Kumamoto Gakuen University Repository / 熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ

新村, 太郎

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
コンピューターサイエンス入門教育の題材としての
ドローン活用事例
著者 新村 太郎
雑誌名  熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』 
巻 25
号 1
ページ 1-7
発行年 2019-12-25
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003251/
ίϯϐϡʔλʔαΠΤϯεೖ໳ڭҭͷ
୊ࡐͱͯ͠ͷυϩʔϯͷ׆༻ࣄྫ ʕ1ʕ
コンピューターサイエンス入門教育の
題材としてのドローンの活用事例
新 村　太 郎（熊本学園大学経済学部）
1. はじめに
　ࣾձʹ͓͚Δ৘ใٕज़ͷਁಁͱਐల͸ɺ৘ใڭҭΛΑΓॏཁͰෳࡶͳ΋ͷͱ͖ͯͨ͠ɻΠ
ϯλʔωοτɺϒϩʔυόϯυ͓ΑͼϢϏΩλεͷࡾऀ͸ɺݱࡏͷ೔本ࠃ಺ͷ౎ࢢ͓Αͼͦ
ͷपล஍ҬͰ͸༰қʹ͔ͭ҆Ձʹ׆༻Ͱ͖Δঢ়ଶͰ͋Δɻ·ͨए͍ੈ୅ͷεϚʔτϑΥϯΛ
த৺ͱͨ͠ߴ౓ͳ৘ใ୺຤ͷར༻཰͕ඇৗʹߴ͘ͳ͖ͬͯͨ（಺ֳ෎ 21）ɻए͍ੈ୅ʹ
͓͚Δߴ౓ͳ৘ใٕज़ͱͦͷ೔ৗͰͷར༻͸γʔϜϨεԽ͢ΔҰํͰɺٕज़ͦͷ΋ͷ͸·͢
·͢ϒϥοΫϘοΫεԽ͢Δ܏޲ʹ͋ΓɺΑΓΘ͔Γ΍ͯ͘͢ັྗͷ͋Δ୊ࡐΛ৘ใٕज़ͷ
学शͷ͖͔͚ͬͱͯ͠༻ҙ͢Δඞཁ͕ߴ·͍ͬͯΔɻ
　৽ଜ΄͔（21）Ͱࢦఠͨ͠Α͏ʹɺυϩʔϯ͸͜͜਺೥ؒͰΊ͟·͘͠ਐԽ͠ɺࣾձʹ
΋大͖ͳӨڹΛ༩͑ΔΑ͏ʹͳ͖ͬͯͨɻ本論Ͱ͸ɺͦͷதͰϓϩάϥϛϯάΛҙࣝͨ͠৘
ใڭҭೖ໳ͷͨΊͷυϩʔϯ͸ɺ৘ใٕज़ͷ学शͷ͖͔͚ͬͱͯ͠༗ޮʹ׆༻Ͱ͖Δͱߟ͑
ͨɻ21 ೥౓ͷय़学ظʹ͓͚Δ৘ใؔ࿈ͷ࣮शतۀʹ͓͍ͯ͜ͷΑ͏ͳυϩʔϯΛ׆༻ͨ͠
ࣄྫΛใࠂ͢Δɻ
2.「Hello World」から出発したコンピューターサイエンスの教育
　ʮ)FMMP8PSMEʯΛग़ྗ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɺݱࡏͰ΋ϓϩάϥϛϯά学शͷ࠷ॳͷεςοϓͰѻΘ
Ε͍ͯΔ（ྫ͑͹ɺΧʔχϋϯ΄͔1）ɻ͔ͭͯଟ͘ͷਓʑʹͱͬͯө૾Ϟχλ͸ɺςϨ
ϏΛ͸͡Ίͱͨ͠ɺݟΔଆʹͱͬͯडಈతʹ৘ใ͕ө͠ग़͞ΕΔ૷ஔͰ͋ͬͨɻͦ͜ʹࣗΒ
࡞੒ͨ͠ϓϩάϥϜͷग़ྗ݁ՌΛೳಈతʹө͠ग़͢͜ͱ͸ɺ大͖ͳڻ͖Ͱ͋ͬͨͰ͋Ζ͏ɻ
ͦͷײಈ͸ɺଟ͘ͷॳ学ऀʹϓϩάϥϛϯάΛ͸͡Ίͱͨ͠ *5΁ͷؔ৺Λ΋ͨͤΔ͖͔ͬ
͚ͱͳͬͨͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ
　࣌୅͕ਐΉʹͱ΋ͳ͍ɺϞχλग़ྗͷΧϥʔԽɺύιίϯͷখܕԽɺύιίϯͷϚϧνϝ
σΟΞ΁ͷରԠɺΠϯλʔωοτ઀ଓͷҰൠԽɺϢϏΩλε͓Αͼϒϩʔυόϯυ࣌୅ͷ౸
དྷɺ͞Βʹ͸ߴੑೳͳݸਓ༻୺຤Ͱ͋ΔεϚʔτϑΥϯͷීٴʹΑͬͯɺݱ୅ͷ೔本Ͱ͸໨
ʹݟ͑Δߴ౓ͳ *5ͱͱ΋ʹੜ׆͕͋Γɺ大学ੜੈ୅͸ͦΕΒͱͱ΋ʹ੨य़࣌୅Λաͯ͝͠
A Case Study of an Application of Drones as a Contents of 
Introductory Computer Science Education
Taro Shinmura
熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』ྩ࿨ݩ೥（21 ೥）12 ݄ 25 ೔
（1）
（1）
ʕ2ʕ （2） 熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』　第 25 巻　第 1号（通巻 47 号）
͖͍ͯΔɻ୯ʹʮ)FMMP8PSMEʯΛදࣔͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͚ͩͰ͸ɺͦͷ൴Βʹ͔ͭͯͷΑ͏ͳڻ
͖΍ײಈΛ༩͑Δ͜ͱ͕೉͘͠ͳ͍ͬͯΔɻʮ)FMMP8PSMEʯҎདྷɺ͜Ε·Ͱ΋ϚϧνϝσΟ
ΞΛ͸͡Ίͱ༷ͨ͠ʑͳදݱखஈ͕ɺ*5ͷਐలʹͱ΋ͳ͍ͦͷ୅༻ͱͳ͖ͬͯͨ（ྫ͑͹ɺ
5XBZ15）ɻ
3. IT 学習入門の代替え
　จࣈϕʔεͰࡉ͔͍ϧʔϧʹଇͬͨैདྷͷϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ୅Θͬͯɺ4DSBUDI
（4$3"5$)ϗʔϜϖʔδ）Λ͸͡Ίͱͨ͠ࢹ֮త͓Αͼ௚ײతʹ෼͔Γ΍͍͢άϥϑΟο
ΫϕʔεͷϒϩοΫϓϩάϥϛϯά͕ೖ໳ऀ޲͚ʹ׆༻͞ΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͖͍ͬͯͯΔɻಛʹ
খ学ੜΛத৺ͱͨ͠ࢠڙ޲͚ͷڭࡐ͸ॆ࣮͖͍ͯͯ͠ΔɻάϥϑΟοΫϕʔεͷΠϯλʔ
ϑΣʔεʹ׳Ε͍ͯΔݱ୅ͷ大学ੜʹରͯ͠ɺ学शͷॳظʹ͓͍ͯ͜ͷΑ͏ͳϒϩοΫϓϩ
άϥϛϯάΛಋೖ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ɺ୯ʹ学शͷϋʔυϧΛԼ͛ΔͷΈͳΒͣɺ൴Β͕͢Ͱʹε
ϚʔτϑΥϯͰ׳Εͨૢ࡞ٕज़Λ׆༻͢Δͱ͍͏఺Ͱ΋༗ޮͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ
　ʮ)FMMP8PSMEʯͷग़ྗͷ୅ΘΓʹɺ੩ࢭը΍ಈըɺԻ੠Λྲྀ͢ͳͲϚϧνϝσΟΞͷग़ྗ
΍Ճ޻΋ɺ*5ʹؔ৺Λ΋ͨͤΔೖΓޱͱͯ͠༗ޮͰ͋ͬͨɻ͔͠͠ݱࡏͰ͸͢ͰʹεϚʔ
τϑΥϯʹΑͬͯߴը࣭ͷಈըͷࡱӨͱՃ޻͕ແྉͷΞϓϦΛ༻͍Δ͜ͱͰɺ୭ʹͰ΋Ͳ͜
Ͱ΋ՄೳʹͳΓɺͦͷػೳΛ࢖͍͜ͳ͍ͯ͠Δ大学ੜ͸ࠓ΍গͳ͘ͳ͍ɻ*5学शͷೖ໳ʹ
ϚϧνϝσΟΞҎ֎ͷ΋ͷΛ׆༻ͨ͠ྫͱͯ͠͸ɺ஍্Λ૸ߦ͢Δ؆қϩϘοτͷ੍ޚΛϓ
ϩάϥϛϯάʹΑͬͯߦͬͨࣄྫ͕͋͛ΒΕΔɻྫ͑͹ࠤʑ໦（2）Ͱ͸ɺ͞ΒʹͦΕ
ͷൃలͨ͠ܗͱ΋͍͑ΔϨΰϚΠϯυετʔϜ/95（-&(04ZTUFN"4 ࣾϗʔϜϖʔδ）
Λ׆༻ͨ͠ࣄྫΛใࠂ͍ͯ͠Δɻ͜͜Ͱ͸ɺखͰ৮Ε࣮ͯࡍʹࣗ෼ͷ໨Ͱݟͯମݧ͢Δ͜
ͱ͕学शޮՌΛ޲্ͤ͞Δͱߟ͑ɺط੒ͷϨΰϚΠϯυετʔϜ/95Λڭࡐͱͯ͠׆༻͠
͍ͯΔɻϓϩάϥϛϯάͷॳ学ऀͰ͋Δडߨ学ੜ͔ΒͷΞϯέʔτ݁ՌͰ͸ɺʮतۀ͕໘ന
͍ʯɺʮॳΊͯͰ΋෼͔Γ΍͍͢ʯɺʮڵຯ͕༙͖΍͍͢ʯͳͲॆ࣮ײͱؔ৺Λ΋ͬͨͱ͍͏
ճ౴͕ಘΒΕɺޮՌతͳऔΓ૊ΈͰ͋ͬͨͱධՁ͍ͯ͠Δɻ
4. 情報ネットワーク実習の変遷
　චऀ͸ 22 ೥౓ΑΓ熊本学園大学ʹ͓͍ͯʮ৘ใωοτϫʔΫ࣮शʯͷ୲౰Λ 1 ೥ؒଓ
͚͖ͯͨɻܦࡁ学෦ܦࡁ学科ͷ 2ɺ ೥ੜ͕डߨͷத৺Ͱ͋ΓɺϓϩάϥϛϯάΛؚΊͯ͜
ͷ෼໺ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ॳ学ऀͰ͋Δɻ౰ॳ͸ઐ༻ͷ࣮शࣨʹ͓͍ͯɺडߨऀʹͦΕͧΕ 1$αʔ
όΛ༩͑ͯ -JOVY04 ΛΠϯετʔϧ͠ɺ%/4ɺ4.51ΛॳΊͱ͢Δ֤छαʔόػೳΛઃఆ
࣮ͯ͠ߦͤ͞ɺ࣮ࡍʹΠϯλʔωοτʹৗ࣌઀ଓͤͯͦ͞ͷػೳͷಈ࡞΍ӡ༻ঢ়گΛ؅ཧ͢
Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺωοτϫʔΫͷ࢓૊Έͱͦ͜ʹྲྀΕ͍ͯΔ৘ใʹ͍ͭͯ学शͤͨ͞（৽
ଜ 2）ɻ大学ͷωοτϫʔΫӡ༻ͷϙϦγʔ͕೥ʑݫ͘͠ͳΓɺ͜ΕΒڭҭ༻αʔό͸
%.;ʹஔ͔Εɺ͞ΒʹঃʑʹΞΫηεʹؔ͢Δ੍ݶ͕૿Ճ͠ɺ࣮शͱͯ͠ମݧͰ͖Δ಺༰
͕গͳ͘ͳ͍ͬͯͬͨɻ࠷ऴతʹ͸ΞΫηε͸学಺͔ΒͷΈʹݶఆ͞Εɺ·ͨαʔόͷՔಇ
͸तۀ࣌ؒͷΈʹ੍ݶ͞Εͨɻͦͯ͠ 21 ೥ͷ熊本஍਒ʹΑͬͯɺ͜ͷ࣮श͕ࣨೖΔݐ෺
͕ඃ֐Λड͚ͯ࢖༻Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳΓɺͦͷޙ୅༻ͱͳΔઃඋ͸༻ҙ͞Εͣɺ·ͨݐ෺͕࠶ݐ͞
Εͨʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣ大学ͷํ਑ʹΑ࣮ͬͯश͕ࣨ෮׆͢Δ͜ͱ͸ͳ͔ͬͨɻͦͷͨΊɺ࣮श
（2）
ίϯϐϡʔλʔαΠΤϯεೖ໳ڭҭͷ
୊ࡐͱͯ͠ͷυϩʔϯͷ׆༻ࣄྫ
ͷ಺༰Λ大෯ʹมߋ͢ΔඞཁʹഭΒΕΔ͜ͱʹͳͬͨɻ
5. Wi-Fi 接続でプログラミング可能なドローン
　ϨΰϚΠϯυετʔϜ/95͸ *5 学शͷೖ໳ʹదͨ͠ڭࡐͰ͸͋Δ͕ɺ学शͰ͖Δ಺༰
ͱͯ͠͸ػցͷ੍ޚʹॏ఺͕ஔ͔Ε͓ͯΓɺωοτϫʔΫʹؔͯ͠͸ॆ࣮͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ɻ্ۭ
͔Βͷө૾औಘΛ໨తͱͯ͠ɺখܕແਓߤۭػ͸ۙ೥ੈքதͰരൃతʹීٴ͖ͯͨ͠ɻͦ
ͷதʹ͸ɺΑΓߴ౓ͳࡱӨΛ໨తͱͨ͠λΠϓɺΠϯϑϥ఺ݕ΍ࡂ֐ٹॿͳͲͷͨΊʹ *3
（*OGSB3FE）ΧϝϥΛ౥ࡌͨ͠λΠϓɺͦͯ͠大ܕϥδίϯϔϦʹ͔Θͬͯ೶ༀࢄ෍ʹಛԽ
ͨ͠λΠϓͳͲͷ࢈ۀ༻͕͋Δɻ͜ΕΒͷதʹ͸ 4%,（4PGUXBSF%FWFMPQNFOU,JU）ʹΑͬ
ͯϓϩάϥϛϯά͕Մೳͳػछ΋͋Γɺڭҭ΁ͷ׆༻΋ݕ౼͕ͨ͠ɺ։ൃऀ༻Ͱ͋ΔͨΊʹ
ߴ౓ͳ஌͕ࣝඞཁͱͳΔɻ͞Βʹ 1୆͕ 5 ສԁҎ্Ͱ͋ΔͨΊʹɺतۀͰ४උ͢Δʹ͸ࠔ
೉Ͱ͋ͬͨɻ
　·ͨҰํͰɺओʹ԰಺Ͱඈߦͤ͞Δझຯ༻ͷখܕܰྔͰ҆ՁͳτΠυϩʔϯ͕͋Δɻτ
Πυϩʔϯ͸౰ॳɺඈߦ҆ఆੑ͕௿͔ͭ͘ඈߦܧଓ͕࣌ؒ୹͔͔ͬͨͨΊʹɺͦͷ໊ͷ通
Γ͓΋ͪΌͱͯ͠ͷҐஔ෇͚Ͱ͋ͬͨɻ215 ೥ 12 ݄ʹࢪߦ͞Εͨվਖ਼ߤۭ๏͓Αͼ 21
೥ 4 ݄ʹࢪߦ͞Εͨʮখܕແਓػ౳ඈߦېࢭ๏ʯʹΑͬͯɺ԰֎ʹ͓͚Δυϩʔϯͷඈߦʹ
͍ͭͯ๏తʹ大੍͖͘ݶ͕͔͔ͬͨɻτΠυϩʔϯ͸վਖ਼ߤۭ๏ͷର৅֎Ͱ͋Δॏྔ 2H
ະຬͷ΋ͷ͕ଟ͘ɺʮখܕແਓػ౳ඈߦېࢭ๏ʯʹؔ܎ͷͳ͍԰಺Ͱͷඈߦʹ΋ద͍ͯ͠
ΔɻͦͷͨΊߤۭ๏ͷվਖ਼ͳͲ͸τΠυϩʔϯͷधཁ͕ݟ௚͞ΕΔ͖͔͚ͬͱͳͬͨɻ21
೥  ݄ʹυϩʔϯͷੈք࠷大ख%+* ࣾͱ *OUFM ࣾͷٕज़ڠྗͷ΋ͱ 3Z[F5FDI ࣾΑΓ 5FMMP
（3Z[F5FDI ࣾϗʔϜϖʔδ）͕ൃച͞Εͨɻ͜Ε͸ (/44 ΍ిࢠίϯύεʹΑΔҐஔௐ੔
ػೳ͕ͳ͍΄͔͸ɺ΄΅࠷৽ࣜͷυϩʔϯͱಉఔ౓ͷ࢟੎੍ޚ͓ΑͼিಥճආػೳΛ΋ͬ
͓ͯΓɺ࠷大ඈߦ͕࣌ؒ 1 ෼Ͱ͋Δʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣɺॏྔ͸ͨͬͨͷ 7H Ͱ͋Δɻ͞Βʹ
Ձ֨͸ 12 ԁͰ͋ΔͨΊɺલड़ͷ 4%,͕૊Έࠐ·Εͨ本֨తͳυϩʔϯͱൺֱͯ֨͠ஈ
ʹ҆ՁͰ͋Γɺतۀ΁ͷಋೖ͕ݕ౼ՄೳͳՁ֨Ͱ͋Δɻ·ͨಉ೥ 11 ݄ʹ͸ɺ૊Έࠐ·Εͨ
4%,ʹΑͬͯ 4DSBUDIɺ4XJGUɺ1ZUIPO ͳͲͷϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑΔ੍ޚػೳΛ෇Ճ͞Εͨ
5FMMP&%6 ͕ൃച͞Εͨ（Ձ֨͸લऀΑΓ΋ 4 ԁߴ͍ 1 ԁ）ɻ෇ଐ͍ͯ͠Δ 4ຕͷ
.JTTJPOQBE ͱΑ͹ΕΔ໿ 2DN࢛ํͷ൘Λ஍্ʹஔ͖ɺͦͷύλʔϯΛɺ౥ࡌͨ͠Χϝϥ
ʹΑͬͯը૾ೝࣝͯ͠ɺඈߦͷ੍ޚΛߦ͏͜ͱ΋ՄೳͰ͋Δɻ
　԰֎Ͱඈߦͤ͞Δυϩʔϯ͸ 24()[ ଳͷి೾Λ༻͍ͯɺϓϩϙ（ૹ৴ػ）ʹରԠͨ͠ઐ
༻ͷϓϩτίϧΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ૢ࡞͞ΕΔɻτΠυϩʔϯ͸੺֎ઢΛ࢖༻ͯ͠ɺಉ༷ʹϓϩϙ
ͱઐ༻ͷϓϩτίϧΛ࢖༻͢Δɻͱ͜Ζ͕5FMMP γϦʔζ͸ૹ৴ػͱ8J'J Ͱ઀ଓ͠ɺΠϯ
λʔωοτͰ࢖༻͞Ε͍ͯΔ൚༻ϓϩτίϧͰ੍ޚ͞ΕΔɻεϚʔτϑΥϯ΍ϊʔτύιί
ϯ͕ૹ৴ػͱͳΓɺ྆ऀͱ΋ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑͬͯࣗಈ੍ޚΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔɻલऀͰ
͸ແྉΞϓϦʹ͋ΔϚχϡΞϧૢॎػೳ΋࢖༻Ͱ͖Δɻ5FMMP&%6ʹ͓͍ͯ͸εϚʔτϑΥ
ϯͷແྉΞϓϦʹΑͬͯɺ4DSBUDI ʹࣅͨࢹ֮Λओͱͨ͠௚ײతʹ૊Έ্͛Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑΔ੍ޚ͕ՄೳͰ͋ΔɻϨΰϚΠϯυετʔϜ/95ͷΑ͏ʹ஍্Ͱಈ࡞
Λ͢Δڭࡐʹൺֱͯ͠ɺࣗΒ཭཮༷ͯ͠ʑͳඈߦΛߦ͍ɺ࠷ޙʹࣗಈతʹண཮͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ
͖Δυϩʔϯ͸ɺ͞ΒʹܹࢗతͳڭࡐͱͳΓ͏Δͱߟ͑ɺतۀʹ׆༻Ͱ͖ͳ͍͔ݕ౼ͨ͠ɻ
（）
（） ʕʕ
ʕ4ʕ （4） 熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』　第 25 巻　第 1号（通巻 47 号）
6. 情報ネットワーク実習でのドローンの活用
　5FMMP Λ 1ZUIPO ͳͲͷ $6* ϕʔεͷϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ੍ޚ͢Δ৔合ɺϓϩάϥϜதʹ͸
通৴Λཱ֬͢ΔͨΊʹɺ通৴σόΠεɺιέοτɺ͓Αͼϙʔτ൪号ͷઃఆ͕ඞཁͱͳΔɻ
͢ͳΘͪϓϩάϥϛϯάͱωοτϫʔΫϓϩτίϧͷ྆ํʹ͍ͭͯཧղΛ͢Δ͜ͱ͕υϩʔ
ϯΛඈ͹ͨ͢ΊͷεςοϓͱͳΓɺڭࡐͱͯ͠े෼ͳ಺༰ΛؚΉɻૢॎ΍ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ
ඞཁͳΞϓϦ͸"OESPJE ͓Αͼ J04 ͦΕͧΕʹରԠͨ͠΋ͷ͕ແྉͰఏڙ͞Ε͍ͯΔͨΊ
ʹɺ学ੜͷॴ༗͢Δܞଳ୺຤Λͦͷ··ૹ৴ػͱͯ͠ར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ͞Βʹ熊本学
園大学Ͱ͸学ੜ޲͚ʹখܕܰྔͷϊʔτύιίϯͷି͠ग़͠Λߦ͍ͬͯΔͨΊɺ$6* ϕʔε
ͷϓϩάϥϛϯάݴޠΛ࢖༻੍ͨ͠ޚ΋ߦ͏͜ͱ͕ՄೳͰ͋ΔɻҎ্ͷΑ͏ʹɺυϩʔϯҎ
֎ͷඞཁͳػࡐ͸ݸਓ͓Αͼ大学಺ʹ͢ͰʹͦΖ͍ͬͯͨɻ͞Βʹɺ学಺ͰυϩʔϯΛ҆શ
ʹඈߦͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δߍࣷͷதఉ΍ɺମҭؗ಺ͷ޿͍εϖʔεΛར༻͢Δ͜ͱ΋ՄೳͰ
͋ͬͨɻ
　Ҏ্ͷ͜ͱ͔Βࠓ೥౓（21 ೥౓）ͷ 4݄͔Β൒ظͰ࣮ࢪͨ͠৘ใωοτϫʔΫࣗश（ड
ߨऀ ໊）Ͱ͸ɺडߨऀͦΕͧΕʹ5FMMP&%6（ਤ 1ࠨ）Λ 1ػͣͭି͠ग़࣮ͯ͠शΛߦͬ
ͨɻओͳ学श಺༰ɺ࣮श಺༰͸ҎԼͷ通ΓͰ͋Δɻ
　ᶃ　υϩʔϯͷඈߦͷྗ学ͱ੍ޚʹ͍ͭͯ学श
　ᶄ　υϩʔϯͱͷ઀ଓ（8J'J ઀ଓͱͦͷ͘͠Έʹ͍ͭͯͷ学शͱ࣮श）
　ᶅ　υϩʔϯͷखಈૢॎ࣮श
　ᶆ　ΞϓϦ಺ͷϒϩοΫϓϩάϥϛϯάͷ学श
　ᶇ　ϒϩοΫϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑΔϓϩάϥϛϯάඈߦͷ࣮श
　ᶈ　5$1*1 ϓϩτίϧελοΫͷ学शɺ͓Αͼυϩʔϯͷ੍ޚͱͷؔ܎ʹ͍ͭͯͷ学श
　ᶉ　ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ͓͚Διέοτʹ͍ͭͯͷ学श
　ᶊ　1ZUIPO ʹ͓͚Διέοτͷઃఆͷ࣮श
　ᶋ　1ZUIPO Ͱॻ͔Ε੍ͨޚϓϩάϥϜʹ͍ͭͯͷ学शͱͦΕʹΑΔࣗಈඈߦͷ࣮श
7. 結果および考察
　εϚʔτϑΥϯΛ࢖ͬͯΞϓϦΛμ΢ϯϩʔυͯͦ͠ΕΛ࢖༻͢Δ͜ͱ͸ݱࡏͷ大学ੜੈ
୅ʹͱͬͯ͸೔ৗతͳ͜ͱͰ͋ΔͨΊʹɺεϚʔτϑΥϯΛ࢖༻࣮ͨ͠श͸༧૝Ҏ্ʹԁ׈
ʹਐߦͨ͠ɻػମͷඈߦͷૢॎʹ͍ͭͯ΋ɺεϚʔτϑΥϯ্Ͱײ֮తʹήʔϜύουʹࣅ
ͨํ๏Ͱίϯτϩʔϧ͢ΔͨΊʹɺ୹͍࣌ؒʹ׳Εͯ҆ఆతͳඈߦΛߦ͍ͬͯͨɻϒϩοΫ
ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ͍ͭͯ͸௚ײతʹ൑அͰ͖ΔͨΊʹशಘ଎౓͸଎͔ͬͨɻ5$1*1 ʹ͍ͭ
ͯͷ学शʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺυϩʔϯΛඈߦͤ͞Δͱ͍͏۩ମతͳ໨త͕͋ͬͨͨΊʹɺैདྷΑΓ
΋೤৺ʹཧղ͠Α͏ͱ͢Δ࢟੎͕ݟΒΕͨɻ·ͨଟ͘ͷडߨऀ͸ग़੮཰͕΄΅1Ͱ͋Γɺ
લ೥౓ͱൺֱͯ֨͠ஈʹߴ͘ͳͬͨɻ1ZUIPO ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺϓϩάϥϛϯά
ͷशಘΛ໨తͱ͢Δ࣮शͰ͸ͳ͍ͨΊʹɺαϯϓϧϓϩάϥϜͷ಺༰Λཧղͤ͞Δఔ౓ʹͱ
ͲΊͨɻҎԼ͸࣮श༻ʹ࡞੒ͨ͠ 1ZUIPO Ͱಈ࡞͢ΔαϯϓϧϓϩάϥϜͰ͋Γɺϓϩάϥ
ϜϑΝΠϧͱಉ͡σΟϨΫτϦʹ5&--04%,26TFS(VJEF ͰఆΊΒΕͨίϚϯυΛهड़
ͨ͠ςΩετϑΝΠϧΛஔ͖ɺ.4%04 ίϚϯυ্ͰҎԼͷϓϩάϥϜͷϑΝΠϧ໊ͷӈʹ
ۭനΛ͓͍ͯͦͷςΩετϑΝΠϧΛࢦఆ͢Δͱɺྻڍͨ͠ίϚϯυʹ͕ͨͬͯ͠ϓϩάϥ
（4）
ίϯϐϡʔλʔαΠΤϯεೖ໳ڭҭͷ
୊ࡐͱͯ͠ͷυϩʔϯͷ׆༻ࣄྫ
ϛϯάඈߦ͢Δɻ
　import socket
　import sys
　import time
　host = ' '
　port = 9000
　locaddr = （host,port）
　sock = socket.socket（socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM）
　tello_address =（' 192.168.10.1' ,  8889）
　sock.bind（locaddr）
　def recv（）:
　　data, server = sock.recvfrom（1518）
　　print（（data.decode（encoding='' utf-8'' ）））
　sock.sendto（b'' command'' , tello_address）
　print（' command' ）
　recv（）
　sock.sendto（b'' takeoff'' , tello_address）
　print（' takeoff' ）
　recv（）
　file_name = sys.argv［1］
　f = open（file_name, '' rb'' ）
　commands = f.readlines（）
　for command in commands:
　　  if command !='' and command != ' ￥n' :
　　    command = command.rstrip（）
　　    sock.sendto（command, tello_address）
　　    print（command）
　　    recv（）
　sock.sendto（b'' land'' , tello_address）
　print（' land' ）
　recv（）
　ඈߦ࣮शʹ͓͍ͯ֬ೝ͞Εͨτϥϒϧྫ͸࣍ͷ通ΓͰ͋ΔɻϚχϡΞϧඈߦͰ͸υϩʔϯ
͕๫૸͢Δࣄྫ͕ 2݅（ίϯτϩʔϧʹैΘͣʹ্ঢΛଓ͚ͨࣄྫͱਫฏඈߦͰ௚ਐΛଓ
（5）
（5） ʕ5ʕ
ʕʕ （） 熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』　第 25 巻　第 1号（通巻 47 号）
͚ͨࣄྫ）ɻϒϩοΫϓϩάϥϛϯάʹΑΔඈߦͰ͸ɺ్தͰΞϓϦ͕઀ଓΛೝࣝ͠ͳ͘ͳ
Γɺ8J'J ͷ࠶઀ଓ͔Β΍Γ௚͢͜ͱʹͳΔࣄྫ͕ 1ճͷ࣮शͰ 2ʙ  ճ͋ͬͨɻ࣮शதʹ
ݪҼͷಛఆʹ͸ࢸΒͳ͔͕ͬͨɺҰ౓ʹ ͭͷ8J'J ઀ଓΛۙ઀ͯ͠ߦ͍ͬͯͨ͜ͱ͔Βɺ
8J'J ͷి೾ͷׯব（ࠞ৴）ͷՄೳੑ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͦͷͨΊΞφϥΠβʔΛ࢖ͬͯׯবͷ
ঢ়گΛ֬ೝ্ͨ͠Ͱɺڑ཭Λஔ͘ɺҰ౓ʹඈ͹͢ਓ਺Λݶఆ͢ΔͳͲͷରԠΛͱΔඞཁ͕
͋ͬͨɻ
　࣮शͷ࠷ޙͷ೔ʹडߨऀʹޱ಄Ͱײ૝Λड़΂ͯ΋ΒͬͨɻʮυϩʔϯΛॳΊͯݟ্ͨʹࣗ
෼͕ͦΕΛඈߦͤ͞Δ͜ͱࣗମʹ大͖ͳײಈΛ࣋ͬͨͨΊɺੵۃతʹࢀՃͰ͖ͨʯͱ͍͏಺
༰͕ଟ͔ͬͨɻ·ͨɺωοτϫʔΫɺίϯϐϡʔλ͓Αͼυϩʔϯ͕࿈ܞ͍ͯ͠Δ༷ࢠ΍ɺ
ࣗ෼ͷεϚʔτϑΥϯͷ׆༻ͷՄೳੑ͕޿͕ͬͨ͜ͱʹରͯ͠΋ɺϓϥεͷҹ৅Λ༷࣋ͬͨ
ࢠͰ͋ͬͨɻҰํͰɺಛʹτϥϒϧͳ͘ॱௐʹඈߦΛߦ͏͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨडߨऀ͔Β͸ʮ୯ʹ
യવͱඈߦͤ͞Δ͚ͩͰͳ͘۩ମతͳඈߦͷϛογϣϯΛઃఆ͢ΔͳͲͯ͠ɺԿΒ͔ͷୡ੒
ײΛಘ͔ͨͬͨʯͱ͍͏΋ͷ͕໨ཱͬͨɻࠓޙ͸্هͷٕज़తͳ໰୊Λղ্ܾͨ͠Ͱɺήʔ
Ϝײ֮ΛऔΓೖΕͨඈߦϛογϣϯ΋ؚΊɺडߨऀ͕ΑΓؔ৺ΛਂΊΔ಺༰ʹ޻෉͍ͯ͠
͖͍ͨɻ࠷ॳʹܝ͛ͨ՝୊ʮυϩʔϯ͸『)FMMP8PSME』ͷ͔ΘΓʹͳΓ͏Δ͔ʯʹରͯ͠ɺ
े෼ʹୡ੒Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ͕෼͔ͬͨɻ
 
 
謝辞 
 
本研究を進める上で、熊本学園⼤学の e-キャンパスセンターにおいては実習室の柔軟な
運⽤について理解をいただいた。体育センターにおいては、これまでに施設の利⽤で前例の
ないドローンの⾶⾏実習について理解と許可をいただいた。また、担当の授業アシスタント
には実習のサポートのみならず、いくつかの有意義な提案をしてもらった。以上の諸⽒には
⼼より感謝の意を表します。 
 
  
図 1 教材として使⽤した Tello EDU（左）と実習⾵景（右） 
左：Tello EDU はそれぞれ 11 機⽤意した。それぞれに機体のほぼ全体をカバーする
Cynova 社製のプロペラガードを装着して⼈や周辺の設備に衝突した際の安全性を確保
した。また墜落や衝突の際には衝撃を吸収して本体を保護する。重量は 13g であるため、
⾮常に軽量で⾶⾏にほとんど影響はなかった。 
右：実習室のある建物の中庭は⾵が弱いためにドローンの⾶⾏に適していた。⾼低差は
ドローンの制御のための要素として役に⽴った。悪天時には⾶⾏できないため、梅⾬時
期には体育館で実習を⾏った。 
ਤ 1　ڭࡐͱͯ͠࢖༻ͨ͠5FMMP&%6（ࠨ）ͱ࣮श෩ܠ（ӈ）
ࠨɿ5FMMP&%6 ͸ 11 ػ༻ҙͨ͠ɻͦΕͧΕʹػମͷ΄΅શମΛΧόʔ͢Δ $ZOPWB ࣾ੡ͷϓϩϖϥ
ΨʔυΛ૷ணͯ͠ਓ΍पลͷઃඋʹিಥͨ͠ࡍͷ҆શੑΛ֬อͨ͠ɻ·ͨ௢མ΍িಥͷࡍʹ͸ি
ܸΛٵऩͯ͠本ମΛอޢ͢Δɻॏྔ͸ 1H Ͱ͋ΔͨΊɺඇৗʹܰྔͰඈߦʹ΄ͱΜͲӨڹ͸ͳ
͔ͬͨɻ
ӈɿ࣮ शࣨͷ͋Δݐ෺ͷதఉ͸෩͕ऑ͍ͨΊʹυϩʔϯͷඈߦʹద͍ͯͨ͠ɻߴ௿ࠩ͸υϩʔϯͷ੍
ޚͷͨΊͷཁૉͱͯ͠໾ʹཱͬͨɻѱఱ࣌ʹ͸ඈߦͰ͖ͳ͍ͨΊɺകӍ࣌ظʹ͸ମҭؗ಺Ͱ࣮श
Λߦͬͨɻ
（）
ίϯϐϡʔλʔαΠΤϯεೖ໳ڭҭͷ
୊ࡐͱͯ͠ͷυϩʔϯͷ׆༻ࣄྫ
謝辞
　本ݚڀΛਐΊΔ্Ͱɺ熊本学園大学ͷ F Ωϟϯύεηϯλʔʹ͓͍ͯ͸࣮शࣨͷॊೈͳӡ
༻ʹ͍ͭͯཧղΛ͍͍ͨͩͨɻମҭηϯλʔʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɺ͜Ε·Ͱʹࢪઃͷར༻Ͱલྫͷͳ
͍υϩʔϯͷඈߦ࣮शʹ͍ͭͯཧղͱڐՄΛ͍͍ͨͩͨɻ·ͨɺ୲౰ͷतۀΞγελϯτʹ
͸࣮शͷαϙʔτͷΈͳΒͣɺ͍͔ͭ͘ͷ༗ҙٛͳఏҊΛͯ͠΋ΒͬͨɻҎ্ͷॾࢯʹ͸৺
ΑΓײँͷҙΛද͠·͢ɻ
参考資料一覧
（1）ࠤ ʑ໦๛（2）ɿʮϨΰϚΠϯυετʔϜ̣̭̩Λ༻͍ͨ೶ۀ޻学ڭҭվળͷݕ౼ʯ
೶ۀ৘ใݚڀ 141771
（2）৽ଜଠ࿠（2）ɿʮ-JOVYͱFMFBSOJOHΛ༻͍ͨ৘ใͷجૅڭҭʹؔ͢Δࣄྫใࠂʯ
熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』1111
（）৽ଜଠ࿠ɾؙ本޾࣏ɾ໺ా࿨ढ़（21）ɿʮυϩʔϯͷਐԽͱՐࢁ׆ಈ؍ଌ΁ͷ׆༻ͷࢼ
Έʯ熊本学園大学論集『総合科学』242117
（4）4$3"5$)ϗʔϜϖʔδɿIUUQTTDSBUDINJUFEV（2124 ࠷ऴΞΫηε）
（5）5XBZ-（15）ɿ.VMUJNFEJBJOBDUJPO "DBEFNJD1SFTT
（）಺ֳ෎（21）ɿʮฏ੒  ೥౓੨গ೥ͷΠϯλʔωοτར༻؀ڥ࣮ଶௐࠪௐࠪ݁Ռ（଎
ใ）ฏ੒ 1 ೥ 2 ݄಺ֳ෎ʯIUUQTXXXDBPHPKQZPVUIZPVUIIBSNDIPVTBI
OFUKJUUBJQEGTPLVIPVQEG（2124 ࠷ऴΞΫηε）
（7）#8Χʔχϋϯ（ஶ）ɾ%.Ϧονʔ（ஶ）ɾੴా੖ٱ（༁）（1）ɿʮϓϩάϥϛϯ
άݴޠ$第 2 ൛"/4* ن֨४ڌʯڞཱग़൛ QQ
（）3Z[F5FDI ࣾϗʔϜϖʔδɿIUUQTXXXSZ[FSPCPUJDTDPN（2124 ࠷ऴΞΫηε）
（）3Z[F5FDIࣾϗʔϜϖʔδʮ5&--04%,26TFS(VJEFʯɿIUUQTEMDEOSZ[FSPCPUJDT
DPNEPXOMPBET5FMMP5FMMP24%,2226TFS2(VJEFQEG（2124 ࠷ऴΞΫ
ηε）
（1）-&(04ZTUFN"4 ࣾϗʔϜϖʔδɿIUUQTXXXMFHPDPN（2124 ࠷ऴΞΫηε）
（7）
（7） ʕ7ʕ


English

A Case Study of an Application of Drones as a Contents of Introductory Computer Science Education

上村, 直己

German

Tatsuo Ogose in Deutschland

Yoshikawa , Keisuke

1274

Problems of Cambodian Economy Seen from Trade and Investment Structure (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記念号)

金原, 宏明

6508

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲につ
いて (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記念号)
著者 金原 宏明
雑誌名 熊本学園大学経済論集
巻 25
号 1-4
ページ 251-274
発行年 2019-03-31
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003340/
 1
 
 
 
 
 
要  旨 
/
 
 
 
 
/  
/  
/  
Stevens-EMA-Alvarez  
 
 
- - 
- - 
- - 
 
 
  
金　原　宏　明
 2
はじめに 
No
Yes
1
 
2 Chaplinsky v. 
New Hampshire 3 fighting words
United States v. Stevens
4
 
5
6  
                                                  
1 See Andrew Koppelman, Revenge Pornography and First Amendment Exceptions, 65 EMORY L.J. 661, 
662 (2016). 
2 Ashutosh Bhagwat, When Speech is not “Speech”, 78 OHIO ST. L.J. 839, 846 (2017). 
3 315 U.S. 568 (1942). 
4 559 U.S. 460 (2010). 
5 See Frederick 
Schauer,The Boundaries of the First Amendment: A Preliminary Exploration of Constitutional Salienc
e, 117 HARV. L. REV. 1765, 1770-71, 81 (2004). 
6 See United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989). 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 3
 
7  
 
１「範囲」/「保護」区分論と連邦最高裁 
（１）「範囲」/「保護」区分論 
8  
covered
protected
(cover) protection
9
[ ]
                                                  
7 
1 - - 41 3 75
(2008)  
8 -
-  99 2010  
9 FREDERICK SCHAUER, FREE SPEECH: PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY 89-90 (1982). 
金　原　宏　明
 4
10  
  
11
 
12
13  
 
（２）判例における「範囲」/「保護」区分論 
/
Spence v. Washington 14
 
ア スペンステストについて 
Spence
                                                  
10 Id. at 91. 
See Schauer, supra note 5, at1771 boundaries strength
scope
. 
11 SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 91. 
12 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1773. 
13 SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 91; Frederick Schauer, Speech and “Speech”- Obscenity and “Obscenity”: An 
Exercise in the Interpretation of Constitutional Language, 67 GEO. L.J. 899, 909 (1979); Schauer, supra 
note 5, at 1784; Frederick Schauer, Categories and the First Amendment: A Play in Three Acts, 34 VAND. 
L. REV. 265, 268 (1981)(hereinafter Schauer 1981); Frederick Schauer, The Second-Best First 
Amendment, 31 WM. & MARY L. REV. 1,12 (1989)(hereinafter Schauer 1989). 
14 418 U.S. 405 (1974). 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 5
15  
  Johnson
16
17
9/11 18
19
20
1
21  
Spence conduct
22
language
23
                                                  
15 Id. at 409-11. 
16  See, eg., Johnson, 491 U.S. at 404; Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 305 
(1984)(Marshall, J., dissenting). 
17 Robert Post, Recuperating First Amendment Doctrine, 47 STAN. L. REV. 1249, 52 (1995). 
18 Amanda Shanor, First Amendment Coverage, 93 N.Y.U. L. REV. 318, 341 (2018). 
19 Jed Rubenfeld, The First Amendment’s Purpose, 53 STAN. L. REV. 767, 770-78 (2001).  
20 Shanor, supra note 18, at 341. 
21 7 87  
22 See, eg., Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 
(1989); Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405 (1974). 
23 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 851. 
金　原　宏　明
 6
24  
 
イ 「保護されない言論」の法理について 
 
（ア）従来の「保護されない言論」法理について 
Chaplinsky
 
25  
26
27 28  
Beauharnais v. Illinois
                                                  
24 Id. See also Peter M. Shane, ”The Expanding First Amendment” in an Age of Free Speech Paradox, 
78 OHIO ST. L.J. 773 (2017); Amanda Shanor, The New Lochner, 2016 WIS. L. REV. 133, 176-82 (2016). 
25 315 U.S. at 571-72. 
26 Id. at 574. 
27 Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957); Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973). 
28 Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952); New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964). 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 7
29 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
public office
(actual malice)
30  
Roth v. United States
31
Miller 
v. California 32 (a)’
’
(b)
(c)
33 (  
1942 Valentine v. Chrestensen 34
1976 Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia 
Citizens Consumer Council Inc.
35
Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Comm’n
                                                  
29 343 U.S. at 266. 
30 Id. 279-80. 
31 354 U.S. at 483-484. 
32 413 U.S. 15 (1973). 
33 Id. at 24. 
34 316 U.S. 52, 54 (1942)
. 
35 425 U.S. 748, 760 (1976). 
金　原　宏　明
 8
36
37  
New York v. Ferber Chaplinsky
38
39
40
41
42
43 44
 
 
                                                  
36 447 U.S. 557, 566 (1980). 
37 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1776-77. 
38 458 U.S. 747 (1982). 
39 Id. at 756-57. 
40 Id. at 759. 
41 Id. at 761-62 (quoting Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co., 336 U.S. 490, 498 (1949)). 
42 Id. at 762 (quoting Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50, 66 (1976)). 
43 Id. at 763-64. 
44 Id. 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 9
（イ）Stevens事件判決以後の「保護されない言論の法理」について 
Chaplinsky Roth Ferber
2010 Stevens
 
 
Ferber [
]
45  
free-floating
46 Ferber
Ferber
47 48
Ferber
49  
                                                  
45 559 U.S. 460, 469-70 (2010). 
46 Id. at 470. 
47 Id. at 471 (quoting Ferber, 458 U.S. at 759, 761). 
48 Ferber, 458 U.S. at 761-62 (quoting Giboney, 336 U.S. at 498). 
49 Stevens, 559 U.S. at 471. 
金　原　宏　明
 10
50  
Brown v. EMA 51
United States v. Alvarez
52 Alvarez
[ ]
[ ]53
 
 
（３）Stevens-EMA-Alvarez事件判決の意味について 
54
 
Alvarez /
55
                                                  
50 Id. at 472. 
51 564 U.S. 786, 791-92 (2011). 
52 567 U.S. 709, 721-22 (2012). 
53 Id. at 717-18. 
54 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 847. 
55 Mark Tushnet, The Coverage/Protection Distinction in the Law of Freedom of Speech- An Essay on 
Meta-Doctrine in Constitutional Law, 25 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1073, 1093 (2017). 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 11
56  
Chaplinsky
57  
 
（４）小括 
/
Stevens
 
58  
 
                                                  
56 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1775-76. 
57 Tushnet, supra note 55, at 1092-94. 
58  Schauer 1981 at 271-72; Tushnet, supra note 55, at 1114-16; Leslie Kendrick, First Amendment 
Expansionism, 56 WM. & MARY L. REV. 1199, 1217 (2015). 
金　原　宏　明
 12
２ 「範囲」の画定について  
 
 
（１）第一修正の目的による見解-シャウアーの見解- 
ア 第一修正の基礎理論に基づく記述的説明の困難性 
59  
60
61  
62  
 
                                                  
59 Frederick Schauer, Codifying First Amendment: New York v. Ferber, 1982 SUP. CT. REV. 285, 303 (1982). 
Chaplinsky
at 303 
n. 99
Ferber
at 303-04  
60 56  
61 37  
62 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1781. 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 13
self-
government democratic deliberation self-
expression personal autonomy search for truth
marketplace of ideas  
63  
64  
 
65 66  
 
イ 第一修正の「磁力」 
67
                                                  
63 Id. at 1785. 
64 Id. 
65 2004
SCHAUER, supra note 9, at 10
 
66 
Joseph Blocher, Nonsense and 
the Freedom of Speech: What Meaning Means for the First Amendment, 63 DUKE L.J. 1423, 1475 (2014)  
67 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1786. 
金　原　宏　明
 14
their collective coverage 68  
69  
(magnetism)70
71
 
72  
                                                  
68 Id. See also Tabatha Abu El-Haj, “Live Free or Die”-Liberty and the First Amendment, 78 OHIO ST. L.J. 
917, 925 (2017). 
69 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1768, 1787-1800. 
70 Id. at 1787. 
71 Id. 
72 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1796; Shanor, supra note 18, at 330. 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 15
[
]
73  
 
ウ 小括 
 
74
75  
 
（２）規範による見解-シュノアーの見解- 
ア 規範と言論効果について 
76  
77
norms
forces 78
speech effect
                                                  
73 Schauer, supra note 5, at 1796. 
74 24
Schauer, supra note 5, at 1797-98  
75 See Frederick Schauer, The Politics and Incentives of First Amendment Coverage, 56 WM. & MARY L. 
REV. 1613, 1617 (2015); Schauer 1989 at13; Kendrick, supra note 58, at 1218; Blocher, supra note 66, at 
1475. 
76 Shanor, supra note 18, at 343. 
77 Id. at 321. 
78 Id. at 338. 
金　原　宏　明
 16
79
work
strength
80
81  
 
イ 言論効果による区分 
Schenck v. United States
effect of force
82
sufficiently clear
83  
                                                  
79 Id. at 344. 
80 Id. at 344-45. 
81 Id. at 346. 
82 249 U.S. 47, 51 (1919). 
83 Shanor, supra note 18, at 347. 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 17
50
84
85
 
86
 
87
                                                  
84 Miller, 413 U.S. at 30. 
85 Shanor, supra note 18, at 348. 
86 Id. at 349.
at 357  
87 Id. at 351. 
金　原　宏　明
 18
88
89  
 
ウ 小括 
 
Schenck
90  
（３）「市民」の権利-バグワットの見解- 
 
                                                  
88 Id. at 352. 
89 Id. 
90 Brown v. EMA, 564 U.S. 786 (2011) (
).
 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 19
ア 民主主義的権利について 
democratic rights
91
92 cognate 93
94
 
95
96
97  
イ 「市民」の概念について 
98
                                                  
91 1791
1789 9 9
Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 872
See also Ashutosh 
Bhagwat, Religious Associations: Hosanna-Tabor and the Instrumental Value of Religious Group, 92 
WASH. U. L. REV. 73, 92-93 (2014). 
92 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 872 
93 See Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516, 530 (1945); De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 364 (1937). 
94 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 873. 
95 Id. at 873. 
 
96 Id. at 874. 
97 Id. 
98 Ashutosh Bhagwat, The Democratic First Amendment, 110 NW. U. L. REV. 1097, 1121 (2016). 
金　原　宏　明
 20
99
private group of citizens 100  
101
102  
103
disrespectful
104  
 
ウ バグワットにおける「言論」 
NRA
Occupy
                                                  
99 Id. at 1116. 
100 Id. at 1121. 
101 Id. at 1122 
102 Id. 
103 Id. at 1123. 
104 Id. 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 21
105
106  
/
107 Chaplinsky
 
 
（４）小括 
108
109
110
                                                  
105 Id. at 1116. 
106 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 874. 
 
107 Id. at 883. 
108 Id. at 884. 
109 68  
110 Abu El-Haj, supra note 68, at 925. 
the self-governance interest
金　原　宏　明
 22
 
111   
                                                  
[ ]
at 926-27 quoting Robert Post, The Constitutional 
Status of Commercial Speech, 48 UCLA L. REV. 1, 4 (2000)  
111 Bhagwat, supra note 2, at 884.(quoting Pharmacy, at 762). 
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 
60, 64-68 (1983)
 
第一修正における「言論の自由」の目的と範囲について
 23
おわりに 
Stevens
/
 
 
 
[ ] JSPS  JP18K12639  
  
金　原　宏　明
 24
Summary 
 
 “Freedom of Speech”: Its Coverage and Purpose 
 
Hiroaki Kanehara 
 
Is revenge porn “speech” covered by First Amendment?  
 This essay will examine First Amendment’s “coverage” and theories underlying it 
(for example, self-government, democratic deliberation, self-expression, personal 
autonomy, search for truth, and marketplace of ideas). Theory based on (nuanced) 
self-government may provide proper limits to the freedom of speech. 


Freedom of Speech : Its Coverage and Purpose

木下, 俊和

6510

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題について
の一考察 (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記
念号)
著者 木下 俊和
雑誌名 熊本学園大学経済論集
巻 25
号 1-4
ページ 291-315
発行年 2019-03-31
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003342/
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 1
 
 
 
*  
 
要  旨 
1950 1960
 
the Least Developed Countries: LDCs
United Nations Committee for Development Policy: UNCDP
GNI
3  
LDCs Program of Action: 
PoA 4 PoA LDCs
(1)  (2) 
(3) LDCs
 
1971 LDCs 1994 2007
7
2018 3 LDCs
1997 LDCs
LDCs
 
                                                  
* toshikinoshita1207@gmail.com 
木　下　俊　和
 2
はじめに 
the Least Developed Countries: LDCs
LDCs
LDCs
LDCs
LDCs
 
1
2 LDCs 3
LDCs
4 LDCs3 LDCs
 
 
1. 開発途上国1の概念と分類 
1.1 開発途上国の概念 
 
1950 1960
( ) ( )  
                                                  
1 
 
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 3
 (  1957)  
(  1958 5 )
 
(1) (2)
(3) (4)  1960 53-56
 
 
 
1.2 開発途上国の分類 
1
 
(United Nations: UN: ) 193
(United Nations Committee for Development Policy: UNCDP)
(The 
木　下　俊　和
 4
Least Developed Countries: LDCs) 2018 47 LDCs 2  
(United Nations Development Programme: UNDP)
1990 (Human Development Index: HDI)
HDI GNI(Gross National 
Income: GNI) 3 HDI
 
GNI
1-1
 
 
1-1 (2017 ) 
 
World Bank, World Bank Country and Lending Groups  
 
1-2 OECD DAC ODA4  
 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, DAC List of ODA Recipients 
 
 
 
                                                  
2 United Nations Committee for Development Policy, 2018 List of Least Development Countries  
 (as of March 2018), UN.  
3 United Nations Development Programme (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators  
 2018 Statistical Update UNDP N.Y.  
4 ODA(Official Development Assistance):  
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 5
(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development: OECD)
1948 (Organization of European Economic Cooperation: 
OEEC) 2
OECD
2017 3 35 (OECD 
2017) OECD Development Assistance Committee: DAC
LDCs(48 ) (4 ) 36 58
( 1-2)  
 
 
2. 後発開発途上国の概要 
2.1 後発開発途上国の定義と分類 
LDCs
LDCs 5 UNCDP LDCs
LDCs LDCs
The Economic and Social Council: ECOSOC ECOSOC
LDCs
LDCs 7,500 LDCs
3 2
 
UNCDP LDCs GNI (GNI per capita) (Human 
Assets Index: HAI) (Economic Vulnerability Index: EVI) 3
                                                  
5 United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs Committee for Development Policy,  
2015, “The Least Developed Countries Category 2015 Country Snapshots”, LDC Definition p.1. 
木　下　俊　和
 6
2-1  
1 GNI
LDCs
2018 3 3
1,025 LDCs 1,230
1 GNI 2,460 LDCs
 
HAI 5 3
5
60.0 LDCs 66.0
 
EVI
1
 
36.0 LDCs 32.0
 
 
2-1 LDCs 2018 3  
1: HAI EVI
 
2: GNI 2,460  
United Nations Committee for Development Policy, “The 2018 Triennial Review of the LDC 
Category”, United Nations,  
https://www.un.org/ldcportal/the-2018-triennial-review-of-the-ldc-category/ 
(29 August 2018) 
 
HAI EVI
HAI EVI -
0~100
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 7
HAI EVI 6  
 
 
 
I V min
max  
HAI
EVI  
 
2.2 後発開発途上国に分類されている国々について 
2-2 2018 3 LDCs 1971
25 LDCs 2018 4 3 2
4 33 1 47 LDCs
1971 2018 LDCs 4 2
LDCs 7  
 
2-2  
 
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis 
Division, Committee for Development Policy LDCs  
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf 
2018 8 29  
 
                                                  
6 United Nations Development Policy and Analysis Division, LDC Criteria.  
7 1994 2007 2011 2014 LDCs
(UNCD 2015)
2020 12 4 (UN 2015)  
木　下　俊　和
 8
3. 後発開発途上国に対する国際支援措置について 
3.1 LDCs 支援のための行動計画 
1981 10 LDCs
(Program of Action: PoA) ( 3-1)  
1981 1 PoA
(UNDP 2015) 2 PoA 1990
LDCs
3 PoA 2001 1995 WTO
LDCs
 
2011 4 PoA LDCs
8 4 PoA LDCs
(smooth transition)
LDC
 (  2011)  
 
3-1 PoA  
 
Source: Committee for Development Policy and United Nations, 2015, Handbook on the Least 
Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures Second Edition, 
United Nations, New York, Box .1, pp.21-22  
 
PoA PoA
PoA 3 2001
PoA 1 1981
PoA 2 1990
PoA 4 2011
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 9
LDCs 3
1 2
3  
 
3.2 国際貿易についての支援措置 
(1) (2)WTO
(3)  
3
Duty-Free and Quota-Free: DFQF
LDC DFQF  2012
LDC 84 54
(UNCDP 2015)  
WTO (Special Differential Treatment: SDT) WTO
LDCs
SDT 5 (1) (2)LDCs
(3) LDC (4)LDCs
(5) SDT
LDCs
LDCs WTO
LDCs 
8  
1997
(Integrated Framework: IF)  (1)
(2) (3)
3 IF
                                                  
8 SDT (1986 1994 )
(UNCDP 2015)  
木　下　俊　和
 10
IF LDC
 
 
3.3 金融および技術支援を含む開発援助 
(Official Development Assistance: ODA)
 
2011 4 PoA OECD/DAC9
LDCs GNI 0.15% 0.2% ODA
2015 LDCs ODA GNI 0.15%
0.2%  
LDCs
LDCs
LDCs
 
 
3.4 その他の支援について 
LDCs (1) (2)
(3)LDC  
1 LDCs
 
2
LDCs GNI
0.01%
0.001% 18 LDCs  
3 LDCs CDP 3
LDCs 4 PoA
LDC LDC
                                                  
9 
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 11
2012 12 21 LDC
LDC
LDC
 
(UNCDP 2018)  
LDCs
LDCs
 
 
3.5 LDCs 卒業に向けてのプロセス 
LDCs CDP 3 3
GNI 2 3
 
  
木　下　俊　和
 12
3-1 LDC  
 
UN-OHRLLS(United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed 
Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States), 2017, "A Guide to 
Least Developed Country Graduation", United Nations, pp.12-13.  
 
3-1 LDC CDP 1
CDP
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: UNCTAD 3
(United Nations 
Department of Economic and Social Affairs: UN-DESA)
3 CDP ECOSOC
ECOSOC CDP
LDC
 
 
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 13
4. 後発開発途上国卒業の重要性  
4.1 2018 年 3 ヶ年評価 
CDP 2018 3 3 10 3
LDCs LDCs
CDP LDCs
 
6
11  
 GNI(2,401 ) HAI(72.9)
2015 12 2018 -2023 20
LDC
 
GNI(2,986 ) 3
CDP LDCs
 
HAI(71.2) EVI(28.4) 2
GNI
2015
CDP LDC
2021
 
CDP LDCs
GNI1,684 HAI86.0 EVI41.2
                                                  
10 United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Committee for Development Policy, “Report on  
 the Twentieth Session”, E/2018/33, United Nations, New York.  
11 (UNCDP 2018)  
12 GNI HAI EVI 2018 CDP
United Nations, Economic Analysis & Policy Division, “LDC Data”, United Nations. 
 https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-data 
 -retrieval.html (29 August 2018) 
木　下　俊　和
 14
 
GNI(1,763 ) HAI(74.8) 2
EVI
CDP LDC
HAI
 
GNI(2,656 )
2018 HAI(66.6)
EVI(56.8)
CDP LDC 2021 3  
6 LDCs
2012 LDCs
3  
LDCs
 
 
4.2 後発開発途上国卒業事例について 
1971 LDCs 7
2015
4
7  
1971 LDCs 2017
43.6 300 GDP 3.3%
23.0% 73.7% 13
                                                  
13 World Bank, 2018, World Development Indicators
2017  
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 15
GNI 2006 CDP 2,320 2009 2,940 2015
6,645 2018 9,200 ( 4-1) HAI
2006 81.9 2009 87.5 2 2018 91.4 
EVI 3 2
EVI 2009 58.2 2012 55.2 2015 49.9 2018
50.9  
 
4-1 LDCs  
2006 2009 2012 2015 2018  
 
Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social 
Affairs, 2015, "Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special 
Support Measures Second Edition", New York. United Nations Department of Economics & Social Affairs 
Committee for Development Policy, 2015, “The Least Developed Country Category 2006, 2009, 2012, 
2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. 
 
 
4-2 LDCs  
2006 2009 2012 2015 2018  
 
Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social 
Affairs, 2015, "Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special 
Support Measures Second Edition", New York. United Nations Department of Economics & Social Affairs 
Committee for Development Policy, 2015, “The Least Developed Country Category 2006, 2009, 2012, 
2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. 
 
 
2014
2017 19.6 2,840 1 GDP
5,473 6,645 9,2002,320 2,940
1,596 2,240 2,880 3,319 4,124
木　下　俊　和
 16
9.3% 2 24.2% 3 68.6% 14 2006
GNI 1,596 2009 2,240 2012 2,880
4-2 HAI 2006 90.4 2009 92.2 2012 92.8
2 EVI
2015 CDP 44.0 2018
GNI4,124 HAI94.1 EVI39.7  
 
4-3 LDCs  
2006 2009 2012 2015 2018  
 
Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social 
Affairs, 2015, "Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special 
Support Measures Second Edition", New York. United Nations Department of Economics & Social Affairs 
Committee for Development Policy, 2015, “The Least Developed Country Category 2006, 2009, 2012, 
2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. 
 
 
2017
127 2 8
1 GDP 2.1% 2 60.0%
3 37.9% 15 2015
GNI 16,089 HAI 54.8 EVI 39.3 ( 4-3) 2006
GNI 3,393 HAI EVI
2018 GNI 9,665
HAI EVI 27.8 2018
GNI 9,665 HAI 58.4 EVI 27.8  
2017 27.6 12,190
1 GDP 28.2% 2
                                                  
14 World Bank, 2017, World Development Indicators
2017  
15 World Bank 2017, World Development Indicators
2017  
16,089 9,6653,393 8,957 15,090
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 17
9.1% 3 62.7% 2014 16 2015 LDCs
GNI 2,997 HAI 81.3 EVI 47.7 2009
2 ( 4-4) 2018
GNI 3,014 HAI78.5 EVI 47.0 2013 3
2017 12 4
2020 12 4 17  
GNI
HAI EVI
 
 
4-4 LDCs  
2006 2009 2012 2015 2018  
 
Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social 
Affairs, 2015, "Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special 
Support Measures Second Edition", New York. United Nations Department of Economics & Social Affairs 
Committee for Development Policy, 2015, “The Least Developed Country Category 2006, 2009, 2012, 
2015 Country Snapshots”, New York.  
  
                                                  
16 World Bank Database, World Development Indicators  
 
17 United Nations, General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/78, 17 December 2015.  
木　下　俊　和
 18
4-5 LDC  
 
United Nations, Economic Analysis & Policy Division, "LDCS at a Glance", UN. 
 (14 Sep. 2018)  
 
4-5 LDC LDC
GNI
HAI
EVI
 
LDCs
HAI
LDCs
 
LDC GNI HAI EVI
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 19
4.6 後発開発途上国からの卒業の重要性 
LDC
LDC
LDC LDC
 2011 27  
LDCs
LDC
 
LDCs
 2010 
52  
1980
1990
 
木　下　俊　和
 20
LDCs  
LDCs
EVI
 
1971 LDCs
1975 1986
1997
LDCs
4.1 2018 3 CDP3
2024
 
LDC
LDC
CDP
LDCs LDC
 
まとめ 
LDCs
LDCs
LDC
LDC
LDC  
1994 2018
3
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 21
LDCs  
LDC LDC
LDC
 
 
＜参考文献＞ 
 (1991)   
 (1971)   
 (1961) 4  
 
 (1969) ( )   
  (1959)   
S S  (1958) 
  
  (1979)   
  (1971) 6  
 (1979)   NHK  
  (1955)   
     (1967) 
 
  (2010)    
 (1971)   
 (2006)    
F   (1962)
  
M F W W  (1958) 
 
木　下　俊　和
 22
H   (1968)   
 
 (2011)   
No.4 1-31    
   (1960) 
 
Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and  
Social Affairs (2015) Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category:    
    Inclusion, Graduation, and Special Support Measures Second Edition New York 
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (2016) Five Year National Socio-Economic 
Development Plan  (2016-2020) Vientiane 
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Ministry of Planning and Investment (2015) The  
Millennium Development Goals and Lessons Learnt for the Post-2015 Period: A  
Summary Review Vientiane 
    *supported by the United Nations in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 
Ministry of Planning and Investment, and United Nations Development Programme  
in Lao PDR (2017) Graduation from Least Developed Country Status Lao PDR  
2017 The 5th National Human Development Report Vientiane  
United Nations (2016) The Least Developed Countries Report 2016 The Path to  
     Graduation and Beyond: Making the Most of the Process N.Y.  
United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2018) Report on the Twentieth Session 
E/2018/33 Economic and Social Council Official Records 2018 Supplement No.13  
United Nations Committee for Development Policy and Department of Economics &  
 Social Affairs Committee for Development Policy (2006) (2009) (2012) (2015)  
     The Least Developed Country Category 2015 Country Snapshots N.Y.  
United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2018) List of Least Development  
Countries (as of March 2018) UN N.Y. 
United Nations Development Programme (2018) Human Development Indices and  
Indicators 2018 Statistical Update UNDP N.Y.  
 
 
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 23
UN-OHRLLS (United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least   
    Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island  
  Developing States) (2017) A Guide to Least Developed Country Graduation  
United Nations pp.12-13. 
 (2017)   
   http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/index.html (2017 2 1 ) 
UNDP  (2016)   
UNDP  
    http://www.jp.undp.org/content/tokyo/ja/home/sdg/mdgoverview/mdgs.html 
    (2016 11 26 ) 
International Monetary Fund Website (2017) Public Information Notice No.07/106  
International Monetary Fund 
    http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2007/pn07106.htm (05 Jan. 2017) 
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2018) “DAC Members”   
OECD.  
    http://oecd.org/dac/dacmembershtm#members (11 September 2018) 
United Nations (2018) Development Policy and Analysis Division Website LDC  
    Criteria, United Nations http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ 
  ldc/ldc_criteria.shtml (29 Dec. 2018) 
United Nations, Economic Analysis & Policy Division (2018) “LDC Data” United  
    Nations 
    https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ 
    ldc-data-retrieval.html (29 August 2018) 
World Bank Country and Lending Groups 
https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-
country-and-lending-groups (01 Sep 2018) 
World Bank (2018) New Country Classifications World Bank  
    http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications (01 Sep. 2018) . 
World Bank World Development Indicators (2018) World Bank  
    http://databank.worldbank.org/data/  (01 Sep. 2018)  
World Trade Organization (2018) “Special and Differential Treatment Provisions” 
木　下　俊　和
 24
    WTO. 
    https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dev_special_differential_ 
    provisions_e.htm (06 Sep. 2018) 
 
Summary 
 
A Summary of the Classification of the Least Developed Countries and 
a Consideration about the Graduation Problem 
 
Toshikazu Kinoshita 
 
From the 1950s to the 1960s, the words "low development (country / 
region)" or "backward (country / region)" were used and the concept of those 
words was discussed, however the definition was not clear. What was found 
as a common recognition from discussions on those words is that the industry 
is underdeveloped and economically poor, there are inadequacies in terms of 
health and hygiene, Unhealthiness arises, because education is inadequate, 
technical skills and productivity is low.  In addition, these issues are 
consistent with current development issues.  
Among the countries that have such development issues, the United 
Nations has classified countries that are particularly delayed in development 
as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and the United Nations agencies 
and other international organizations and donor countries, etc.  have been 
supporting this. The United Nations Committee for Development Policy 
(UNCDP) defines these countries as "low-income countries suffering from 
structural impediments to sustainable development".  To identify LDCs, the 
CDP uses three criteria: GNI per capita, Human Assets Index and Economic 
Vulnerability Index to set inclusion and LDC graduation thresholds to 
evaluate every three years.  
The framework of international cooperation for assistance to LDCs is 
後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察
 25
implemented based on the Program of Action (PoA), and the 4 the PoA in 
2011 emphasized the support measures for smooth transition from LDCs. 
Support measures for them follow, (1) support measures for international 
trade, (2) development assistance including financial and technical 
cooperation, and (3) other general support are carried out. In addition, these 
assistances have been taken into consideration so that LDCs graduate from 
the LDCs category and can develop independently after that. 
Since the LDCs classification began in 1971, countries graduated from 
the LDC are only Botswana (in 1994) and Cabo Verde (in 2007). However, in 
recent years the number of countries that meet the graduation standards has 
increased, seven countries have so far received graduation certification, and 
it is in process of graduation or graduation. In addition, in the 2018 triennial 
evaluation, countries that met the graduation standard for the first time also 
appeared. It is pointed out that some LDCs are afraid of losing the benefits of 
various support measures and some countries hesitate to graduate. However, 
like Lao PDR, in some countries, since 1997, LDCs graduation has been 
developing for many years as a national development goal. The objective of 
development is to enrich the country economically and socially and it is 
important to focus on the graduation problem in that LDCs have the basis for 
enabling sustainable development. 
 


A Summary of the Classification of the Least Developed Countries and a Consideration about the Graduation Problem

幸田, 亮一

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
坂本 正先生の退職記念号に寄せて (坂本正教授 退
職記念号)
著者 幸田 亮一
雑誌名 熊本学園商学論集
巻 23
号 2
発行年 2019-03-29
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003178/
坂　本　　　正　教授
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Haitian, Haitian Creole

坂本 正先生の退職記念号に寄せて (坂本正教授 退職記念号)

藤原, 秀夫

6336

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
テーラー・ルールと単純なマクロ経済モデル (坂本
正教授 退職記念号)
著者 藤原 秀夫
雑誌名 熊本学園商学論集
巻 23
号 2
ページ 69-83
発行年 2019-03-29
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003182/
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1 D. Romer, Keynesian Macroeconomics without the LM curve, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 
Vol.14, No.2, 2000. 
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? P. Krugman, Currency Regimes, Capital Flows, and Crisis, IMF Economic Review, 
? Vol.26, August 2014. 
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? J. B. Taylor, The Role of the Exchange Rate in Monetary-Policy Rules, American Economic Review, 
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???????????Krugman ??????????? 
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???????????????????????????????????????2008
                                                          
8 ?????????????????????????????????????????????
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9 ??????????????????????? 
? ? ????????????????????????2007???2????? 
? ? ????????????????????????????2015???????2????? 
? ??????????????????????? 
? ? J. B. Taylor, Discretion Versus Policy Rules in Practice, Carnegie-Rochester Conference  
Series on Public Policy 39, 1993. 
? ? R. M. Solow and J. B. Taylor, Inflation, Unemployment and Monetary Policy, MIT Press,
1998. 
????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????2008 ?????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????
????????????“It is not Money what makes the world go round, but credit”,?
??????????????It is Both Credit and Money what makes the world go round, 
and Credit Creation makes Money equal Credit in the volume?????? 
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Taylor Rule of Interest Rate and Simple Macroeconomic Models

熊本学園大学水俣学研究センター

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Record of Research Activities

金, 栄緑

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熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカRCA指数の変化 : 主
要3品目、1980~2016 (マング・マング・ルウィン教
授 退職記念号)
著者 金 栄緑
雑誌名 熊本学園大学経済論集
巻 25
号 1-4
ページ 169-185
発行年 2019-03-31
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003336/
 1
 
RCA  
 3 1980 2016  
 
 
 
要  旨 
1980 2016
Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA
RCA
3 1
3
60 3
3 RCA
1990
2000
2000 3 RCA 1
RCA 1
3
2000
RCA
 
 
1．はじめに 
1980 16,113 2016 143,935 36
793% 1 36 2
1997 2008
                                                  
1 RIETI-TID 2016  
金　　栄　緑
 2
 
1980
2001 WTO
2016 GDP 11.2 18.6 World Bank 2
1 2 100  
OECD
3
 
Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA 1980 2016
RCA
RCA
 
3 36 General machinery
Electrical machinery Transportation equipment
3 3
RCA
3
2  
2 RCA 3 1980
2016 3 4
 
                                                  
2 RCA 3
2  
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 3
２．顕示比較優位（RCA） 
Bela Balassa 1965
RCA  
Balassa 1965 RCA
i k
RCA
 
 
w
k
w
i
k
i
XX
XXRCA 1  
 
 i
k
i XX i k w
k
w XX
k RCA 1
k RCA 1
 
1
RCA  
 
w
k
w
ij
k
ij
k XX
XX
jiRCA ),( 2  
 
),( jiRCAk i j k RCA ij
k
ij XX i j
k  
RCA  Jeroen Hinloopen & Charles van Marrewijk 2001, p. 8
RCA 4  
Class a without a comparative advantage 0 < RCA  1  
Class b weak comparative advantage 1 < RCA  2  
金　　栄　緑
 4
Class c medium comparative advantage 2 < RCA  4  
Class d strong comparative advantage 4 < RCA  
RCA RCA RCA
RCA
1
3 2009  
RCA
RCA
 
 
3．分析期間中（1980～2016）の国際貿易 
1 %  
     *
1980 1,068 (6.6) 
354 (15.0) 
161 ( 1.0)
12 ( 0.5)
145 (0.9 )
44 (1.9 )
16,114 
 2,363
1985 1,702 ( 9.9) 
791 (22.6) 
273 ( 1.6)
41 ( 1.2)
238 (1.4 )
109 (3.1 )
17,246 
 3,505
1990 2,942 ( 9.1) 
925 (18.5) 
859 ( 2.7)
161 ( 3.2)
579 (1.8 )
191 (3.8 )
32,312 
 5,012
1995 4,545 ( 9.7) 
1,253 (16.8) 
2,229 ( 4.7)
481 ( 6.5)
1,111 (2.4 )
246 (3.3 )
46,984 
 7,455
2000 5,043 ( 8.2) 
1,466 (12.2) 
3,958 ( 6.4)
1,065 ( 8.8)
1,725 (2.8 )
410 (3.4 )
61,758 
 12,065
2005 6,491 (6.5) 
1,380 (8.2) 
9,883 ( 9.9)
2,569 (15.3)
2,969 (3.0 )
446 (2.7 )
99,958 
 16,776
2010 7,749 (5.6) 
1,142 (6.2) 
16,610 (12.0)
3,498 (18.9)
4,494 (3.2 )
481 (2.6 )
138,815 
 18,511
2016 6,884 (4.8) 
1,273 (6.2) 
20,126 (14.0)
4,313 (20.9)
5,031 (3.5 )
688 (3.3 )
143,936 
 20,664
RIETI-TID 2016  
 
*  
                                                  
3 comparative advantage reversals
Yeats1985  
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 5
1980 2016 1980 1 6,000
2016 14 3,936 6.8%
 
1980 161 1%
2016 14% 1
2002
 
FTA 1990
3% 1 1  
 
1 %  
     *
1980 1,068 (6.6) 
354 (15.0) 
161 ( 1.0)
12 ( 0.5)
145 (0.9 )
44 (1.9 )
16,114 
 2,363
1985 1,702 ( 9.9) 
791 (22.6) 
273 ( 1.6)
41 ( 1.2)
238 (1.4 )
109 (3.1 )
17,246 
 3,505
1990 2,942 ( 9.1) 
925 (18.5) 
859 ( 2.7)
161 ( 3.2)
579 (1.8 )
191 (3.8 )
32,312 
 5,012
1995 4,545 ( 9.7) 
1,253 (16.8) 
2,229 ( 4.7)
481 ( 6.5)
1,111 (2.4 )
246 (3.3 )
46,984 
 7,455
2000 5,043 ( 8.2) 
1,466 (12.2) 
3,958 ( 6.4)
1,065 ( 8.8)
1,725 (2.8 )
410 (3.4 )
61,758 
 12,065
2005 6,491 (6.5) 
1,380 (8.2) 
9,883 ( 9.9)
2,569 (15.3)
2,969 (3.0 )
446 (2.7 )
99,958 
 16,776
2010 7,749 (5.6) 
1,142 (6.2) 
16,610 (12.0)
3,498 (18.9)
4,494 (3.2 )
481 (2.6 )
138,815 
 18,511
2016 6,884 (4.8) 
1,273 (6.2) 
20,126 (14.0)
4,313 (20.9)
5,031 (3.5 )
688 (3.3 )
143,936 
 20,664
RIETI-TID 2016  
 
*  
 
金　　栄　緑
 6
1 1980 2016 %  
 
RIETI-TID 2016  
 
2 1 3
2 3
3
1980 30% 45% 2016 18.5% 13.7%
80 10% 2016 21.4%
2A  
 
2 4 1980 2016 %  
A B  
 
RIETI-TID 2016 JPN CHN ROK  
                                                  
4 A / % B /
%  
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
 
ROK
JPN 
CHN
CHN 
ROK 
JPN 
CHN 
JPN 
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 7
5
 
1980 15% 1986 25%
2010 6% 1980 5%
1990 2010 20%
1980 2016
1990 3%
2B  
3 General 
machinery Electrical machinery Transportation equipment
3 6  
2 3 %  
 
1980 699 (15.7) 
254 (36.0) 
8 (0.2)
0.4 (0.1)
32 (0.7)
12 (1.6)
4,450  
706 
1985 1,269 (21.2) 
638 (40.7) 
17 (0.3)
3 (0.2)
74 (1.2)
38 (2.4)
5,973  
1,569 
1990 2,146 (18.0) 
738 (33.6) 
163 (1.4)
27 (1.2)
213 (1.8)
81 (3.7)
11,895  
2,194 
1995 3,285 (17.4) 
1,022 (27.9) 
550 (2.9)
137 (3.7)
586 (3.1)
172 (4.7)
18,878  
3,660 
2000 3,661 (13.8) 
1,177 (20.4) 
1,400 (5.3)
399 (6.9)
1,012 (3.8)
305 (5.3)
26,599  
5,772 
2005 4,485 (11.4) 
1,098 (16.1) 
4,667 (11.9)
1,195 (17.5)
1,842 (4.7)
321 (4.7)
39,312  
6,819 
2010 4,810 (10.0) 
857 (12.3) 
8,292 (17.2)
1,736 (24.9)
2,568 (5.3)
341 (4.9)
48,180  
6,975 
2016 4,400 (8.0) 
997 (10.8) 
10,522 (19.0)
2,249 (24.3)
2,991 (5.4)
473 (5.1)
55,319  
9,266 
1  
3  
*  
                                                  
5 RIETI-TID2016
FOB CIF  
6 RIETI-TID 32 
13 
2  
金　　栄　緑
 8
3 1980 699
65.4% 2000 3,661 72.6% 2016 4,400 63.9%
70% 1980 4 8
4.8% 2000 1,400 35.4% 2016
1 522 52.3% 1980 32 22.0% 2000
1,012 58.7% 2016 2,991 59.5%  
3 1990 20%
3% 2010
10% 2016 8.0%  
2000 5% 1980
20% 2000 5%
2005  
3 1980 4,450 2000 26,599 2016
55,319 3 1980
16.6% 2000 22.8% 2016 32.4%  
3 3
 
 
3 3 %  
A B  
  
RIETI-TID 2016  
 
 
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
CHN
ROK
JPN 
JPN 
ROK 
CHN 
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 9
40% 1980
1990 10%
2005  
2000
5%  
 
4．個別産業のRCA指数の結果 
1）一般機械 
SITC Rev. 3
1980 1,372 2000 9,018
2016 17,321
12  
1980 34 21.4%
1988 35.1% 2016 274
9.5%  
1980 400 1990 3
2000 2016 869
30.1%
2003 1996 2004
1 7  
1990 3.6% 2016 95
 
 
RCA
1980 1.13 1994 1.92 2016 1.79
1980 2016 RCA 1.67 1
                                                  
7 2 3 4 SITC Rev.3 71 72 73 74
RIETI-TID UN comtrade  
金　　栄　緑
 10
 
2000 0.29 2002 1.02 2005
2016 1.68  
RCA 1992 1 1993 1.17
2002 10
1993 1.3
2010 2016 RCA  
1.89  1.87  1.42  
3 1  
 
3  
     
1980 34 (21.4) / 1.13 0.04 (0.03) / 0.04 0.8 (0.5) / 0.21 1,372
1985 114 (32.3) / 1.41 0.4 (0.1) / 0.07 4.8 (1.4) / 0.43 1,756
1990 210 (31.1) / 1.70 3.3  (0.5) / 0.15 19 (2.8) / 0.75 4,306
1995 346 (28.2) / 1.91 32  (2.6) / 0.45 47 (3.8) / 1.32 6,820
2000 370 (20.6) / 1.73 132  (7.3) / 0.85 98 (5.4) / 1.63 9,018
2005 331 (15.1) / 1.83 500 (22.8) / 1.49 64 (2.9) / 1.09 13,089
2010 218  (9.3) / 1.64 761 (32.7) / 1.87 86 (3.7) / 1.53 16,125
2015 276  (9.1) / 1.83 935 (30.1) / 1.72 113 (3.7) / 1.32 17,607
2016 274  (9.5) / 1.79 869 (30.1) / 1.68 95 (3.3) / 1.14 17,321
%  RCA  
 
4  
A %       B RCA 
 
RIETI-TID 2016  
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
JPN 
CHN
ROK CHN
JPN 
ROK 
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 11
２）電気機械 
SITC Rev. 3
1980 1,756 2000 10,977
2016 21,870
2005 14%  
1980 87 35.0%
80 1989 2000
2016 178 80
80 8 2000
2  
1980 4000 1995 100
2000 2002 1,000 2016 1,227
2016 38.1%
2002
 
1980 10 4.2%
1995
5%  
 
RCA 1980 2.25
1990 2.0 2000 1.2 2015 1 2016
RCA 0.92  
1980 0.5 1990 1
RCA 1.17 2010 2.0 2016 RCA 1.87
 
RCA
1980 RCA 2.18
2.0 1990 2012
                                                  
8 1986 7 1987 4
100% 1987/04/18  
金　　栄　緑
 12
3  
2010 2016 RCA  
2.01 1.86  1.14  
 
 
4  
     
1980 87 (35.0) / 2.25 0.4 (0.2) / 0.31 10 (4.2) / 2.18 1,756
1985 268 (45.3) / 2.40 2.7 (0.4) / 0.46 32 (5.3) / 2.04 2,438
1990 227 (33.1) / 2.03 22.8 (3.3) / 1.17 48 (6.9) / 2.06 3,907
1995 344 (26.0) / 1.80 100 (7.6) / 1.37 106 (8.0) / 2.81 7,159
2000 362 (17.1) / 1.39 246 (11.6) / 1.30 150 (7.1) / 2.06 10,977
2005 261 (10.7) / 1.20 646 (26.6) / 1.59 148 (6.1) / 2.10 15,806
2010 199 (8.8) / 1.25 895 (24.3) / 1.83 156 (6.0) / 2.32 19,423
2015 183 (6.3) / 0.99 1,289 (29.6) / 1.93 153 (4.7) / 1.47 21,634
2016 178 (6.6) / 0.92 1,227 (28.7) / 1.87 161 (5.0) / 1.54 21,870
%  RCA  
 
5  
 
A %       B RCA 
  
 RIETI-TID 2016  
  
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
ROK
JPN 
CHN
ROK 
JPN 
CHN
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 13
3）輸送機械 
Transportation Equipment SITC S3-78 79
 
2016 16,128 11.2%
10.4% 1980 289 2016
1,600 1990 20
2000 10  
1980 133 44.5 2016 544
1987 40% 90
30% 2016 17.2%  
1990
1980 5,000 100
2004 115 2010 500 2016 600
4%  
 
5  
     
1980 133 (44.5) / 4.60 0.0 (0.0) / 0.00 0.3 (3.7) / 0.09 1,321
1985 256 (41.0) / 3.14 0.1 (0.0) / 0.02 1.5 (0.2) / 0.13 1,780
1990 300 (36.2) / 2.85 0.9 (8.5) / 0.05 14 (1.7) / 0.66 3,682
1995 331 (29.8) / 2.53 4.8 (0.1) /0.10 20 (1.8) / 0.76 4,899
2000 445 (24.0) / 2.84 21 (0.4) / 0.18 57 (3.0) / 1.29 6,604
2005 507 (23.1) / 3.52 49 (1.1) / 0.18 109 (5.0) / 2.34 10,417
2010 440 (21.4) / 4.24 80 (2.2) / 0.25 99 (4.8) / 2.26 12,633
2015  519 (16.2) / 3.86 152 (4.8) / 0.31 231 (7.2) / 3.05 15,700
2016 544 (17.2) / 3.82 153 (4.8) / 0.32 217 (6.9) / 2.82 16,128
%  RCA  
 
100 2012 107 2016
金　　栄　緑
 14
153 4.8%  
1980 2 1985 90 50
2000 500 2015 700
4.8%
9 1986 20
10
1988
72.4% 2010 30% 2016
671 217 32.4%
6.9%  
 
6  
A % B RCA 
 
RIETI-TID 2016  
 
RCA
RCA 1980 4.60 2000
2.99 RCA 2000 2016
3.87 1980 2016
 
RCA 1980 RCA 0
1987 1 90
                                                  
9 1986 176 12
9  
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
80828486889092949698000204060810121416
JPN 
JPN 
ROK 
CHN 
CHN
ROK
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 15
2000 2016 RCA 2.30  
90
0.22 2005 2016
RCA  
4.07 2.59 0.26  
 
 
５．おわりに  
3 RCA 3
 
3
1990 2000
2000 3 RCA 1
RCA  
3
RCA 1 2013
 
2000
RCA
 
RCA RCA
RCA
RCA  
 
 
金　　栄　緑
 16
参考文献 
2002
International Department 
Working Paper Series 020J-1   
2008  
        2 pp. 55-69.  
2011 1995 2009  
        17 1 2 pp. 275-288. 
2009  
110 2 pp. 1-38. 
 2016
 
2003 87          
 
Balassa, B. (1965) “Trade Liberalization and Revealed Comparative Advantage,” 
          Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 33 (2), pp. 99-123. 
Hinloopen, J. and C. van Marrewijk (2001) “On the Empirical Distribution of the Balassa 
Index, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 137, No. 1, pp.1-35. 
Yeats, Alexander J. (1985) “On the appropriate interpretation of the revealed comparative 
advantage index: Implications of a methodology based on industrial sector 
analysis.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 121, No. 1, pp. 61-75. 
United Nations, Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE), Database Service. 
Research Institute of Economy, Trade & Industry, IAA, RIETI-TID 2016 Database Service. 
World Bank Open Data, The World Bank, Database Service 
  
日本・中国・韓国の対アメリカ RCA指数の変化　― 主要 3品目、1980 ～ 2016 ―
 17
Summary 
 
Changes of RCA index in Japan, China and Korea: 
 Exports to the United States, 1980-2016 
 
Youngrok Kim 
 
  This paper considers the trade structure in Japan, China and Korea’s 
exports from 1980 to 2016 by using the Revealed Comparative Advantage 
index (RCA). Literature argues that patterns of trade are determined by the 
comparative advantage, and the comparative advantage can be seen as a 
measure of productivity superiority and export competitiveness. The RCA 
index represents the degree of comparative advantage and it is argued that 
changes in RCA index reveal changes of the structure of export industry. 
For Japan, China, and Korea, the main export partner is the United States. 
and trade statistics  show that the important export goods for Japan, China 
and Korea are general machinery, electric machinery and transportation 
equipment. For these reasons, this paper focuses on these three categories 
exports to the United States. 
We confirmed that the patterns of change in the RCA index of the three 
goods are different. For example, results show that after 2000, Japan’s share 
of exports to the United States decreased while China increased its share. 
Examining this and other changes in the RCA index suggests that the index 
does reflect changes in the structure of export industries. 
 


Changes of RCA index in Japan, China and Korea : Exports to the United States, 1980-2016

熊本学園大学商学会

熊本学園大学　機関リポジトリ
『熊本学園商学論集』第23巻第1号　表紙、奥付、
裏表紙
著者 熊本学園大学商学会
雑誌名 熊本学園商学論集
巻 23
号 1
発行年 2019-01-28
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003167/
熊本学園
商学論集
第23巻　第１号 （通巻第60号）2019・1
論　　文
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
山田　喜康 
米川　　清
市場-階層アプローチからガバナンス構造アプローチへ
－ウィリアムソンの方針転換についての批判的検討－
熊本学園大学商学会
ISSN  1341－0199
「ふるさと納税制度」と「企業版ふるさと納税制度」の相違点および問題点
（1）
北原明彦教授 追悼文
北原明彦教授 追悼号
幸田　亮一
今村　寛治
（21）
栁瀬　成博
課税所得計算における企業会計の役割
（35）
………………………………………………… 吉村　純一
リキッド化するノマドのライフスタイル
：ノマド・オブジェとの関係を中心にして
（47）
………………………………………………… 畠山　　直
戦略ＰＲの概念とその有効性をめぐる議論の潮流
（65）
研究ノート
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
堀越　昌和
林　　　裕
終末期保障の在り方
－リビング・ニーズ特約の効用－
熊本地震における企業の災害リスクマネジメント
－成果と課題－
（87）
（99）
熊本学園商学論集
第23巻　第１号 （通巻第60号）2019・1
平成31年（2019年） 1月21日　印刷
平成31年（2019年） 1月28日　発行
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印　　　刷
執筆者紹介
吉　村　純　一
米　川　　　清
栁　瀬　成　博
山　田　喜　康
畠　山　　　直
林　　　　　裕
堀　越　昌　和
（熊 本 学 園 大 学 商 学 部 教 授）
（熊 本 学 園 大 学 商 学 部 教 授）
（熊本学園大学大学院商学研究科博士後期課程）
（熊本学園大学大学院商学研究科博士後期課程）
（熊本学園大学大学院商学研究科博士課程修了）
（熊 本 学 園 大 学 商 学 部 教 授）
（福山平成大学経営学部准教授）
KUMAMOTO-GAKUEN UNIVERSITY
THE SOCIETY OF COMMERCE
Articles :
CONTENTS
……………………………………………………………   Yoshiyasu Yamada
…………………………………………………………… Kiyoshi Yonekawa
From Markets-Hierarchies Approach to Governance Structure Approach
　－Critical Studies about Williamson’s Conversion－
A Study on Differences and Problems between “Hometown Tax System” 
and “Corporate Version of Hometown Tax System” in Japan
Research Notes :
………………………………………………………… Masakazu Horikoshi
………………………………………………………………… Hiroshi Hayashi
Disaster Risk Management of Companies in The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
   － Achievements and challenges ―
How to live in the Terminal Stage.
……………………………………………………………… Narihiro Yanase
The Role of Corporate Accounting in Taxable Income Calculation
…………………………………………………………… Junichi Yoshimura
The Liquid Lifestyle of the Nomad: Focusing on the Relationship 
with Nomad Objects
…………………………………………………………… Sunao Hatakeyama
A Consideration on a Concept of Strategic PR and a Trend of 
Studies about the Effects
THE KUMAMOTO-GAKUEN JOURNAL OF COMMERCE
Vol.23  No.1 2019.1
Memorial Issue of the Number for Prof. Akihiko Kitahara


The Kumamoto-Gakuen Journal of Commerce Vol.23(1) Cover, Colophon, Back cover

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A Case Study of an Application of Drones as a Contents of Introductory Computer Science Education

Tatsuo Ogose in Deutschland

Problems of Cambodian Economy Seen from Trade and Investment Structure (マング・マング・ルウィン教授退職記念号)

Freedom of Speech : Its Coverage and Purpose

A Summary of the Classification of the Least Developed Countries and a Consideration about the Graduation Problem

坂本正先生の退職記念号に寄せて (坂本正教授退職記念号)

Taylor Rule of Interest Rate and Simple Macroeconomic Models

Record of Research Activities

Changes of RCA index in Japan, China and Korea : Exports to the United States, 1980-2016

The Kumamoto-Gakuen Journal of Commerce Vol.23(1) Cover, Colophon, Back cover

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