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ANITA2 – the Multicomponent Air Analyser on ISS – Gas Measurement Results From the ISS Air in 2024
Full text linkAtle Honne, SINTEF, NorwayKristin Kaspersen, SINTEF, NorwayKari Anne Hestnes Bakke, SINTEF, NorwayAnders Erik Liverud, SINTEF, NorwayJens Thielemann, SINTEF, NorwayBrian Elvesæter, SINTEF AS, NorwayMichael Gisi, OHB System AG, GermanyLukas Joel, OHB System AG, GermanyArmin Stettner, OHB System AG, GermanyEckart Göhler, OHB System AG, GermanyRoland Seurig, OHB System AG, GermanyPierre Rebeyre, European Space Agency (ESA), NetherlandsICES205: Advanced Life Support Sensor and Control TechnologyThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The ANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air)
system is a trace gas analyser that operates onboard the
ISS to monitor the cabin atmosphere. It started operation
on March 9, 2022, as a demonstration system for
exploration. After delivery of excellent and reliable
multi-gas data for over two years, ANITA2’s role was
formally upgraded in June 2024 to be an ISS system, as part
of the CHeCS (Crew Health and Care System).
At the time of writing, ANITA2 is monitoring 48 gases in
parallel in the ISS cabin air. The pre-flight calibration
included 37 gases. After start-up, the calibration has been
extended stepwise to include new gases – either discovered
in the ISS air by ANITA2 or expected or suspected to occur
owing to information about e.g. operations, payloads, or
visiting spacecraft. All work on recalibration has been
performed on and from ground, without any astronaut
involvement.
The advantages of an ANITA-type instrument include very
high selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and
reliability, and high time resolution of the measurement
data. This has made it possible for ANITA1 (on the ISS in
2007-2008) as well as ANITA2 to discover new gases in the
ISS air, and to reveal new and very useful knowledge about
the ISS air dynamics. ANITA has no consumption except
electrical power and no production of waste, and there is
no need for any on-board calibration gas. As intended,
ANITA2 makes a steppingstone into the future, as a
precursor system for crewed stations, bases, and
exploration missions, including the Lunar Gateway and to/on
the Moon and Mars. ANITA3 has already been selected by ESA
as the air monitoring system in ESA’s I-HAB module on the
Gateway.
This paper describes ANITA2’s properties and the applied
calibration and presents the gas measurement results from
the ISS air in 2024
A Sociolinguistic perspective to Bilingual and Multilingual Education: An interdisciplinary view
Full text linkThis thesis aims to take a sociolinguistic approach to the numerous ways adults learn a second language effectively. It will take a comprehensive view of how individuals successfully understand and acquire a language and the historical significance behind current second language trends.
Currently, research has been done on critical thinking. For example, researchers in 2018 found that fostering essential reading and thinking skills is needed to acquire a second language accurately. This can and should include how social media is used worldwide to impact students' language learning experience. Currently, individuals choose to learn a second language based on culture convenience and family communication. This can be assumed as an influence of historical and current trends
Box 1, Folder 2, Artículos costumbristas and la vida en México
Full text linkThe Boyd Carter Papers represent a significant archival collection housed in the Hispanic Studies Collection in Texas Tech University's CMLL building. Dr. Boyd Carter was a distinguished scholar of Latin American literature who was active from the 1940s to his death in 1980. He held professorships at the University of Nebraska, Southern Illinois University, and the University of Missouri before concluding his career at Texas Tech University (1978-1980). Upon joining TTU, Carter donated his extensive archive to the university, including rare books, microfilm collections, bibliographical notes, and periodicals focusing on Latin American literature from 1850-1950, with particular emphasis on the famed Mexican writer Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera
Advancing Cost Estimation for Regenerative Space Exploration
Full text linkSai Tarun Prabhu Bandemegala, Politecnico di Torino - student, ItalyNicole Viola, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyCesare Lobascio, Thales Alenia Space, ItalyICES501: Life Support Systems Engineering and AnalysisThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The development of regenerative life support systems (LSS)
is a critical enabler for the long-term sustainability of
crewed space missions. Accurate cost estimation for such a
system is essential for effective planning and development.
This paper examines three established cost estimation
methodologies — Equivalent System Mass (ESM), the Advanced
Missions Cost Model (AMCM), and PRICE-H TruePlanning —
through a comparative case study of a hypothetical lunar
habitat incorporating regenerative LSS. ESM, widely used in
life support system trade studies, simplifies trade-offs by
converting parameters such as power, volume, and crew time
into mass equivalents. However, its focus on mass
constraints neglects key considerations like cost,
reliability, and long-term sustainability. AMCM, a
lifecycle cost model, provides comprehensive financial
estimates across all mission phases but relies heavily on
detailed data, which is often unavailable during early
design stages. This limits its predictive accuracy for
novel systems like regenerative LSS. PRICE-H TruePlanning,
a parametric hardware cost model, offers flexible and
detailed cost predictions based on historical data and
system specifications. However, its applicability to
systems with dynamic processes and biological components
remains limited. This study highlights the need for a
next-generation cost estimation framework that integrates
lifecycle cost analysis, dynamic system interactions, and
sustainability metrics while keeping uncertainty and risks
measured. Such a tool would enable more accurate and
actionable cost predictions, aligning with the demands of
sustainable space exploration. The findings aim to guide
the development of a more advanced cost estimation tool for
the next generation of space systems
Technologies to Enhance Food Safety for Food Produced in Space Environments – A Review
Full text linkLawrence D. Goodridge, Canadian Research Institute For Food Safety, University of
Guelph, CanadaICES500: Life Science/Life Support Research TechnologiesThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.Food safety during space missions is a critical concern
that encompasses the challenges of food preservation,
preparation and consumption. Additional research and
development are required to address the unique set of food
safety challenges that space-based plant cultivation
systems, which enable the production of fresh fruits and
vegetables in situ, present. For example, in the unique
conditions of space, where factors such as microgravity and
limited resources redefine the parameters for food
production and preservation, the risk of microbial
contamination and the proliferation of pathogens present a
significant challenge to astronaut health and mission
success. Contaminant monitoring systems and control methods
must be developed to assess the safety of extraterrestrial
produced food and ensure that the presence of any microbial
contaminants is eliminated. This review summarises progress
towards detection technologies and control methods that
could be implemented to improve the safety of food being
produced in space. These approaches include diagnostic
platforms for microbial profiling and detection, including
genomic sequencing approaches (e.g., biomolecular
sequencer, MinION, swab to sequencer platform, and
PCR-based approaches) and physical control methods (e.g.,
thermal, irradiation, and cold plasma) currently in use on
the International Space Station or being adapted for
spaceflight conditions. While these diagnostic technologies
and control methods are being investigated for space
applications, additional research and development is likely
to benefit food safety practices and protocols
terrestrially
Eligio “Kika” de la Garza; The Forgotten Civil Rights Advocate of the Mexican American Generation
Full text linkConcisely stated, it posits that Eligio “Kika” de la Garza is a significant Mexican American political and civil rights figure and a leader within the Mexican American Generation, one who has gone almost completely unnoticed by scholars despite being one of its greatest contributors and with a record of legislative advocacy that certainly warrants inclusion into the historiography
MetOp-SG MWI Testing: Development and Validation of Complex TVAC Test Setup for the Instrument Performances Characterization Including Radiometric Targets
Full text linkDavide Rizzo, OHB-Italia SpA, ItalyAlberto Franzoso, OHB-Italia SpA, ItalyMatteo Grespi, OHB-Italia SpA, ItalyTito Lupi, OHB-Italia SpA, ItalyGiuseppe Virone, IEIIT - CNR, ItalyMario Zannoni, Università di Milano Bicocca, ItalyNazzareno Mandolesi, Università di Ferrara, ItalyICES203: Thermal TestingThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The MicroWave Imager Instrument (MWI) is part of the
payload complement of the MetOp-SG Satellites type B. MWI
is a conical scanning radiometer, with multiple frequency
channels. The main goal of the MWI is to serve operational
meteorology and oceanography by providing precipitation
monitoring as well as sea ice extent information, in
support of long-term climate records. The On Ground
Calibration Targets (OGCT) are temperature controlled
microwave blackbodies, that allow MWI instrument RF
stimulation with a known reference for the on-ground
radiometric performance and calibration tests, both in
thermal-vacuum conditions and in ambient conditions. The
instrument is calibrated on ground with temperature
accuracy better than 0.3 K, before flight. For the
thermal-vacuum tests two OGCTs are required: a
Thermal-Vacuum Earth Target (TVET) that is a variable
temperature target simulating the variable brightness
temperature of the measured scene to be placed in front of
the instrument main reflector and a Thermal-Vacuum Cold Sky
Target (TVCT) that is a fixed temperature target to be
placed in front of the Cold Sky reflector simulating the
cold sky temperature. The Radiometric Performance Test
(RPT) has the goals of verifying that the instrument is
compliant with the radiometric performance requirements and
of determining the calibration curve coefficients in the
nominal thermal-vacuum conditions. Thermal Vacuum Thermal
Cycling Test (TVTC) and RPT are the two main parts of the
MWI TVAC test campaign. The present paper describes the
complex TVAC test setup with all the challenges
encountered. Design features and challenges of the TVAC
targets design are presented too. Finally, the multi-physic
workflow that leads to the BT calculation and the
development of a look-up table in order to compute the
targets BT on-the-fly during the test using thermal sensors
values as inputs is addressed
Advancements in Pulsating Heat Pipes: Comparative Analysis and Applications in Space Thermal Control
Full text linkJimmy Hughes, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., United StatesMatt Schultz, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., United StatesICES201: Two-Phase Thermal Control TechnologyThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The development of Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHP) offers
significant advancements in thermal control technologies.
This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms of PHPs,
manufacturing processes, and focuses on how PHP fit into
the current thermal architecture for satellite, payload,
and instrument thermal control to identify the best use
cases and application of the emerging technology.
Comparative analyses are conducted between PHPs and
adjacent thermal control technologies. PHPs are contrasted
with conduction methods, focusing on transient versus
steady-state conditions, mass considerations, and
performance against aluminum, copper, and graphite-embedded
sheets. Further comparisons are made with two-phase heat
transfer technologies such as aluminum-ammonia Constant
Conductance Heat Pipes (CCHP), focusing on transport
distance and heat flux limitations, and with Space-rated
Copper Water Heat Pipes (SCWHP), addressing heat flux,
freeze/thaw cycles, and volume constraints. The paper also
evaluates PHPs against Cu-Methanol Heat Pipes as well as
Loop Heat Pipes (LHP) and Pumped Fluid Loops (PFL)
regarding size, temperature differential, and additional
control possibilities.
The review of thermal findings offers insight into the
application of PHPs, highlighting their potential for
thermal management in space applications. By understanding
the unique advantages and limitations of PHPs compared to
traditional and advanced thermal control technologies,
designers can make informed decisions about integrating
PHPs into satellite, payload, and instrument thermal
architectures
ANITA2 Multicomponent Air Analyser – 3 Years of Operation on ISS and planned improvements
Full text linkLukas Joel, OHB System AG, GermanyBastian Kraemer, OHB System AG, GermanyMichael Gisi, OHB System AG, GermanyEckart Göhler, OHB System AG, GermanyMarc Brodbeck, OHB System AG, GermanyRoland Seurig, OHB System AG, GermanyArmin Stettner, OHB System AG, GermanyAtle Honne, SINTEF, NorwayKristin Kaspersen, SINTEF, NorwayKari Anne Hestnes Bakke, SINTEF, NorwayAnders Erik Liverud, SINTEF ICT, NorwayJens Thielemann, SINTEF, NorwayBrian Elvesæter, SINTEF AS, NorwayPierre Rebeyre, European Space Agency (ESA), NetherlandsICES205: Advanced Life Support Sensor and Control TechnologyThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.The ANITA2 (Analysing Interferometer for Ambient Air)
instrument is a trace gas analyser on board the ISS to
monitor cabin atmosphere. ANITA2 has been built in a
contract between ESA, OHB and SINTEF commissioned in Q1 of
2022. Since then, ANITA2 is monitoring the ISS gas
environment providing detailed analysis for more than 40
gases in real time every 6 minutes. This paper is reporting
the operations, hardware behaviour, reliability and
expected remaining lifetime of ANITA2. Additionally, it is
discussed how the ANITA system can be further improved to
make the system suitable for long duration missions. This
includes an ORU concept, measures against lunar dust and
radiation hardening of the systems
CO2 Utilization Technology in Crewed Space
Full text linkDaniel Thorne, Collins Aerospace (An RTX Business), United StatesCory Rice, Collins Aerospace (An RTX Business), United StatesDiego Mugurusa, Collins Aerospace (An RTX Business), United StatesICES308: Advanced Technologies for In-Situ Resource
UtilizationThe 54th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Prague, Czechia, on 13 July 2025 through 17 July 2025.CO2 is an underutilized, renewable resource in crewed space
vehicles and habitats. On the ISS, it is currently vented
to space and has been partially used for Oxygen reclamation
via the Sabatier system and Oxygen Generator Assembly.
Collins Aerospace is exploring the feasibility of
technologies that can allow CO2 to be better utilized. The
scope of this work considers uses such as cleaning laundry,
active thermal control, dust mitigation, and waste
processing, which directly address NASA identified
technology shortfalls for future Artemis missions involving
prolonged human presence on the Moon and Mars. The benefits
of improved utilization of CO2 are less reliance on
resupplied consumables, reduced payload costs, and more
sustainable systems for long duration missions. These
systems could be designed to be open loop or closed loop.
This paper discusses potential uses of CO2 for upcoming
missions and lunar exploration