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High variations of the thebaine concentrations in Iranian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) from various regions in Iran
Full text linkThis paper aims to contribute reliable information to promote the pharmacological utilization of Papaver bracteatum by analyzing itswild population in Iran. For this purpose, 27 Iranian poppy specimens from 7 provinces of Iran were analyzed. The highest thebaine concentrations were detected in the capsules, whereas they were relatively lower in the flowering stems. Maximal concentration (more than 53 mg/g d.w.) was present in the P. bracteatum plant capsules growing in the Zanus region of Mazandaran province. Surprisingly, the thebaine concentration varies drastically excessively among the tested specimens, ranging from 5 to more than 53 mg/g d.w. Up to now, it is not known whether these drastic differences are due to clonal variations or the differences in the growth conditions, e.g., due to different stress levels of the plants. There is no doubt that the Iranian poppy represents an important alternative source for thebaine, yet, further studies and research are required to promote the farming of this auspicious pharmaceutical plant. In this context, it is of special interest to elucidate the effects of potential genotypes, the impact of the growing conditions as well as seasonal effects
Pest Risk Analysis in Germany over the course of time
Full text linkDie Rahmenbedingungen und Verfahren der pflanzengesundheitlichen Risikoanalyse (PRA) in Deutschland seit ihren Anfängen in den späten 1990er Jahren werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt. Dabei wird die entscheidende Rolle der PRA beim Schutz der Pflanzengesundheit vor der Einschleppung neuer Schadorganismen durch Handel und Transport hervorgehoben. Die gesetzlichen Anforderungen und Verbote zur Verhinderung der Einschleppung und Verbreitung von Schadorganismen werden dargestellt und die systematische wissenschaftliche Bewertung der Wahrscheinlichkeit der Etablierung von Schadorganismen und der potenziellen Schäden, die sie an Pflanzen und Ökosystemen verursachen können, erläutert. Die Entwicklung der PRA-Verfahren und die Entwicklung von „Kurzinfos“ für schnelle, sehr kurze Bewertungen und die Einführung standardisierter Vorlagen für Express-PRA, basierend auf den Standards des Internationen Pflanzenschutzübereinkommens (IPPC), werden dargestellt. Diese Tools ermöglichen eine schnelle Bewertung neuer Schadorganismen und gewährleisten die Einhaltung nationaler und internationaler Standards. Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen, darunter das deutsche Pflanzenschutzgesetz und EU-Verordnungen, insbesondere die Verordnung (EU) 2016/2031 über Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Pflanzenschadorganismen, regeln den PRA-Prozess und schreiben Bewertungen für nicht gelistete Schadorganismen und die Umsetzung von Kontrollmaßnahmen auf der Grundlage von Risikoanalysen vor. Der Artikel beschreibt auch die Verfahrensanweisungen, die den PRA-Prozess leiten, um qualitativ hochwertige Bewertungen und eine rechtzeitige Weitergabe der Ergebnisse an die zuständigen Behörden zu gewährleisten. Insgesamt bietet er einen umfassenden Überblick über den PRA-Prozess in Deutschland und unterstreicht dessen Bedeutung für die Erhaltung der Pflanzengesundheit und die Verhinderung der Einschleppung von neuen Pflanzenschadorganismen in die Europäische Union.In this paper, the framework and procedures for Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) in Germany are outlined from their beginning in the late 1990s, emphasizing its critical role in protecting plant health against new pest introductions through trade and transport. It highlights the legal requirements and prohibitions established to prevent the introduction and spread of pests, detailing the systematic scientific assessment of the likelihood of pest entry and establishment, as well as the potential damage they may cause to plants and ecosystems. The evolution of PRA procedures is discussed, noting the development of "short info sheets" for rapid, very short assessments and the introduction of standardized templates for Express PRAs. Based on standards of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), these enable quick evaluations of new pests. Legislative frameworks, including the German Plant Protection Act and EU regulations, in particular the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, govern the PRA process, mandating assessments for non-listed pests and the implementation of control measures based on risk analyses. The paper also describes the procedural instructions that guide the PRA process, ensuring high-quality assessments and timely dissemination of results to relevant authorities. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of the PRA process in Germany, highlighting its importance in maintaining plant health and preventing the introduction of new plant pests into the European Union
Prevention is better than cure – National contingency plans for the management of priority pest outbreaks in Germany
Full text linkDie Notfallpläne zur Bekämpfung prioritärer Schadorganismen in Deutschland dienen der Vorsorge. Die Notfallpläne sollen sicherstellen, dass im Falle eines Auftretens eine unmittelbare und koordinierte Umsetzung der erforderlichen Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Ausbreitung und zur Tilgung des prioritären Schadorganismus gemäß den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen erfolgt. Im Text wird die Erstellung der nationalen Notfallpläne für Deutschland beschrieben und kurz die Funktion der Simulationsübungen benannt.The contingency plans for the management of priority pests in Germany serve as a precautionary measure. The contingency plans are intended to ensure that, in the event of an outbreak, the necessary measures to prevent the spread and eradicate the respective pest are implemented immediately and in a coordinated manner in accordance with the legal provisions. The text describes the preparation of the national contingency plans for Germany and briefly describes the function of the simulation exercises
ABBAonFire – An innovative treatment approach based on natural tailocins for fire blight control in organic pome fruit orchards
Full text linkABBA (Apfel, Biene, Bakterien, Antagonisten) onFire (Feuerbrand) ist ein dreijähriges internes Verbundprojekt am Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), an dem sechs JKI-Institute beteiligt sind. Das Projekt untersucht einen innovativen Behandlungsansatz auf Basis natürlicher Tailocin-produzierender Bakterien für die Bekämpfung des Feuerbranderregers Erwinia amylovora im ökologischen Kernobstanbau. Neben der Wirksamkeit werden auch mögliche Auswirkungen auf Nichtzielorganismen und die Umwelt betrachtet.Übergeordnetes Ziel des Projekts ist, über ein Proof-of-Concept in diesem Modellsystem, den Nutzen von mikrobiellem Genome Mining nach natürlichen Antagonisten gegen Schaderreger im ökologischen Landbau zu belegen und damit ein praxistaugliches, spezifisches Bekämpfungskonzept zu entwickeln, das für die Bekämpfung von Schadbakterien und die Prophylaxe im ökologischen Anbau verwendet werden kann.ABBA (Apple, Bee, Bacteria, Antagonists) onFire (Fire Blight) is a three-year internal consortium project at the Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), in which six JKI institutes are involved. In this project, an innovative treatment approach based on natural tailocin-producing bacteria is being investigated to combat the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in organic pome fruit cultivation. In addition to effectiveness, the project also assesses potential impacts on non-target organisms and the environment.The project aims to verify the benefits of microbial genomic mining, through a proof-of-concept using the pathogen Erwinia amylovora. The objective is to search for natural antagonists against this plant pathogenic bacterium in organic farming and thus to develop a practical, specific control concept. The overall aim of the project is to develop an approach that can also be transferred to other harmful bacteria and be used for prophylactic treatments in organic farming
Effectiveness of anaerobic soil disinfestation and biofumigation for the control of potato and beet cyst nematodes, Globodera spp. (Skarbilovich) and Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt) in residual soils
Full text linkResterden, Rückstände aus der Kartoffel- und Rübenverarbeitung, stellen einen der wichtigsten Verbreitungswege für Quarantäneschadorganismen im Kartoffel- und Rübenanbau dar. Unter dem Aspekt der Pflanzenquarantäne müssen Resterden frei von Quarantäneschadorganismen sein, um sie auf landwirtschaftlich genutzte Habitate zurückführen zu dürfen. Zystennematoden, die sehr widerstandsfähig gegen Umwelteinflüsse sind, stellen dabei eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Im Projekt GlobRISK wurde die in den Niederlanden entwickelte anaerobe Bodendesinfektion (Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation, ASD) als Alternative zur kompletten Überflutung ganzer Felder (Inundation) auf die spezifische Anwendung zur Desinfektion von mit geregelten Kartoffelzystennematoden (Globodera pallida und G. rostochiensis) sowie nicht geregelten Rübenzystennematoden (Hetereodera schachtii) belasteten Resterden übertragen und optimiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von ASD auf Zystennematoden auf 3 Ebenen untersucht: In Mikroplots unter natürlichen Umweltbedingungen, in Mesokosmen in 15 L-Eimern in der Klimakammer und in Mikrokosmen im Labor. Im Mikroplotversuch wurden durch Einarbeitung und anschließende Folienabdeckung des speziell für die ASD entwickelten Produktes Herbie®72 (Thatchtec/Soilwise) höhere Temperaturen gegenüber nicht abgedeckten Plots einschließlich Kontrollen ohne Herbie®72 erreicht. Jedoch war die Ausprägung anaerober Bedingungen in den behandelten Plots u. a. durch zu flache Einarbeitung des Substrates, ungenügende Bodenfeuchtigkeit und nicht völlig hergestellten Folienschluss unvollständig. Dadurch war die Verminderung der Schlupfrate bei G. pallida mit <30 % nur geringfügig reduziert und bei G. rostochiensis und H. schachtii war sogar ein Anstieg des Schlupfes von Referenzzysten behandelter Plots zur unbehandelten Kontrolle zu beobachten. Nur unter völligem Luftabschluss bei gleichzeitiger Verdichtung und Wassersättigung konnten für Böden von drei verschiedenen Standorten in Mesokosmen mit einem Volumen von 15 L Boden unter Einarbeitung des Substrates Herbie®72 Behandlungserfolge von >98 % Schlupfreduktion erzielt werden. Dies traf auch auf das alternativ zu Herbie®72 eingearbeitete Substrat Senfsaatmehl aus Brassica juncea zu. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass ASD und Biofumigation durch Einsatz von Senfsaatmehl an Stelle von Herbie®72 unter kontrollierten Bedingungen eine wirksame Alternative zur Inundation darstellen.Residual soils, residues from potato and beet processing, are one of the most important pathways for the spread of quarantine pests in potato and beet cultivation. In terms of plant quarantine, residual soils must be free from quarantine pests in order to be able to return them to agricultural habitats. Cyst nematodes, which are highly persistent to environmental influences, are particularly challenging. In the GlobRISK project, the anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) developed in the Netherlands was transferred and optimized as an alternative to the complete flooding of entire fields (inundation). ASD was tested for the specific application of disinfesting residual soils from regulated potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) and non-regulated beet cyst nematodes (Hetereodera schachtii). In this study, the effect of ASD on cyst nematodes was investigated at three levels: in microplots under natural environmental conditions, in mesocosms of 15 L buckets in the climate chamber and in microcosms in the laboratory. In the microplot experiment, higher temperatures were achieved by incorporating and foil covering with the product Herbie®72 (Thatchtec/Soilwise), which was specially developed for ASD, compared to uncovered plots including controls without Herbie®72. However, the development of anaerobic conditions in the treated plots was incomplete due to shallow incorporation of the substrate, insufficient soil moisture and incomplete foil cover. As a result, the reduction in hatching rate of G. pallida was only slightly reduced at <30% and in G. rostochiensis and H. schachtii there was even an increase in hatching from reference cysts of treated plots to the untreated control. A successful ASD treatment with >98% hatch reduction could only be achieved for soils from three different locations in mesocosms with a volume of 15 L of soil when the substrate Herbie®72 was incorporated, under conditions of complete air exclusion combined with compaction and water saturation of the soils treated. This could be also shown for the substrate mustard seed meal from Brassica juncea, which was incorporated as an alternative to Herbie®72. In summary, it can be concluded that ASD (anaerobic soil disinfestation) and biofumigation using mustard seed meal instead of Herbie®72 under controlled conditions represent an effective alternative to inundation
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin evolution during ripening of the Refošk grapevine is modulated by deficit irrigation
Full text linkThe effects of two deficit irrigation regimes (50% ETC and 20% ETC) on skin and seed phenolic compounds of the red Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Refošk’ were studied during the veraison – maturation period. The study was undertaken for two successive seasons in the Karst area of North-East Italy, where rainfall is scarce and subterranean drainage limits surface water. To trace the effect of water deficit on both phenol biosynthesis and berry size reduction, phenols were extracted from lyophilised, cryomilled skins and seeds using organic solvents and evaluated in skin and seeds, per units of both dry and fresh weight. The anthocyanin concentration was higher in 20% ETC early after veraison, whereas at harvest the difference was not significant. A decreasing trend with some fluctuations in proanthocyanidin (PA) concentration in skins and seeds was found during maturation with both water regimes. 20% ETC resulted in a decrease in skin PA concentration and increase in seed PA concentration during ripening. As regards PA structural characteristics, there was a trend for higher galloylation and polymerisation of seeds and skins during ripening with the 20% ETC irrigation regime, whereas the effect on prodelphinidins in skins was inconsistent. In 2018, when most of the differences in vine water status between irrigation regimes occurred during veraison – maturation, the concentrations of PAs were affected more significantly than the mean degree of polymerisation and percentage of galloylation. In contrast, in 2019, when differences in vine water status occurred in the pre-veraison-maturation period, the structural characteristics of PAs were affected more significantly than concentrations, especially galloylation of skins and polymerisation of seeds. The results of the study showed that the biosynthesis of PAs, their polymerization and galloylation can be significantly modulated by water deficit regimes applied in the vineyard, in combination with the meteorological course of the season
Physiological characterization and assessment of genetic variability, yield, and quality properties of gamma-induced salinity tolerant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) mutants
Full text linkSoybean is an important industrial oilseed plant. As a relatively fast, flexible, cheap, and viable method, mutation breeding, which induces significant random genetic variations, is a widely used method in crop science. In the present study, we investigated physiological para - meters, genetic variability, yield, and quality properties of salinity-tolerant mutant plants derived from Ataem-7 and S04-05 soybean varieties by Cs-137 gamma radiation-induced mutations. The SM4 and SM3 mutants exhibited a greater genetic distance than all other salinity tolerant mutants did. SM3 mutant presented 16.8% lower lipid peroxidation under salinity stress. The most significant photosynthetic pigment increase was detected for chlorophyll b in SM4 and SM3 mutants, with values of 1.88 and 2.07-fold, respectively. The SM3 mutant exhibited the highest yield, at 437.6 kg/ha in the M3 generation, while AM1 presented the highest yield in the M4 generation. The AM1 mutant also had the highest pod count by 122.2 per plant. In the AM1 mutant, the photosynthetic pigment increase was 16.69% for chlorophyll a, 37.9% for chlorophyll b and 22.9% for total chlorophyll. These results provide a basis for future investi- gations in soybean mutation breeding studies for salinity stress tolerance, and also indicate the effectiveness of mutation breeding methods in agricultural breeding programs
Claim preferences of consumers for vegetables from pesticide-free agriculture: a survey experiment
Full text linkSustainable consumption decisions can be promoted by claims on food. It is essential that the claims are consumeroriented. In this light, the consumer evaluation of different labelling variants for pesticide-free vegetables was recorded for three claims on the pesticide renunciation and four claims on sustainability-related consequences of the pesticide renunciation. An online survey was conducted with 953 German consumers. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of seven subsamples. Each subsample evaluated one of seven claims. The evaluations show that all claims were rated as “moderately” to “quite understandable” and appropriate to the cultivation form and would “perhaps” to “quite probably” be helpful in the purchase decision. Further, the claims on pesticide renunciation were perceived as more understandable, more appropriate for the cultivation form and more helpful for the purchase decision compared to the claims on sustainability-related consequences. The findings are useful for actors in the agricultural and food sector
Novel insight into the identification of unexplored table grapes recovered from the Aures (Batna, Algeria): A first ampelographic and molecular characterization
Full text linkThe Aures region of Algeria harbors a rich, but yet unexplored grapevine diversity. This research represents the first insight into the characterization of unexplored grapevines traditionally grown in the Aures region using ampelographic and molecular approaches. Forty-one grapevine samples were analyzed using 12 microsatellite markers, revealing 14 distinct genotypes. These comprised four known autochthonous Algerian varieties and six Mediterranean varieties. Interestingly, four novel genotypes specific to the Aures region were also recovered. The novel genotypes will be registered with names related to local tradition, named \u27Ichmoul\u27, \u27Ichmoul Bacha\u27, \u27Bouabane des Aures\u27, and \u27Amer Bouamar\u27. Ampelographic characterization, focusing exclusively on these four novel varieties, employed 32 OIV descriptors. Principal Component Analysis of the quantitative ampelographic data showed that the first two components accounted for 90% of the total variance. PC1 primarily differentiated varieties based on the length of veins N1 to N4 (OIV 601-604), length of petiole sinus to upper and lower lateral leaf sinus (OIV 605-606), and characteristics of leaf teeth (OIV 612-615). Neighbour-joining dendrograms based on molecular and morphological data revealed congruent groupings for the novel varieties, validating the complementarity of these approaches. Overall, this research has successfully recovered and characterized a significant fraction of the neglected grapevine diversity from the Aures region, identifying valuable genetic resources for conservation, breeding, and on-farm cultivation