Showa Women's University Repository / 昭和女子大学学術機関リポジトリ
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〔論文〕Learning Strategies that Combat Speaking Anxiety: A Qualitative Study among Adolescent Non-native English Speakers in Japan
Get PDFThis longitudinal, qualitative study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an English language programme in Japan. Using one-to-one semi-structured interviews, we examined 16 students’ self-reported English-speaking ability and what they found effective to reduce their speaking anxiety. The students, enrolled in a private Japanese secondary school, completed three interviews over 2 years. The first interview took place when the students were in eighth grade, the second at the beginning of ninth grade and the third at the end of ninth grade after they had taken part in the school’s short-term study abroad programme in Australia. The results of the first round of interviews indicated that students found that listening practice helped them learn vocabulary, grammar rules and sentence structure. In the second round of interviews, students reported, that learning grammar rules was the most effective strategy for learning English. In the third set of interviews, students reported that a balanced learning environment, in conjunction with their positive attitudes and determination to interact with others, helped their language comprehension, reinforced existing knowledge and minimised speaking anxiety. These findings can be utilised in the development of foreign language programmes to fulfil students’ needs and maximise educational benefits.departmental bulletin pape
Automatic Tanka Conversion Using Lyrics of Contemporary Japanese Songs as an Introduction to Tanka Writing
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Survey of Lifelong Careers among Graduates of the Department of Psychology
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Instituting Value-added Tax as a Tax on Local Corporate Enterprises in Japan ―Local Business Tax―
Get PDFThis study focuses on the fact that the value-added tax component of the current Local Business Tax, the core tax item of prefectural taxation in Japan, is still not applied to small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs）, and examines the development of value-added tax （VAT） as a tax on local corporate enterprises.
When considering VAT as a tax on local corporate enterprises, this should be taxed on the principle of origin, which is similar to the addition method excluding the sales tax element. It is less likely to be passed on and a stronger business tax element. In order to enhance local taxation and strengthen independent local revenue sources in the era of decentralization, and to ensure the universality and stability of local tax revenues, it is necessary to extend the income-type value-added tax （the Size-based Business Tax） as a Local Business Tax to SMEs. This would be in line with the benefit principle taxation basis, and would develop a consumption tax that uses the deduction method and an immediate lump-sum deduction for investment goods. At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the growth-promoting and innovation functions of the consumption-type value-added tax （Local Consumption Tax）, which it is necessary to strengthen and expand. While the economist Richard M. Bird positions the BVT as a municipal tax, Japan’s current value-added tax is unique in that it is positioned as a prefectural tax. We will consider the ramifications of developing it as a municipal tax in the future.departmental bulletin pape