Horizon e-Publishing Group (HePG): E-Journals
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Comparative study on droplet parameters and weed control efficiency under UAV and Knapsack manual sprayer for herbicide application in summer cotton
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2024 at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karaikal, Puducherry to evaluate the impact of different spray volume using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) sprayer and Knapsack Manual Sprayer (KMS) on droplet deposition, density, distribution, drift and weed control efficiency. The experiment involved the application of pre-emergence herbicide namely pendimethalin 1 kg/ha under UAV spray at 25, 37.5, 50 L/ha compared with KMS 500 L/ha and unweeded control in a randomized block design with three replications. The findings indicated that the KMS system at 500 L/ha demonstrated the highest droplet count, whereas the UAV system provided better droplet distribution at a spray volume of 37.5 L/ha. The theoretical field capacity, effective field capacity and Field Efficiency (FE) are higher in UAV spray (7.2, 3.3 and 80.7) respectively, than KMS (0.3, 0.1 and 33.3) respectively. Spray drift got reduced whenever spray volume decreased and vice versa. Whereas, UAV spray volume of 50 L/ha recorded drift at a distance of 5 m, unlike the other spray volumes tested. The UAV system at 37.5 L/ha achieved better weed control effectiveness which was statistically comparable to the KMS system at 500 L/ha. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the UAV spraying system at 37.5 L/ha spray volume in achieving efficient weed control with better droplet distribution. Thus, the UAV spraying system holds considerable potential as a practical and efficient alternative to manual knapsack spraying for herbicide application in summer cotton
Effect of mineral nitrogen and organics on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Typic Ustifluvents soil
Get PDFRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for nearly half of the world\u27s population. To meet the global demand of growing population, rice production must be substantially increased with the adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). With this background, present field study was conducted in 2023 at a farmer’s holding in Kuttalam to evaluate the effect of organics alone or mineral nitrogen alone or in combination tested on an N-equivalent basis on sandy clay loam soil (Padugai series- Typic Ustifluvents). The research was conducted during Samba season (Oct- Feb. 2023) using a randomized block design with three replications. Rice variety was used as the test crop, with ten treatments consisting of Nitrogen applied on an equivalent basis with organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and a control. Based on N equivalent basis, the required quantities of organic manures were applied to rice. Observations on growth parameters viz. (plant height, tiller count, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), grain and straw yield were recorded and the data were analysed using LSD at 5 % probability level for significant differences. The results revealed that the application of 75 % RDN (urea) combined with 25 % N (poultry manure) (T7) achieved the highest growth parameters grain yield and straw yield in rice, Where the lowest values were recorded in the control (T1). The findings demonstrate that a combined application of mineral nitrogen and organic fertilizers is required to achieve the maximum rice yield
Effect of organic foliar nutrition on the productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Get PDFA field trial was conducted at the Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute (ADAC & RI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tiruchirappalli during the Samba season of 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effect of foliar applications of vermiwash, panchagavya and jeevamrutha on rice productivity. The chosen experimental design was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, comprising seven treatments. These included the standard recommended fertilizer dose (187.5:50:50 kg NPK ha-1) alone and in combination with either a 2.5 % or 5 % spray of vermiwash, panchagavya, or jeevamrutha. Foliar applications of vermiwash, panchagavya and jeevamrutha were applied at panicle initiation, tillering and flowering stages in the variety TNAU Rice TRY 3. The results demonstrated that combining the recommended dosage of the fertilizers (187.5:50:50 kg NPK ha-1) with 5 % vermiwash foliar spray remarkably enhanced growth parameters such as total number of tillers, plant height and total accumulation of dry matter while also improving physiological traits (e.g., SPAD value) and yield components, including productive tillers, test weight, grains per panicle and both grain and straw yield
Effect of fertilizer and organic carbon source combined with foliar spray of nano zinc and seaweed extract on growth and yield of Red bhendi
Get PDFAn experiment was Carried out at farmer’s field in Sivapuri village, Chidambaram taluk, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu during January-April, 2023 to examine the effects of fertilizer andorganic carbon source with foliar spray of nano zinc and seaweed extract on growth and yield of red bhendi (Kashi Lalima var VROR 157). Kashi Lalima is a red okra variety released by IIVR, Varanasi, in 2019. The fruits are reddish-purple in color and exhibits tolerance to yellow vein mosaic disease and okra leaf curl virus. Red-fruited okra has received much attention from consumers due to its appealing color and health-promoting constituents. The experiment was laid in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments included,T1 - control, T₂ - 100 % RDF, T3 – 100 % RDF + nano zinc @ 0.1 % (3 times FS), T4 - 100 % RDF + SWE @ 2.5 % (3 times FS), T5 – 100 % RDF + OCS @ 2.5 t ha-1, T6 - 100 % RDF + OCS @ 5.0 t ha-1, T7 - 100 % RDF + OCS@ 2.5 t ha-1+ nano zinc @ 0.1 % (3 times FS), T8 - 100 % RDF + OCS @ 5.0 t ha-1 + nano zinc @ 0.1 % (3 times FS), T9 - 100 % RDF + OCS @ 2.5 t ha-1 + SWE @ 2.5 % (3 times FS), T10 - 100 % RDF + OCS @ 5.0 t ha-1 + SWE @ 2.5 % (3 times FS). The result showed that treatment T8 - 100 % RDF + OCS @ 5.0 t ha-1 + nano zinc @ 0.1 % (3 times FS) was the most effective exhibiting better growth, yield, yield attributes and quality characters
Innovative silvicultural strategies for sustainable Casuarina hybrid plantation and bioenergy production
Get PDFThis study explored the potential of Casuarina hybrid clone (A-01) as a promising energy crop for dendro-energy plantations, focusing on optimizing silvicultural practices like spacing and biochar application. Energy plantations, designed to produce high biomass on short rotations, play a critical role in sustainable energy solutions by providing renewable raw materials for bioenergy and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Casuarina species, known for their adaptability to varied soil and climatic conditions, fast growth and high biomass yield, are increasingly favoured for such purposes. The Casuarina hybrid further enhances these traits, offering improved growth rates, higher wood calorific values and potential benefits in soil health and carbon sequestration. The study was conducted by establishing a research plantation trial at a farmer’s field in Coimbatore, India, from December 2023 to August 2024, the experiment utilized a split-plot design over 0.4 acres, featuring five spacing treatments (1 m × 0.5 m, 1 m × 1 m, 1 m × 1.5 m, 1.5 m × 1.5 m and 2 m × 2 m) as main plots and four biochar levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg/plant) as subplots, with three replications. Key findings included a maximum survival rate (100 %) under combinations A1B3, A2B2 and A4B3. Plant height after six months ranged from 277.4 cm to 416.8 cm, with the tallest plants observed in A2B4. The largest collar diameter (5.01 cm) and highest biomass (5886.8 g) were recorded in A2B4 and A2B2, respectively, while the lowest biomass (2496.6 g) was associated with A3B1. The study demonstrated the synergistic effects of optimized spacing and biochar application on the growth, biomass production and soil enhancement of Casuarina hybrid, offering valuable insights for its potential as an energy crop
Zinc-Selenium nanocomposite enhances drought tolerance in pearl millet by improving photosynthesis
Get PDFPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is grown in arid and semi-arid regions of the world as a staple food crop owing to its better adaptability to different climatic conditions and nutrition. Due to climate change, occurrence of drought is becoming more frequent and in pearl millet, this drought stress at critical growth stages significantly reduces the yield. This generates the need to produce an appropriate technology for enhancing drought tolerance. Research shows that nanotechnology can provide an effective solution in the form of nanoparticle application. Previous studies have shown that foliar application of zinc-selenium quantum dot in maize under drought stress has shown to significantly enhance its drought tolerance. The pot culture experiment was conducted by adopting Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) design to evaluate the effect of zinc-selenium nanocomposite foliar application in mitigating the ill effects of drought stress in pearl millet at its peak vegetative stage. The zinc-selenium (Zn-Se) nanocomposite was applied at different doses which included 0 mg L-1 (water sprayed) as control, 5 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1, 15 mg L-1 and 20 mg L-1. Foliar application significantly reduced the impact of drought stress on growth and physiology of plant. It enhanced photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm ratio, plant height and plant girth compared to control plants. Also it reduces leaf temperature and F0 values in sprayed plants as compared to control. The study indicates that zinc-selenium nanocomposite at 20 mg L-1 was most effective in mitigating drought stress. Hence it can be concluded that foliar application of zinc-selenium nanocomposite at 20 mg L-1 can effectively enhance drought tolerance by stabilizing the photosynthesis associated traits thereby reducing the effect of drought stress in pearl millet at its peak vegetative stage
Insecticidal longevity and resistance trends in cauliflower pests: A survival analysis approach
Get PDFSurvival analysis is widely used to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticide trials on insect survival, which can also be used to estimate the durability of insecticides. This study focuses on the major pests of cauliflower that are capable of causing significant damage. Depending on the pest species and their population density, these infestations can lead to yield losses of up to 100 %. Major pest species in cauliflower are generally assumed to develop resistance more rapidly than minor pests. However, few studies have systematically analyzed published resistance data to compare resistance development among different species. Using 412 records from the Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database covering 16 species, this study applied survival analysis to estimate the number of generations required for resistance to emerge following insecticide introduction. The results revealed significant variation among species in resistance development rates. On average, resistance first appeared after 178 generations in tropical regions and 56.5 generations in temperate regions. Insecticide durability also varied by Mode of Action (MoA) and year of introduction. On average, insecticides remained effective for 184.6 generations in tropical regions and 54.73 generations in temperate regions. For Diamondback moth control, estimated longevity in tropical regions was 7 years for Diamides, 8.5 years for Spinosyns and 12.9 years for Milbemycins. In temperate regions, effectiveness was estimated at 7 years for Diamides, 9.75 years for Spinosyns and 18.75 years for Milbemycins. Unlike traditional methods that depend on periodic field surveys or lab tests, survival analysis uses time-based data, including censored information, to give more reliable and consistent estimates of how quickly resistance develops and how long insecticides remain effective across different pests and modes of action
Mycocidal effect of plant-based essential oil on rice brown spot / sesame leaf spot incited by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker
Get PDFThe present research work was assumed to inspect the effect of essential oils used for biological management of sesame leaf spot / rice brown spot caused by B. oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker. The essential oils viz., cinnamon oil, clove oil, citronella oil, thyme oil and rosemary oil were examined in different concentrations against B. oryzae under in vitro conditions. The results revealed that, citronella oil was found to be more effective against brown spot pathogen and completely inhibited the mycelial growth even at 2 % concentration onwards. Whereas in field conditions, citronella oil @ 0.2 % showed minimum disease incidence which is statistically on par with the fungicide difenoconazole (0.2 %). GC - MS analysis was conducted to identify the chemical compounds present in citronella oil, revealing a total of 60 different compounds. Among them linalyl acetate, geraniol, eugenol and geranyl acetate were identified as antimicrobial secondary metabolites. FT-IR analysis exhibited a characteristic peak at 2924.40 cm-1, corresponding to C-H stretching, typically observed within the 2850-2950 cm-1 range. This indicates the aliphatic nature of the hydrocarbons present in citronella oil. Based on the metabolomic analysis, the bioactive compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons in citronella oil may contribute to suppressing rice brown spot or sesame leaf spot disease and enhancing biometric attributes
A scale to measure attitude of farmers towards organic farming in Rajasthan
Get PDFWhen planning extension work in the region, it is important to understand farmers\u27 attitudes, as this helps in assessing their mindset and shaping better strategies. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument scale for assessing farmers attitude towards organic farming. The technique chosen to develop the attitude scale was Likert’s method of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale. Initially 55 statements were selected for construction of scale out of which 16 statements (9 positive and 7 negative) were finally selected to build a scale that would assess the attitude of farmers towards organic farming. The developed scale demonstrated reliability, with a reliability coefficient of 0.80 and its validity was assessed using content validity. Utilizing this scale in research will provide insights into farmers\u27 perspectives on organic farming and assist policymakers in designing strategies to promote sustainable agricultural practices
Brassinosteroids regulated target genes and their molecular evolution and interaction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) response to salt stress
Get PDFRice growth and development are significantly affected by salt stress. Exploring salt stress-tolerant genes and their regulatory pathways is essential for sustaining productivity and ensuring food security. The brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1)/BRI1-EMS1 suppressor (BES1) transcription factors play pivotal roles in regulating plant development and stress responses. However, studies specifically linking BZR1 to salt tolerance in rice remain limited. In this study, 33 predicted common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) interacting with BZR1 were identified and functionally characterized to encounter salt stress in rice. The phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed a strong evolutionary relationship between these rice genes and known Arabidopsis salt-tolerant genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment further confirmed that the cDEGs are significantly associated with key biological processes involved in the rice salt stress response. RNA-Seq results revealed distinct expression patterns of cDEGs between shoots and roots. In the shoots, 22 cDEGs were up-regulated, while 11 were down-regulated. In the roots, 14 cDEGs were up-regulated and 19 were down-regulated. This indicates tissue-specific regulatory responses under the experimental conditions. These findings highlight the differential regulatory roles of BZR1 across tissues under salt stress conditions. Overall, this study offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying BZR1-mediated salt tolerance and identifies promising candidate genes for future experimental validation and the development of salt-tolerant rice cultivars