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Enhancing surveillance for exotic stored pests in the Australian grains industry using a partnership approach with industry and government.: Presentation
Get PDFVerifying freedom from exotic pests such as Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) & Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) is critical to supporting & maintaining access for Australian grain producers to international markets. Despite Australia’s geographical isolation & strong quarantine systems, increasing levels of travel & trade continues to place pressure on our biosecurity systems, emphasising the need for improving our regional efforts in prevention, preparedness & surveillance to mitigate risks. The Australian Grains Farm Biosecurity Program (GFBP) is a national initiative to assist in the development & implementation of improved biosecurity practice, playing a vital role in the education of exotic pests & the role of surveillance by industry. The GFBP has undertaken a targeted surveillance program for stored product pests, with Khapra beetle as the main focus. A range of sites based on potential risk groups & pathways (e.g. farming enterprises, seed distributors & agricultural stores) were targeted, with different approaches used across the three grain growing regions of Australia depending on State activities & pre-existing collaborators. All regions used a combination of pheromone traps & other sampling methods appropriate for host materials & environment. The surveillance is aimed at strengthening evidence of absence, building industry knowledge & participation in grain storage surveillance & promoting improved management practices around storage. These regionally specific engagement methods & surveillance efforts are discussed. Australia remains free of Khapra beetle.Verifying freedom from exotic pests such as Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) & Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) is critical to supporting & maintaining access for Australian grain producers to international markets. Despite Australia’s geographical isolation & strong quarantine systems, increasing levels of travel & trade continues to place pressure on our biosecurity systems, emphasising the need for improving our regional efforts in prevention, preparedness & surveillance to mitigate risks. The Australian Grains Farm Biosecurity Program (GFBP) is a national initiative to assist in the development & implementation of improved biosecurity practice, playing a vital role in the education of exotic pests & the role of surveillance by industry. The GFBP has undertaken a targeted surveillance program for stored product pests, with Khapra beetle as the main focus. A range of sites based on potential risk groups & pathways (e.g. farming enterprises, seed distributors & agricultural stores) were targeted, with different approaches used across the three grain growing regions of Australia depending on State activities & pre-existing collaborators. All regions used a combination of pheromone traps & other sampling methods appropriate for host materials & environment. The surveillance is aimed at strengthening evidence of absence, building industry knowledge & participation in grain storage surveillance & promoting improved management practices around storage. These regionally specific engagement methods & surveillance efforts are discussed. Australia remains free of Khapra beetle
Webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) sex pheromone transfer from monitoring lures to textiles: Poster
Get PDFThe use of synthesized sex pheromone lures for the purpose of monitoring populations of webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) in museum storage environments is typical in many museums. Questions about whether the pheromone incorporated in the dispensing lures could possibly transfer over to textiles that are in close proximity to the lures have been posed by museum conservators. Although some textiles may be naturally attractive to clothes moths, the concerns are that the textiles themselves may become even more attractive to insects due to exposure to the pheromone and that this could ultimately cause further damage to the collections. The focus of this study was to determine the degree to which textiles that have been exposed to pheromone lures absorb the pheromone and become attractive themselves. Based on the results of this study, the textiles observed here have little to no additional attraction to insect pests after focused exposure to synthetic pheromone lures over a two-week period.The use of synthesized sex pheromone lures for the purpose of monitoring populations of webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) in museum storage environments is typical in many museums. Questions about whether the pheromone incorporated in the dispensing lures could possibly transfer over to textiles that are in close proximity to the lures have been posed by museum conservators. Although some textiles may be naturally attractive to clothes moths, the concerns are that the textiles themselves may become even more attractive to insects due to exposure to the pheromone and that this could ultimately cause further damage to the collections. The focus of this study was to determine the degree to which textiles that have been exposed to pheromone lures absorb the pheromone and become attractive themselves. Based on the results of this study, the textiles observed here have little to no additional attraction to insect pests after focused exposure to synthetic pheromone lures over a two-week period
In search of a new attractant for monitoring Stegobium paniceum L. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae): Poster
Get PDFStegobium paniceum (L.) is a major pest for several stored products worldwide. Monitoring methods for this species, based on pheromone traps, are affected by the complexity and expensiveness of the chemical synthesis of the pheromone isomer [(2S,3R,1’R)-Stegobinone] and/or by its lost of efficacy after two weeks at room temperature. So other semiochemicals that can be exploited for monitoring this species are highly desirable. In this study was tested the behavioral response in two-choice olfactometer of S. paniceum adults to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) collected from colonized substrate. The elution of the headspace collection from S. paniceum colony elicited attraction of both sexes. The GC-MS chemical analysis of the extract indicated the presence of several alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes and fatty acids, some of them already reported to attract other stored product coleopteran pests and promising candidates for further studies to test their attractiveness on S. paniceum.Stegobium paniceum (L.) is a major pest for several stored products worldwide. Monitoring methods for this species, based on pheromone traps, are affected by the complexity and expensiveness of the chemical synthesis of the pheromone isomer [(2S,3R,1’R)-Stegobinone] and/or by its lost of efficacy after two weeks at room temperature. So other semiochemicals that can be exploited for monitoring this species are highly desirable. In this study was tested the behavioral response in two-choice olfactometer of S. paniceum adults to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) collected from colonized substrate. The elution of the headspace collection from S. paniceum colony elicited attraction of both sexes. The GC-MS chemical analysis of the extract indicated the presence of several alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes and fatty acids, some of them already reported to attract other stored product coleopteran pests and promising candidates for further studies to test their attractiveness on S. paniceum
Bin coring: a simple practice for improving aeration performance and saving energy: Presentation
Get PDFThe coring operation consists of removing the center portion of the grain mass, or core of the silosilo, to improve airflow distribution. Additional benefit of this practice is the elimination of a significant portion of the fine material, which is a source of fungal inoculum and feed for insects. The effect of coring on airflow distribution through a grain mass has been previously addressed, but the effect on energy savings was not fully quantified. Thus, the goals of this reseach were: 1) to quantify the airflow increase due to the coring operation of a silosilo full of wheat; and 2) to quantify the reduction on fan runtime and energy consumtion due to improvement in airflow distribution and airflow increase after coring. The effect of coring on airflow was quantified using the AireAr software, and the effect on aeration efficiency was studied through simulation using a specialized software (PHAST-FDM). For levels of coring (0%, 3%, 5% and 8% of total grain mass) and four levels of nonuniformity of airflow (center side difference) (30, 20, 10 and 0) were considered. Results indicated that the coring operation reduced the total time to achieve cooling, number of fan run hours, and fan power consumption. The main effect of the coring operation was the increase in specific airflow (up to 45% increase). Energy savings increased with coring, obtaining savings of 11%, 28% and 30% for 3%, 5% and 8% of coring, respectively. It was concluded that coring the silosilo by unloading from 3 to 8% of the stored grain mass is a recommendable practice, because it increases the specific airflow rate and airflow uniformity, reduces fan run hours and generates energy (and cost) savings.The coring operation consists of removing the center portion of the grain mass, or core of the silosilo, to improve airflow distribution. Additional benefit of this practice is the elimination of a significant portion of the fine material, which is a source of fungal inoculum and feed for insects. The effect of coring on airflow distribution through a grain mass has been previously addressed, but the effect on energy savings was not fully quantified. Thus, the goals of this reseach were: 1) to quantify the airflow increase due to the coring operation of a silosilo full of wheat; and 2) to quantify the reduction on fan runtime and energy consumtion due to improvement in airflow distribution and airflow increase after coring. The effect of coring on airflow was quantified using the AireAr software, and the effect on aeration efficiency was studied through simulation using a specialized software (PHAST-FDM). For levels of coring (0%, 3%, 5% and 8% of total grain mass) and four levels of nonuniformity of airflow (center side difference) (30, 20, 10 and 0) were considered. Results indicated that the coring operation reduced the total time to achieve cooling, number of fan run hours, and fan power consumption. The main effect of the coring operation was the increase in specific airflow (up to 45% increase). Energy savings increased with coring, obtaining savings of 11%, 28% and 30% for 3%, 5% and 8% of coring, respectively. It was concluded that coring the silosilo by unloading from 3 to 8% of the stored grain mass is a recommendable practice, because it increases the specific airflow rate and airflow uniformity, reduces fan run hours and generates energy (and cost) savings
Fumigation with Ph3 using automatic generation - Presentation of results of recent trials: Poster
Get PDFProspects of entomopathogens in post-harvest integrated pest management: Presentation
No full textIn these exploratory experiments, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi were investigated for the management of the populations of postharvest insect pests. Nematodes were screened for pathogenicity to Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), while nematodes and fungi were investigated for virulence to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). Adults and larvae of P. interpunctellea were screened for susceptibility to the following six nematodes: Heterorhabitis bacteriophora Poinar (HP88, Lewiston and Oswego strains); H. indica Poinar, Karunakar and David (Homl strain); H. marelatus Liu and Berry (Point Reyes strain); H. megidis Poinar, Jackson, and Klein (UK211 strain); and H. zealandica Poinar (NZH3 strain). The nematodes that had the highest virulence to larvae and adults of P. interpunctellea were H. indica, H. megidis, and H. marelatus. Six strains of nematodes were studied, namely H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. georgiana (K22), Steinernema feltiae SN and S. carpocapsae. All strains of fungi, Beauveria bassiana (GHA) and Metarhizium brunneum (F52) were evaluated for infectivity to adults of S. zeamais. The two strains of Steinernematidae nematodes and a strain of fungus, B. bassiana were found to cause significant mortality of the weevils compared to the rest of the entomopathogens and the control. To demonstrate the practical application of entomopathogens, wettable dust of B. bassiana were dispensed on jute bags after which weevils were exposed to the treated surfaces for 30 min. The exposed weevils recorded between 90 to 100% mortality 14-d after exposure. Additional study demonstrated that the parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) could be integrated with entomopathogenic nematodes. These experiments demonstrate the potential usefulness of entomopathogens in the management of stored product Lepidopteran and Coleopteran pests.In these exploratory experiments, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi were investigated for the management of the populations of postharvest insect pests. Nematodes were screened for pathogenicity to Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), while nematodes and fungi were investigated for virulence to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). Adults and larvae of P. interpunctellea were screened for susceptibility to the following six nematodes: Heterorhabitis bacteriophora Poinar (HP88, Lewiston and Oswego strains); H. indica Poinar, Karunakar and David (Homl strain); H. marelatus Liu and Berry (Point Reyes strain); H. megidis Poinar, Jackson, and Klein (UK211 strain); and H. zealandica Poinar (NZH3 strain). The nematodes that had the highest virulence to larvae and adults of P. interpunctellea were H. indica, H. megidis, and H. marelatus. Six strains of nematodes were studied, namely H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. georgiana (K22), Steinernema feltiae SN and S. carpocapsae. All strains of fungi, Beauveria bassiana (GHA) and Metarhizium brunneum (F52) were evaluated for infectivity to adults of S. zeamais. The two strains of Steinernematidae nematodes and a strain of fungus, B. bassiana were found to cause significant mortality of the weevils compared to the rest of the entomopathogens and the control. To demonstrate the practical application of entomopathogens, wettable dust of B. bassiana were dispensed on jute bags after which weevils were exposed to the treated surfaces for 30 min. The exposed weevils recorded between 90 to 100% mortality 14-d after exposure. Additional study demonstrated that the parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) could be integrated with entomopathogenic nematodes. These experiments demonstrate the potential usefulness of entomopathogens in the management of stored product Lepidopteran and Coleopteran pests
Evaluation of the potential value of the F1H and F2H Diatomaceous earth formulations as grain protectants against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Poster
Get PDFAn insecticidal efficacy of two newly developed grain protectant formulations were assessed against lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat and corn after 6 months period of. Tested formulations, marked as F1H and F2H, based on inert dust, laurel leaves, lavender essential oil, corn oil, silica gel (both F1H and F2H) and pyrethrin (only F2H) were tested at six doses (from 100 ppm to 600 ppm) depending on formulation and type of grain. The appropriate weights of each formulation, were added seperately to plastic containers containing 10 kg of wheat or corn. An initial population of 200 adults of R. dominica were added into each container and left under natural environmental conditions for up to 6 months. A commercial diatomaceous earth (DE) insecticide, Celatom® Mn 51, was used for the comparison of the results, in addition to the untreated control. After six months, both formulations showed higher insecticidal effect than DE Mn 51 in corn and in wheat. Furthermore, the initial population of R. dominica, introduced in wheat was suppressed almost completely, with only 0.7%-5.3% live adults found, depending on formulations and dose. The order of efficacy was F1H>F2H>DE Mn 51. Similar suppression of the initial population was recorded in corn, where F2H was slightly more effective than F1H with 2.0%-10.6% and 4.1%-9.5% live adults found, respectively. At the same time, in the treatments with DE Mn 51 there were 4.7%-74.7% and 33.4%-56.1% live adults in wheat and corn, respectively.An insecticidal efficacy of two newly developed grain protectant formulations were assessed against lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat and corn after 6 months period of. Tested formulations, marked as F1H and F2H, based on inert dust, laurel leaves, lavender essential oil, corn oil, silica gel (both F1H and F2H) and pyrethrin (only F2H) were tested at six doses (from 100 ppm to 600 ppm) depending on formulation and type of grain. The appropriate weights of each formulation, were added seperately to plastic containers containing 10 kg of wheat or corn. An initial population of 200 adults of R. dominica were added into each container and left under natural environmental conditions for up to 6 months. A commercial diatomaceous earth (DE) insecticide, Celatom® Mn 51, was used for the comparison of the results, in addition to the untreated control. After six months, both formulations showed higher insecticidal effect than DE Mn 51 in corn and in wheat. Furthermore, the initial population of R. dominica, introduced in wheat was suppressed almost completely, with only 0.7%-5.3% live adults found, depending on formulations and dose. The order of efficacy was F1H>F2H>DE Mn 51. Similar suppression of the initial population was recorded in corn, where F2H was slightly more effective than F1H with 2.0%-10.6% and 4.1%-9.5% live adults found, respectively. At the same time, in the treatments with DE Mn 51 there were 4.7%-74.7% and 33.4%-56.1% live adults in wheat and corn, respectively
Phosphine resistance in saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in the United States: Presentation
No full textSub-lethal dose application of phosphine (PH3) that is mostly caused by leakage during fumigation has resulted in resistance in Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Sitophilus oryzae, and other stored-product insect pest species worldwide. However, PH3 resistance in the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, has not been reported in any country. Additionally, the discriminating dose of PH3 for eggs of O. surinamensis has not been estimated. In this study, the discriminating dose for eggs of the susceptible strain of O. surinamensis was estimated as 28.4 ppm applied for 3 d. Adults from 4 out of 14 field-collected populations showed detectable resistance to PH3 whereas eggs in 9 out of 14 populations had detectable resistance. Resistance frequencies in both adults and eggs in Box BF, Box BR and OKWat populations were > 90%. Levels of resistance (LC99) in these three populations were estimated using probit analysis. LC99 values for adults of Box BF, Box BR, and OKWat populations were 320.5, 290.7 and 263 ppm, respectively, whereas those in eggs from the same populations were 1055.9, 1030.7, and 564.5 ppm, respectively, over 3-d fumigation. Resistance levels of adults and eggs of the most resistant population, Box BF, were 24.3- and 43.6-fold, respectively, higher than those of the lab-susceptible strain. The resistance levels in eggs from these three populations were > 3-fold higher than that in adults and this shows eggs of O. surinamensis are more tolerant to PH3 than adults. These results indicate that it may not be practical to use PH3 to control Box BF and Box BR populations. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative pest management strategies for controlling highly PH3-resistant populations of stored-product insect pests.Sub-lethal dose application of phosphine (PH3) that is mostly caused by leakage during fumigation has resulted in resistance in Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Sitophilus oryzae, and other stored-product insect pest species worldwide. However, PH3 resistance in the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, has not been reported in any country. Additionally, the discriminating dose of PH3 for eggs of O. surinamensis has not been estimated. In this study, the discriminating dose for eggs of the susceptible strain of O. surinamensis was estimated as 28.4 ppm applied for 3 d. Adults from 4 out of 14 field-collected populations showed detectable resistance to PH3 whereas eggs in 9 out of 14 populations had detectable resistance. Resistance frequencies in both adults and eggs in Box BF, Box BR and OKWat populations were > 90%. Levels of resistance (LC99) in these three populations were estimated using probit analysis. LC99 values for adults of Box BF, Box BR, and OKWat populations were 320.5, 290.7 and 263 ppm, respectively, whereas those in eggs from the same populations were 1055.9, 1030.7, and 564.5 ppm, respectively, over 3-d fumigation. Resistance levels of adults and eggs of the most resistant population, Box BF, were 24.3- and 43.6-fold, respectively, higher than those of the lab-susceptible strain. The resistance levels in eggs from these three populations were > 3-fold higher than that in adults and this shows eggs of O. surinamensis are more tolerant to PH3 than adults. These results indicate that it may not be practical to use PH3 to control Box BF and Box BR populations. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative pest management strategies for controlling highly PH3-resistant populations of stored-product insect pests
Lethal effect of Turkish diatomaceous earth (Bgn-1 ) agaınst adults of German cockroaches (Blatella germanıca L.): Presentation
Get PDFResidual efficacy of spinosad-treated surfaces on Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum adults: Presentation
No full textRhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum cause massive losses in stored food. These insects are effectively controlled by synthetic insecticides and fumigants but they accompany many demerits on biotic and abiotic environment. Spinosad is a bacterial formulation and a reduced-risk insecticide which is registered for stored grain protection in many countries. Despite many avenues of research on spinosad, its residual efficacy on certain insect species remains undiscovered. The objective of this research was to evaluate the residual efficacy of spinosad-treated surfaces on the survival of R. dominica and T. castaneum adults. The label rate of spinosad (25 ppm) was sprayed on polypropylene, jute, polythene, metal and filter paper. One-month-old twenty adults of R. dominica or T. castaneum were introduced on to the surfaces treated with spinosad and maintained at ambient environmental conditions. The mortality was counted at 2 and 6 days following introduction of adults. The mortality differed with the surface, insect species and duration of exposure. The current study highlights the possibility of controlling R. dominica or T. castaneum by spinosad sprayed on different surfaces.Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum cause massive losses in stored food. These insects are effectively controlled by synthetic insecticides and fumigants but they accompany many demerits on biotic and abiotic environment. Spinosad is a bacterial formulation and a reduced-risk insecticide which is registered for stored grain protection in many countries. Despite many avenues of research on spinosad, its residual efficacy on certain insect species remains undiscovered. The objective of this research was to evaluate the residual efficacy of spinosad-treated surfaces on the survival of R. dominica and T. castaneum adults. The label rate of spinosad (25 ppm) was sprayed on polypropylene, jute, polythene, metal and filter paper. One-month-old twenty adults of R. dominica or T. castaneum were introduced on to the surfaces treated with spinosad and maintained at ambient environmental conditions. The mortality was counted at 2 and 6 days following introduction of adults. The mortality differed with the surface, insect species and duration of exposure. The current study highlights the possibility of controlling R. dominica or T. castaneum by spinosad sprayed on different surfaces