Horizon e-Publishing Group (HePG): E-Journals
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Biological activities and phytochemical constituents of mace extract derived from Endocomia macrocoma
Get PDFThis study explores the phytochemical composition and biological activity of petroleum ether extract (PEEM) derived from the mace of Endocomia macrocoma. Methods employed include qualitative phytochemical screening, HPTLC, GC-MS, LC-MS, as well as free radical scavenging and antimicrobial assays. Preliminary screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids and tannins. Antioxidant activity was confirmed via HPTLC-DPPH and ABTS assays showing yielding IC₅₀ values of 143.68 ± 2.82 μg/mL and 105.28 ± 1.36 μg/mL, respectively. As the first comprehensive analysis of E. macrocoma mace, this study highlights its potential as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, supporting traditional medicinal use and offering prospects for pharmaceutical development.
Exploring the role of heterosis in improvement of floral and vegetative traits in Chrysanthemum
No full textIn the present study, eight genotypes of Chrysanthemum were crossed and heterosis was assessed in 28 F1 hybrids. The studies were conducted at the research plot of BTCC (Biotechnology Cum Tissue Culture Centre), Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology (OUAT) Bhubaneswar. The expression of heterosis in F1 hybrids of Chrysanthemum was evaluated in terms of their vegetative and floral attributes. Controlled crossing half-diallel mating design was followed and F1 hybrids were analysed for their performance. The results were compared to parental lines and the extent of heterosis was determined. Significant variation was noted for most characters. The hybrid (ACC-1 ×UHFS-68) was found to exhibit a significant negative heterosis (RH, MP) for the characters such as plant height, days to flower bud initiation and days to final bloom while a significant positive effect of heterosis was noted for flower yield. The cross (Shova × Arka Kirti) exhibited significant positive heterosis for the character flowers per plant and flower yield and negative heterosis was noted for the character days to flower bud initiation. Hybrid (Shova × ACC-1) was found superior to parent in terms of the number of flowers per plant. Both the hybrids showed superiority for this trait. Results revealed that the performance of F1 hybrids were superior to their parents for vegetative and floral attributes
Chemical composition and dual bioefficacy of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil: Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential
Get PDFChenopodium ambrosioides L., a perennial aromatic herb of the family Chenopodiaceae, has long been recognized in ethnomedicine for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of its essential oil obtained from leaves collected in the Western Ghats, South India and to evaluate its cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. Fresh leaves (2000 g) were hydro-distilled to yield 0.85 g (0.0425 %) of pale-yellow essential oil. The chemical profile was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying 21 constituents representing 85.8 % of the total composition. α-Terpinene (38.2 %) and β-caryophyllene (11.7 %) were the predominant compounds, with notable amounts of ρ-cymene (9.7 %) and trans-carvyl acetate (5.8 %). Cytotoxicity was assessed against A549 human lung cancer cells using the MTT assay. The oil displayed dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability with an IC₅₀ value of 29 ± 1.5 μg/mL. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated via the protein denaturation inhibition method using egg albumin, yielding an IC₅₀ value of 116.01 μg/mL. These findings indicate that C. ambrosioides essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, contributing to its significant cytotoxic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. The results support its traditional medicinal use and suggest potential for developing natural therapeutic agents against cancer and inflammatory conditions. Further studies focusing on individual components and in vivo evaluations are warranted
Cultivation to commercialization: A holistic view of the moringa oil supply chain
Get PDFMoringa oleifera, commonly known as the miracle tree, is widely cultivated for its nutritional and industrial benefits. Every part of the tree contributes to nutritional and culinary uses. This study examines the supply chain of moringa oil in Tamil Nadu, a key production region in India. It identifies major stakeholders, supply chain processes and challenges in moringa oil production. Data were collected from farmers, traders, processors, exporters, retailers and consumers through structured interviews, using a snowball sampling method. The study highlights key moringa varieties such as PKM1, ODC3 and Jaffna, commonly used for oil extraction. The researchoutlines different oil extraction techniques, including hydraulic and wood cold press methods and assesses their efficiency. The supply chain is mapped across six major channels, illustrating product flow from farms to consumers, both domestically and internationally. The findings indicate that moringa oil is in high demand across the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries, with a growing global market. Quality standards vary at different stages of the supply chain, affecting pricing and product acceptance. The study emphasizes the need for better supply chain coordination and quality awareness to enhance efficiency and profitability. These insightscontribute to optimizing the moringa oil industry and supporting its sustainable development
Predicting tomato yield under heat stress in Tamil Nadu using Machine Learning Models
Get PDFRise in temperature and its unpredictability has an adverse effect on growth and yield, making it an important variable in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of temperature variability on tomato yield and developing predictive models using Machine Learning (ML) techniques to forecast future productivity under changing climate. The tomato yield was predicted using Machine Learning Models (MLM) such as Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XG) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) in response to temperature changes. The model was evaluated and improved by comparing both Train-Test split (T-T) and K-fold cross validation techniques. Among these, the T-T method performed better and was used for model training and testing. The findings showed that RF model outperformed the others, with the T-T dataset, achieving Coefficient of Determination (R2) = 0.84, Mean Squared Error (MSE) = 7.88, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 2.81 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 1.19, followed by XGBoost and KNN. Additionally, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationship between yield and temperature. Moreover, future tomato yields were predicted under Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) for the period of 2023-2026 using the RF model. Tomato productivity is likely to increase gradually in the immediate future and eventually fall under extreme heat. These findings illustrate the potential of machine learning in forecasting tomato yield under varying temperature conditions, thereby aiding climate adaptation strategies and agricultural planning
Aerva lanata extract restores cellular viability and mitochondrial function against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity on human embryonic kidney cells
Get PDFAerva lanata, commonly used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and Siddha, is well known for its diuretic and lithotriptic properties in the management of urolithiasis and other urinary tract disorders. However, despite its widespread traditional use, comprehensive studies elucidating the nephroprotective mechanisms of A. lanata under conditions of chemically induced renal damage remain limited, warranting further investigation. The current study investigated the nephroprotective properties of ethyl acetate extract of Aerva lanata (EA-AL) against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The initial phytochemical evaluation of EA-AL indicated the presence of tannins, which were later quantified. The antioxidant activity of EA-AL was evaluated using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, while its nephroprotective activity was evaluated using the 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay. The results demonstrated that EA-AL significantly restored cell viability in gentamicin-exposed cells. Gentamicin exposure induced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation products and diminished antioxidant enzyme levels. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were effectively elevated and membrane peroxidation was diminished through co-treatment with EA-AL. Moreover, 2\u27, 7’-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) staining demonstrated that gentamicin exposure led to increased Reactive Oxygen Species ROS production, which was significantly reduced by EA-AL treatment. Exposure to gentamicin led to an elevation in depolarized viable and non-viable cells, indicating a disruption in mitochondrial membrane potential and overall mitochondrial integrity. The co-treatment with EA-AL successfully restored the population of viable cells. The reinstatement of cellular viability and mitochondrial function highlights the nephroprotective potential of EA-AL against imposed toxicity in HEK293cells
Investigating the therapeutic potential of Tabernaemontana alternifolia bark for managing lung squamous cell carcinoma
Get PDFThe high global incidence and mortality rates of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LUSC) are extremely concerning. Current therapeutic strategies face significant challenges, including drug toxicity and the growing resistance to Food and Drug Administration approved medications, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment options. Notably, natural alkaloids extracted from the plant Tabernaemontana alternifolia have exhibited promising anticancer effects across various cancer types. In this work, we focused on the molecular targets of LUSC for phytochemicals from T. alternifolia bark (TAB) and evaluated their potential as a therapeutic line for its treatment. A network pharmacology analysis was conducted to identify the molecular targets and pathways relevant to LUSC therapy. Additionally, validation of these findings through docking studies have been done. Results revealed that in-silico docking tests using AutoDock Vina, the plant\u27s compounds 9-methoxycamptothecin, camptothecin and heyneanine demonstrated the ability to inhibit LUSC cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. These compounds suppressed genes involved in crucial cellular processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, DNA repair and cell cycle control, which contribute to cancer management. Additionally, they also have the potential to inhibit the expression of key oncogenic factors, including MET, KDR and MMPs. This work provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of these compounds in LUSC. It suggests that they could be a promising novel therapeutic approach for combating LUSC soon. However, the safety and efficacy of TAB phytochemicals for LUSC treatment must be thoroughly validated through adequate preclinical and clinical trials
Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of Clitoria ternatea L. flower aqueous extract against HaCaT cell line
Get PDFClitoria ternatea L., traditionally used in Ayurveda is recognized for its antiparasitic and therapeutic properties. However, there is still limited evidence describing its bioactive components and biological activity using aqueous flower extracts relevant to topical and dermatological applications. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects of Clitoria ternatea L. flower aqueous extract, highlighting its pharmacological relevance and safe application in human skin models. The extract was analysed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and screened for bioactive using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, while cytotoxicity against human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was assessed through 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The extract demonstrated high levels of phenolics and flavonoids, recording 114.9 ± 0.47 mg GAE/g and 95.5 ± 0.59 mg QE/g respectively at 1000 µg/mL. TAC was 17.67 ± 5.42 mg/L at 10000 µg/mL. LC-MS identified key antioxidant and antiparasitic compounds including rutin, kaempferol and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. Antioxidant assays revealed moderate activity with IC50 values of 832 ± 10.22 µg/mL (DPPH) and 662 ± 8.32 µg/mL (FRAP), lower than ascorbic acid or gallic acid. The extract showed no cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells at concentrations below 2 mg/mL, supporting its safety for topical use. These findings advance our understanding of Clitoria ternatea L. phytoconstituent profile and support its development for natural skincare or therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the findings also support biodiversity conservation by promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants
Sowing seeds of empowerment: The role of microfinance in strengthening rural livelihoods
Get PDFMicrofinance has become a transformative instrument for tackling poverty, fostering social inclusion and facilitating rural development, particularly among marginalized and underserved populations. This review article offers an in-depth examination of the multifaceted effects of microfinance across three essential domains: poverty reduction, social advancement and rural economic growth. It highlights how microfinance not only provides access to credit and savings for low-income households but also fosters entrepreneurial activities, improves household incomes and enhances overall living standards. Through capacity building, financial literacy, health care support, livelihood promotion and vocational training, microfinance institutions (MFIs) extend their role beyond credit providers to agents of holistic development. This review highlights the significant roles of Self-Help Groups, NGOs, NABARD and MFIs in expanding microfinance outreach and social impact. Government initiatives like Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA), Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) further strengthen the ecosystem. Despite its benefits, microfinance faces challenges such as exclusion of the poorest, repayment pressure and limited sustainability. While not a universal remedy, it remains a vital tool for rural empowerment, inclusive growth and progress toward sustainable development. Strengthening policy, implementation and financial literacy can enhance its long-term impact in India
Endophytic fungi associated with Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. and its application in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles
Get PDFEndophytic fungi are used as an environmentally safe alternative to chemicals for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles . Endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants are promising candidates due to their ability to produce various bioactive compounds that can efficiently reduce and stabilize gold ions. Among the most commonly used traditional of medicinal plants in northeast India, Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Tekhao-yaikhu in Manipuri) is one of the most prominent ones. The endophytic fungi associated with Z. cassumunar Roxb were isolated and identified based on their morphological characteristics as well as the ITS regions of rRNA gene sequences. In this study, 31 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from 60 healthy samples from the leafy and rhizomatous regions of Z. cassumunar. They were then grouped into 10 taxonomic groups based on the morphological characteristics. Higher endophytic colonization frequency (73 %) and isolation rate (0.73) were observed with the 60 leaf samples while the rhizome samples exhibited colonization frequency of 30 % and isolation rate of 0.30. The fungus Colletotricum gloeosporioides was observed to be the most abundant one with a colonization frequency of 36.6 % and isolation rate of 0.37. Analyses of the morphologically distinct isolates using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed 4 major clades - Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Polyporales. Evaluation of the endophytes for their ability to synthesize gold nanoparticles using mycelium-free extracts treated with aqueous chloroauric acid solution, C. gloeosporioides ZCL1 was observed to be the most promising for Au nanoparticle biosynthesis with the reduction of chloroauric acid within 6 h. UV-visible spectrum of the reaction mixture containing chloroauric acid and mycelium-free extracts showed a broad peak at around 520-580 nm. The formation of Au nanoparticles was confirmed using scanning electron micrograph. Further, transmission electron micrographs (TEM) showed anisotropic nanoparticles exhibiting different shapes such as spherical, pentagonal, triangular and hexagonal nanoparticles. The average size of Au nanoparticles was observed to be 28.5 nm ranging from 9-55 nm. The endophytic fungi C. gloeosporioides ZCL1 associated with Z. cassumunar is a promising candidate for environment friendly biosynthesis of Au nanoparticles, which have variety of applications in agriculture, as nano-based formulation of agrochemicals enhancing plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, deliveries, stress tolerance and disease resistance