatoxins but not fumonisins. Average aflatoxin levels were highest in dairy feeds (108.3 µg/kg) followed by poultry feed (103.81 µg/kg). Average aflatoxin levels were lowest in samples from feed vendors (88.64 µg/kg) compared to samples from feed processors (94.95 µg/kg). This study documents high levels of aflatoxin contamination in feed samples, and recommends year-round surveillance of feed ingredients and mixed feeds for mycotoxin presence. Additionally, more awareness through communication and education needs to be raised among stakeholders in the evolving feed value chain in Rwanda to mitigate the consequences of mycotoxin contamination on public health and animal produtivity
Effect of cold plasma on storage toxigenic fungi - Aspergillus flavus: Poster
No full textCold plasma is a novel non-thermal food processing technology that uses energetic, reactive gases to inactivate contaminating microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. This flexible sanitizing method uses electricity and a carrier gas (air, oxygen, nitrogen, or helium) antimicrobial chemical agents are not required. The primary modes of action are due to UV light and reactive chemical products of the cold plasma ionization process. Aspergillus flavus is the predominant species responsible for fungal contamination and subsequent production of aflatoxins mainly in grains during postharvest operations and storage. Due to their relatively high contamination risk, decontamination methods for fungi are of great interest for economic and environmental reasons, as well as in public health. Improved post-harvest processing followed by further prevention of fungal growth is an effective way to restrict aflatoxin contamination and would have major impact on reducing health related risks and on production economics. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the inactivation of A. flavus by cold plasma. The experiment was conducted with 3 mm sample A. flavus in PDA culture medium. Plasma was applied at different durations (2, 5, 10, 12, 15 and 20 min). After application, the Petri dishes with treated samples were stored at 25°C for 6 days. There was fungal growth after 2 days in the treatments with2 and 5 min durations, 4 days with the treatments with 10 and 12 min durations and there was no fungal growth with the treatments of 15 and 20 min after 6 days. The durationof 15 and 20 min with the plasma parameters tested, were efficient for the inactivation of A. flavus. Cold plasma may be a promising green method to be applied in this microorganisms present in grains and other products during storage.Cold plasma is a novel non-thermal food processing technology that uses energetic, reactive gases to inactivate contaminating microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. This flexible sanitizing method uses electricity and a carrier gas (air, oxygen, nitrogen, or helium) antimicrobial chemical agents are not required. The primary modes of action are due to UV light and reactive chemical products of the cold plasma ionization process. Aspergillus flavus is the predominant species responsible for fungal contamination and subsequent production of aflatoxins mainly in grains during postharvest operations and storage. Due to their relatively high contamination risk, decontamination methods for fungi are of great interest for economic and environmental reasons, as well as in public health. Improved post-harvest processing followed by further prevention of fungal growth is an effective way to restrict aflatoxin contamination and would have major impact on reducing health related risks and on production economics. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the inactivation of A. flavus by cold plasma. The experiment was conducted with 3 mm sample A. flavus in PDA culture medium. Plasma was applied at different durations (2, 5, 10, 12, 15 and 20 min). After application, the Petri dishes with treated samples were stored at 25°C for 6 days. There was fungal growth after 2 days in the treatments with2 and 5 min durations, 4 days with the treatments with 10 and 12 min durations and there was no fungal growth with the treatments of 15 and 20 min after 6 days. The durationof 15 and 20 min with the plasma parameters tested, were efficient for the inactivation of A. flavus. Cold plasma may be a promising green method to be applied in this microorganisms present in grains and other products during storage
Computer-aid molecular docking technology in cereal mycotoxin analysis: Poster
Get PDFComputer-aid molecular docking is a simulative process that receptors and ligands recognize each other through energy matching and geometric matching. It is widely used in bioactive compounds simulative screening and preliminary exploring the bioactivity and toxicity of molecular, which plays important guiding role in toxicity and bioactivity study of molecular entities. In our study, we used the computer-aid molecular docking software-discovery studio 3.1 client to test the mechanism of aflatoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, M1, M2, G1, G2 and the results of our experiment help to illustrate the pathway of aflatoxin’s toxication. We also used this technology to test the preliminary toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) and its two degradation products: a- zearalenol (a-ZOL) and ß-zearalenol (ß-ZOL), which indicates that these three products possessed significant estrogenic activity. The order of the estrogenic activity is: a-zearalenol > zearalenone >ß-zearalenol.Computer-aid molecular docking is a simulative process that receptors and ligands recognize each other through energy matching and geometric matching. It is widely used in bioactive compounds simulative screening and preliminary exploring the bioactivity and toxicity of molecular, which plays important guiding role in toxicity and bioactivity study of molecular entities. In our study, we used the computer-aid molecular docking software-discovery studio 3.1 client to test the mechanism of aflatoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, M1, M2, G1, G2 and the results of our experiment help to illustrate the pathway of aflatoxin’s toxication. We also used this technology to test the preliminary toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) and its two degradation products: a- zearalenol (a-ZOL) and ß-zearalenol (ß-ZOL), which indicates that these three products possessed significant estrogenic activity. The order of the estrogenic activity is: a-zearalenol > zearalenone >ß-zearalenol